Large-scale laminated safety glass is increasingly used in the public and private sector for example museums, jewelers or villas. Special safety is provided by these glasses in layered combination with polycarbonate sheets. Due to the low weight and its high tensile elongation comparing glass of the same thickness, highly transparent polycarbonate is suitable for safety-relevant components. Because of the dimensional limitation in the extrusion process, joining polycarbonate compounds are necessary for large-area joint of this laminated safety glass. According to the present state of the art, a transparent weld joint of polycarbonate is not possible. Within the scope of the project, polycarbonate joints were produced by infrared welding and adhesive bonding. The transparency of the joints was realized by varying the process parameters, for example the heating time. Additionally the present study focusses on a new innovative light intensity measurement, because conventional optical test methods can only subjectively assess the transparency and quality of the compound and the welding seam. The principle is based on the transmission of the welded and polished polycarbonate sample by means of a laser and the measurement of the current at the connected photoelectric cell, which is proportional to the intensity of the laserlight. This enables a qualitative evaluation of the joining dimension and -quality such as structural changes over the entire sample width. The results of this objective method correlate with the width of the stress distribution around the joining level, which are made visible with the photoelasticity using a polariscope and thus contribute to a better process understanding.

Organic solar cells offer attractive properties for novel applications and continuous advances in material and concept development have led to significant improvements in device performance. To exploit their full potential (roll-to-roll production of flexible and top-illuminated devices, using e.g. opaque metal foil or textile as substrate), highly transparent, conductive, mechanically flexible, and cost-efficient top electrodes are of great importance. The current standard material indium tin oxide (ITO) is rigid, expensive and requires a high energy / high temperature deposition process, limiting ITO (and other transparent conductive oxides) to bottom electrode applications. This work presents fundamental investigations to understand and control the properties of transparent conductors and documents four different approaches to prepare transparent electrodes on top of efficient small molecule organic solar cells, with the aim to replace ITO. Fullerene C60 layers are investigated as completely carbon-based electrodes. For an optimized doping concentration, sheet resistance and transmittance are improved and efficient solar cells are realized. Since the lateral charge transport is still limited, a combination with a microstructured conductor is suggested. Pulsed laser deposition allows for the first time a damage-free preparation of gallium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) layers on top of organic devices by careful optimization of the deposition atmosphere. ZnO:Ga electrodes with a transmittance of Tvis = 82.7 % and sheet resistance Rs = 83 Ohm/sq are obtained. The formation of local shunts due to ZnO:Ga droplets is identified and then prevented by a shadow mask between the target and the sample, enabling solar cells with similar efficiency (2.9 %) compared to a reference device using a state-of-the-art metal top contact. Another very promising alternative are intrinsically flexible, ultra-thin silver layers. By introducing an oxide interlayer, the adverse interpenetration of silver and organic materials is prevented and the charge extraction from the solar cells is improved. With a second oxide layer on top, the silver electrode is significantly stabilized, leading to an increased solar cell lifetime of 4500 h (factor of 107). Scanning electron micrographs of Ag thin films reveal a poor wetting on organic and oxide substrates, which strongly limits the electrode performance. However, it is significantly improved by a 1 nm thin seed layer. An optimized Au/Ag film reaches Tvis = 78.1 % and Rs = 19 Ohm/sq, superior to ITO. Finally, silver electrodes blended with calcium show a unique microstructure which enables unusually high transmittance (84.3 % at 27.3 Ohm/sq) even above the expectations from bulk material properties and thin film optics. Such values have not been reached for transparent electrodes on top of organic material so far. Solar cells with a Ca:Ag top electrode achieve an efficiency of 7.2 %, which exceeds the 6.9 % of bottom-illuminated reference cells with conventional ITO electrodes and defines a new world record for top-illuminated organic solar cells. With these electrodes, semi-transparent and large-area devices, as well as devices on opaque and flexible substrates are successfully prepared. In summary, it is shown that ZnO:Ga and thin metal electrodes can replace ITO and fill the lack of high performance top electrodes. Moreover, the introduced concepts are not restricted to specific solar cell architectures or organic compounds but are widely applicable for a variety of organic devices.

The aim of this work was to investigate silver nanowire as well as carbon nanotube networks as transparent conducting electrodes for small molecule organic solar cells. In the framework of the nanowire investigations, a low-temperature method at less than 80 °C is developed to obtain highly conductive networks directly after the deposition and without post-processing. In detail, specific non-conductive organic materials act as a matrix where the nanowires are embedded in such that a mutual attraction based on capillary forces and hydrophobic interaction is created. This process is mediated by the ethanol contained in the nanowire dispersion and works only for sublayer materials which exhibit hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups at the same time. In contrast to high-temperature processed reference electrodes (210 °C for 90 min) without matrix, a slightly lower sheet resistance of 10.8 Ohm/sq at a transparency of 80.4 % (including substrate) is obtained by using polyvinylpyrrolidone as the sublayer material. In comparison to annealed silver nanowire networks, the novel approach yields a performance enhancement in corresponding organic solar cells which can compete with ITO-based devices. Furthermore, a novel approach for scalable, highly conductive, and transparent silver nanowire top-electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices is introduced. By utilizing a perfluorinated methacrylate as stabilizer, silver nanowires with high aspect ratio can be transferred into inert solvents which do not dissolve most organic compounds making this modified dispersion compatible with small molecule and polymer-based organic optoelectronic devices. The inert silver nanowire dispersion yields highly performing top-electrodes with a sheet resistance of 10.0 Ohm/sq at 80.0 % transparency (including substrate) directly after low-temperature deposition at 30 °C and without further post-processing. In comparison to similarly prepared reference devices comprising a thin-metal film as transparent top-electrode, reasonable power conversion efficiencies are demonstrated by spray-coating this dispersion directly on simple, air-exposed small molecule-based organic solar cells. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the percolation behavior of silver nanowire networks has been achieved. Herein, direct measurements of the basic network parameters, including the wire-to-wire junction resistance and the resistance of a single nanowire of pristine and annealed networks have been carried out for the first time. By putting the values into a simulation routine, a good accordance between measurement and simulation is achieved. Thus, an examination of the electrical limit of the nanowire system used in this work can be realized by extrapolating the junction resistance down to zero. The annealed silver nanowires are fairly close to the limit with a theoretical enhancement range of only 20 % (common absolute sheet resistance of approximately 10 Ohm/sq) such that a significant performance improvement is only expected by an enlargement of the nanowire length or by the implementation of new network geometries. In addition, carbon nanotube networks are investigated as alternative network-type, transparent bottom-electrode for organic small molecule solar cells. For that purpose, cleaning and structuring as well as planarization procedures are developed and optimized which maintain the optoelectronic performance of the carbon nanotube electrodes. Furthermore, a hybrid electrode consisting of silver nanowires covered with carbon nanotubes is fabricated yielding organic solar cells with only 0.47 % power conversion efficiency. In contrast, optimized electrodes comprising only carbon nanotubes show significantly higher efficiency. In comparison to identically prepared ITO devices, comparable or lower power conversion efficiencies of 3.96 % (in p-i-n stack), 4.83 % (in cascade cell) as well as 4.81 % (in p-n-i-p architecture) are demonstrated. For an inverted n-i-p stack design, the highest power conversion efficiency of 5.42 % is achieved.

Solid state lighting is a new environmentally friendly light source. So far, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic LEDs (OLEDs) have been presented as candidates with potentially high efficiency. Recent advances of OLEDs in device architecture, light-out coupling, and materials have ensured high efficiency, exceeding that of incandescent light bulbs. In contrast to conventional point source LEDs, OLEDs distribute light throughout the surface area and are not restricted by their size. Additionally, OLEDs are expected to reach sufficient stability in the near future. The remaining challenge for OLEDs is their cost. New OLED technologies provide cost effective manufacturing methods which could be presented for transparent electrode materials because indium tin oxide (ITO), a widely used material as a transparent electrode for OLEDs, is less than optimal due to its high element price. In this work, alternative transparent electrodes for OLEDs as a replacement of ITO were studied. First, Al doped ZnO (ZnO:Al) which is composed of abundant materials was investigated with DC magnetron sputtering under a wide range of experimental conditions. The optimised ZnO:Al received comparable performance with conventional ITO films, low sheet resistance of 22.8 Ω/sq as well as a high transparency of 93.1 % (average value in the visible range). Various type of p-i-n OLEDs were employed on the structured ZnO:Al using photolithography. Green OLEDs with double emission layers have been archived stable efficiencies even at higher luminance. Also, OLEDs using two fluorescent colour system on ZnO:Al anode showed a purely white emission. It has been found that the OLEDs on ZnO:Al anode has comparable or better device efficiencies and operational lifetime compared to OLEDs on conventional ITO anode. As another alternative electrode, the conductive polymer Baytron®PH510 (PEDOT:PSS) was investigated. Due to a relatively high sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS, metal grid was designed for large size OLEDs. White OLEDs on PEDOT anode with a size of 5 × 5 cm2 have achieved more than 10 lm/W of power efficiency using a scattering foil. Furthermore, up-scaled devices on 10 × 10 cm2 were also demonstrated. These results showed ZnO:Al and PEDOT are suitable for OLEDs as anode and have high potential as alternative transparent electrode materials.

Im Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit lag die Untersuchung polykristalliner TiO2:Ta-Schichten, hergestellt mittels Gleichstrom-Magnetron-Sputtern durch Verwendung reduzierter keramischer Targets und anschließender thermischer Nachbehandlung im Vakuum der zunächst nichtleitfähigen amorphen Precursorschichten. Es wurden die physikalischen Zusammenhänge, welche die strukturellen, elektrischen und optischen Eigenschaften der kristallinen TiO2:Ta-Schichten beeinflussen analysiert und dabei eine empfindliche Abhängigkeit vom Sauerstofffluss während der Abscheidung festgestellt. Es zeigte sich, dass die Verringerung der kinetischen Energie der Plasmateilchen beim Magnetron-Sputtern durch die Erhöhung des Gesamtdruckes vorteilhaft ist, um das Wachstum des gegenüber Rutil besser leitfähigen Anatas in Verbindung mit dem für niedrige Widerstände notwendigen Sauerstoffdefizit zu realisieren. Bei einem Gesamtdruck von 2 Pa abgeschiedene polykristalline TiO2:Ta-Schichten haben einen spezifischen Widerstand von 1,5·10-3 Ωcm, eine hohe Ladungsträgermobilität (≈8 cm2V-1s-1) und einen geringen Extinktionskoeffizienten von 0,006. Die Abhängigkeit des elektrischen Widerstandes vom Sauerstoffdefizit in der TiO2:Ta-Schicht wurde unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Ladungsträgeraktivierung sowie der Bildung von Ti-Fehlstellen diskutiert, welche vermutlich zur Kompensation und Lokalisierung von freien Elektronen beitragen. Darüber hinaus wurde zur effizienteren Gestaltung der thermischen Nachbehandlung die konventionelle Vakuumtemperung erstmalig erfolgreich durch die Blitzlampentemperung ersetzt. / The work is focused on understanding the physical processes responsible for the modification of the structural, electrical and optical properties of polycrystalline TiO2:Ta films formed by vacuum annealing of initially not conductive amorphous films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering. It is shown that the oxygen deficiency of amorphous and annealed TiO2:Ta films, respectively, is critical to achieve low resistivity and high optical transmittance of the crystalline films. Increasing the total pressure during magnetron sputter deposition is shown to be beneficial to achieve the desired oxygen deficient anatase growth, which is discussed in terms of energetic particle bombardment. Polycrystalline anatase TiO2:Ta films of low electrical resistivity (1,5·10-3 Ωcm), high free electron mobility (≈8 cm2V-1s-1), and low extinction (0,006) are obtained in this way at a total pressure of 2 Pa. The dependence of the polycrystalline film electrical properties on the oxygen content is discussed in terms of Ta dopant electrical activation as well as transport limiting processes taking into account the formation of Ti-vacancies. In addition, the conventional vacuum annealing has been successfully substituted by the flash lamp annealing in the millisecond range.

Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit dem RF- überlagerten DC-Sputtern von Indiumzinnoxid und aluminiumdotierten Zinkoxid. Bei dem dafür entwickelten synchron gepulsten RF/DC-Verfahren werden die zu untersuchenden Materialien gleichzeitig mit Hilfe eines RF- und eines PulsDC-Generators gesputtert. Ein wesentliches Resultat der Untersuchungen ist, dass durch RF- überlagertes DCSputtern Schichten abgeschieden werden können, die im Vergleich zum DC- bzw. PulsDC-Sputtern geringere spezifische Widerstände aufweisen. Dies ist auf eine Verringerung von Defekten in den abgeschiedenen Schichten zurückzuführen. Es konnte anhand der Untersuchungen gezeigt werden, dass fur die Abscheidung von Indiumzinnoxid und aluminiumdotiertem Zinkoxid die Substrattemperatur beim RF überlagerten DC-Sputtern gegenüber dem DC-Sputtern um bis zu 100°C verringert werden kann.

L’un des aspects les plus percutants des avancées de la technologie des quinze dernières années a trait à la communication médiée par ordinateur : clavardage, messagerie instantanée, courrier électronique, forums de discussion, blogues, sites de réseautage social, etc. En plus d’avoir eu un impact significatif sur la société contemporaine, ces outils de communication ont largement modifié les pratiques d’écriture. Notre objet d’étude est le clavardage en groupe qui offre la possibilité aux scripteurs de communiquer simultanément entre eux. Cet outil de communication présente deux caractéristiques importantes aux plans discursif et communicationnel. Premièrement, on admet de façon générale que le clavardage est une forme de communication hybride : le code utilisé est l’écrit, mais les échanges de messages entrent dans une structure de dialogue qui rappelle l’oral. Deuxièmement, le caractère spontané du clavardage impose la rapidité, tant pour l’encodage que pour le décodage des messages. Dans le cadre d’une étude comparative réalisée sur les pratiques scripturales des clavardeurs francophones (Tatossian et Dagenais 2008), nous avons établi quatre catégories générales pour rendre compte de toutes les variantes scripturales de notre corpus : procédés abréviatifs, substitutions de graphèmes, neutralisations en finale absolue et procédés expressifs. Nous voulons maintenant tester la solidité de notre typologie pour des langues dont le degré de correspondance phonético-graphique diffère. En vertu de l’hypothèse de la profondeur de l’orthographe (orthographic depth hypothesis [ODH]; Katz et Frost 1992) selon laquelle un système orthographique transparent (comme l’italien, l’espagnol ou le serbo-croate) transpose les phonèmes directement dans l’orthographe, nous vérifierons si nos résultats pour le français peuvent être généralisés à des langues dont l’orthographe est dite « transparente » (l’espagnol) comparativement à des langues dont l’orthographe est dite « opaque » (le français et l’anglais). Pour chacune des langues, nous avons voulu répondre à deux question, soit : 1. De quelle manière peut-on classifier les usages scripturaux attestés ? 2. Ces usages graphiques sont-ils les mêmes chez les adolescents et les adultes aux plans qualitatif et quantitatif ? Les phénomènes scripturaux du clavardage impliquent également l’identité générationnelle. L’adolescence est une période caractérisée par la quête d’identité. L’étude de Sebba (2003) sur l’anglais démontre qu’il existe un rapport entre le « détournement de l’orthographe » et la construction identitaire chez les adolescents (par ex. les graffitis, la CMO). De plus, dans ces espaces communicationnels, nous assistons à la formation de communautés d’usagers fondée sur des intérêts communs (Crystal 2006), comme l’est la communauté des adolescents. Pour la collecte des corpus, nous recourrons à des échanges effectués au moyen du protocole Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Aux fins de notre étude, nous délimitons dans chacune des langues deux sous-corpus sociolinguistiquement distincts : le premier constitué à partir de forums de clavardage destinés aux adolescents, le second à partir de forums pour adultes. Pour chacune des langues, nous avons analysé 4 520 énoncés extraits de divers canaux IRC pour adolescents et pour adultes. Nous dressons d’abord un inventaire quantifié des différents phénomènes scripturaux recensés et procédons ensuite à la comparaison des résultats. / One of the most sticking aspects of technological progress over the last fifteen years is computer- mediated communication (CMC): chatting, instant messaging, e-mail, discussion forums, blogs, social networking sites, etc. In addition to having significantly impacted contemporary society, these communication tools have greatly modified writing practices. The object of this study is group chatting which offers many writers the possibility of communicating simultaneous amongst themselves. This communication tool shows two important discursive and communicational characteristics. First, chatting is generally a hybrid form of communication: the code used is written, but the exchange of messages forms a dialogue structure resembling oral speech. Second, the spontaneous character of chatting imposes speed, both in encoding and decoding messages. Within the framework of a comparative study on writing practices in Francophone chatters (Tatossian and Dagenais 2008), four general categories for all writing variations in the corpus were established: abbreviatory processes, grapheme substitutions, word final neutralisations and expressive processes. Now we are interested in testing the rigueur of this classification in languages where the phonetico-graphical degree of correspondence differs. According to the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis [ODH] (Katz and Frost 1992), in which a transparent orthographic system (such as in Italian, Spanish or Serbo-Croatian) directly transpose phonemes into the orthographic system, we seek to verify whether our results for French can be generalised both to languages with a “transparent” orthographic system (Spanish) and to languages whose orthographic systems are “opaque” (French, English). For each language, two questions were asked: 1. How can attested scriptural practices be classified? 2. Are these graphic practices qualitatively and quantitatively similar amongst both adolescents and adults? The scriptural phenomena related to chatting also imply a generational identity. Adolescence is a period characterised by the quests for an identity. A study by Sebba (2003) on English shows that a relationship exists between “modified spelling” and the construction of identity in adolescents (i.e. graffiti, CMC). In addition, in these communication realms, we see the creation of a community of users based on common interests (Crystal 2006), such as in the adolescent community. A corpus was constructed from exchanges accessed through the Internet Relay Chat protocol. For each language in the study, two sociolinguistic distinct sub-corpora were defined: the first was made up of adolescent chat forums, the second, of a forum for adults. For each language, 4520 sentences, taken from various IRC channels for adolescents and adults, were analysed. First, a quantified inventory of the different scriptural phenomena collected was created and then the results were compared.

Les céramiques polycristallines transparentes sont une classe émergente de matériaux pour des applications optiques et photoniques. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé une méthode innovante pour élaborer de tels matériaux : la cristallisation complète d'un verre parent. Ce procédé permet d'obtenir de nouvelles céramiques polycristallines transparentes grâce à l'absence de porosité, inhérente à la fabrication du verre parent et aussi d'accéder à de nouvelles phases cristallines. Deux études ont été menées pour améliorer la vitrification de la composition BaAl₄O₇ (1ère céramique transparente obtenue par cristallisation complète du verre). Des résultats surprenants ont été obtenus avec la cristallisation d'une nouvelle phase (BaGa₄O₇) ou avec la synthèse de céramiques biphasiques transparentes BaAl₄O₇ - BaAl₂O₄ dont la transparence est fortement améliorée par rapport à la céramique de BaAl₄O₇, grâce à la cristallisation d'une seconde phase BaAl₂O₄, limitant la croissance des grains biréfringents de BaAl₄O₇. Des céramiques polycristallines transparentes appartenant à la famille des mélilites, de formule générale Sr₁₊xRE₁₋xGa₃O₇₊x∕₂ (RE : rare earth), ont aussi été synthétisées. Des propriétés d'émission de lumière visible ont été mises en évidence à partir des compositions SrGdGa₃O₇ et SrYbGa₃O₇. Cette famille de céramiques polycristallines transparentes ouvre la voie à d'autres applications où l'absence totale de porosité ainsi que l'élaboration de nouvelles phases cristallines inaccessibles par réaction à l'état solide sont des facteurs clés. Ces possibilités ont été démontrées dans le cas de céramiques transparentes présentant une importante conductivité ionique. / Transparent polycrystalline ceramic is an emerging class of optic and photonic materials. During this thesis, we used an innovative method to elaborate such materials: the full glass crystallization. This process permits to obtain new transparent polycristalline ceramics through the lack of porosity, inherent to the parent glass and to access to new crystalline phases. Two studies were leaded to improve the glass forming ability of the BaAl₄O₇ composition (1st transparent ceramic obtained from full glass crystallization). Surprising results were obtained with the crystallization of a new phase (BaGa₄O₇) or with the synthesis of two-phase transparent ceramics (BaAl₄O₇ – BaAl₂O₄) where the transparency is considerably enhanced compared to the BaAl₄O₇ ceramic thanks to a second phase crystallization (BaAl₂O₄), limiting the growth of the birefringent BaAl₄O₇ grains. Transparent polycristalline ceramics belonging to the melilite family, with Sr₁₊xRE₁₋xGa₃O₇₊x∕₂ (RE: rare earth) general formulae were also synthesized. White light emission properties have been demonstrated from the SrGdGa₃O₇ and SrYbGa₃O₇ compositions. This family opens the way to others applications where the total absence of porosity with the elaboration of new crystalline phases unattainable by solid state reaction are key factors. These possibilities were demonstrated in the case of transparent polycristalline ceramics showing an important ionic conductivity.

Parmi les filières de cellules photovoltaïques, les cellules solaires organiques suscitent un intérêt industriel par leur faible coût financier et de production énergétique et leur application possible sur des substrats flexibles de type plastique. L'ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) est l'électrode transparente conductrice (ETC) la plus utilisée pour ces cellules ainsi que pour d'autres dispositifs optoélectroniques. Cependant, ce matériau n'est pas sans présenter certains inconvénients (rareté de l'indium, structure non adaptée à des substrats flexibles,…), et la recherche d'alternatives à l'ITO est une préoccupation actuelle de la communauté scientifique internationale. Une possibilité est alors offerte par des structures multicouches de type Oxyde|Métal|Oxyde. Le rôle des deux couches d’oxydes est d’accorder, en ajustant les épaisseurs, la position, l’intensité et la largeur de la fenêtre spectrale de transmission. Des travaux numériques et expérimentaux couplés ont été effectués en particulier sur les structures SnOx|Ag|SnOx, TiOx|Ag|TiOx et ZnS|Ag|ZnS. Par microstructuration de telles électrodes ou bien par incorporation d’un bicouche Cu|Ag comme feuillet métallique au coeur de la structure, il est possible d’améliorer leurs performances optiques en amplifiant et en élargissant la fenêtre spectrale de transmission, sans dégrader leur haute conductivité. L’intégration d’électrodes SnOx|Ag|SnOx et TiOx|Ag|TiOx au sein de cellules solaires organiques inverses a été entrepris. Des résultats photoélectriques très prometteurs ont été obtenus avec la structure TiOx|Ag|TiOx qui permet d’atteindre des performances de niveau quasi-équivalent aux cellules de référence à base d’ITO. / Among all variants of photovoltaic thins films, organic solar cells generate a major industrial interest due to low manufacturing costs, reasonable levels of energy production and suitability to flexible substrates like plastic. ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) is the most used Transparent Conductive Electrode (TCE) for organic solar cells as well as other optoelectronic devices. However, this material is not without drawbacks (scarcity of indium, non-suitability to flexible substrates...), and the search for alternatives to ITO is actively pursued by the international scientific community. One possibility is offered by Oxide|Metal|Oxide multilayer structures. By reaching the thin metal layer percolation threshold and by varying its thickness, it is possible to obtain very high conductivity and transparency of this multilayer in the visible spectral range. The role of both oxide layers is to tune the position, intensity and width of the spectral transmission window by adjusting the oxides’ thicknesses. Coupled experimental and numerical works were lead in particularly on SnOx|Ag|SnOx, TiOx|Ag|TiOx and ZnS|Ag|ZnS structures. By microstructuring such electrodes, or by incorporating a Cu|Ag bilayer as metal sheet at the core of the structure, it is possible to increase the optical performances by amplifying and expanding the spectral transmission window without degrading the high conductivity. The integration of SnOx|Ag|SnOx and TiOx|Ag|TiOx electrodes in inversed organic solar cells was undertaken. Very promising photoelectric results were obtained with the TiOx|Ag|TiOx structure which allows to reach performances close to that obtained with ITO-based reference cells.

Cette étude s’intéresse à l’amélioration et l’allégement des protections balistiques transparentes. L’utilisation conventionnelle de verre assure une haute efficacité face à un projectile, cependant associée à une masse élevée et à une forte épaisseur du blindage. Le remplacement de la face avant par une céramique polycristalline, telle que le spinelle MgAl2O4, assure un gain de performance et une réduction du volume de l’assemblage. L’élaboration de ce matériau requiert la combinaison d’une haute qualité optique dans le domaine du visible et de propriétés mécaniques élevées. Dans ce travail, l’application d’un frittage naturel sous vide d’une poudre commerciale de haute pureté a permis de limiter l’introduction d’impuretés néfastes à la transparence et la croissance granulaire. Une étape supplémentaire de pressage isostatique à chaud s’est montrée nécessaire à l’élimination des pores résiduels et à l’obtention de spinelles transparents de haute qualité optique (80% à 400-800 nm, e = 2 mm, Ø21 mm). Une étude de la microstructure avant et après post-traitement a permis de mettre en relation la taille des grains et des pores avant post-frittage avec la croissance granulaire observée pendant ce traitement. Une optimisation du procédé a ainsi pu être mise en place afin de limiter l’augmentation de la taille des grains et obtenir une microstructure homogène (~ 12 μm). Après un changement des dimensions des échantillons réussi (e = 4 mm, Ø60 mm), différents spinelles à propriétés microstructurales et mécaniques distinctes ont été sélectionnés pour une évaluation en conditions balistiques. / This work focuses on the improvement and the lightening of transparent ballistic armours. The conventional use of glass provides high efficiency against a projectile, however associated with a heavy and thick armour. The replacement of the strike face by a polycrystalline ceramic, such as MgAl2O4 spinel, leads to a performance gain and a decrease of the protection volume. The development of this material requires the combination of a high optical quality in the visible domain and high mechanical properties. In this work, pressureless sintering under vacuum of a high purity commercial powder allowed to minimize the addition of impurities, detrimental to the transparency, and the grain growth phenomenon. An additional step of hot isostatic pressing was necessary to eliminate residual porosity and to obtain transparent spinel with high optical quality (80% at 400-800 nm, t = 2 mm, Ø21 mm). An analysis of the microstructure before and after the post-treatment made it possible to determine the link between the grain and pore sizes before post-sintering and the observed grain growth during this treatment. An optimisation of the process was established in order to restrain the grain size increase, and thus to obtain a homogeneous microstructure (~ 12 μm). After a successful up-scaling of the samples (t = 4 mm, Ø60 mm), several spinel samples with distinctive microstructural and mechanical properties were selected in order to evaluate their performances through ballistic tests.