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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Etude asymptotique et simulation numérique de la propagation Laser en milieu inhomogène

Doumic, Marie 20 May 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Pour simuler la propagation laser, nous utilisons l'approximation paraxiale de l'équation de Klein-Gordon.<br />Dans une première partie, nous menons une analyse asymptotique de l'équation de Klein-Gordon. Nous obtenons dans divers cas des problèmes approchés de type Schrödinger ou advection-Schrödinger. Nous montrons que ces problèmes sont bien posés et estimons la différence entre problème exact et problème approché.<br />Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions le problème d'advection-Schrödinger sur un domaine borné et non plus sur tout l'espace, et montrons quelle condition au bord il faut imposer pour que la solution de notre problème sur le domaine soit la restriction de la solution sur l'espace entier.<br />Dans une troisième partie, nous utilisons les résultats précédents pour construire une méthode de résolution numérique, et présentons les simulations obtenues.
42

Transparent top electrodes for organic solar cells

Schubert, Sylvio 07 April 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Organic solar cells offer attractive properties for novel applications and continuous advances in material and concept development have led to significant improvements in device performance. To exploit their full potential (roll-to-roll production of flexible and top-illuminated devices, using e.g. opaque metal foil or textile as substrate), highly transparent, conductive, mechanically flexible, and cost-efficient top electrodes are of great importance. The current standard material indium tin oxide (ITO) is rigid, expensive and requires a high energy / high temperature deposition process, limiting ITO (and other transparent conductive oxides) to bottom electrode applications. This work presents fundamental investigations to understand and control the properties of transparent conductors and documents four different approaches to prepare transparent electrodes on top of efficient small molecule organic solar cells, with the aim to replace ITO. Fullerene C60 layers are investigated as completely carbon-based electrodes. For an optimized doping concentration, sheet resistance and transmittance are improved and efficient solar cells are realized. Since the lateral charge transport is still limited, a combination with a microstructured conductor is suggested. Pulsed laser deposition allows for the first time a damage-free preparation of gallium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) layers on top of organic devices by careful optimization of the deposition atmosphere. ZnO:Ga electrodes with a transmittance of Tvis = 82.7 % and sheet resistance Rs = 83 Ohm/sq are obtained. The formation of local shunts due to ZnO:Ga droplets is identified and then prevented by a shadow mask between the target and the sample, enabling solar cells with similar efficiency (2.9 %) compared to a reference device using a state-of-the-art metal top contact. Another very promising alternative are intrinsically flexible, ultra-thin silver layers. By introducing an oxide interlayer, the adverse interpenetration of silver and organic materials is prevented and the charge extraction from the solar cells is improved. With a second oxide layer on top, the silver electrode is significantly stabilized, leading to an increased solar cell lifetime of 4500 h (factor of 107). Scanning electron micrographs of Ag thin films reveal a poor wetting on organic and oxide substrates, which strongly limits the electrode performance. However, it is significantly improved by a 1 nm thin seed layer. An optimized Au/Ag film reaches Tvis = 78.1 % and Rs = 19 Ohm/sq, superior to ITO. Finally, silver electrodes blended with calcium show a unique microstructure which enables unusually high transmittance (84.3 % at 27.3 Ohm/sq) even above the expectations from bulk material properties and thin film optics. Such values have not been reached for transparent electrodes on top of organic material so far. Solar cells with a Ca:Ag top electrode achieve an efficiency of 7.2 %, which exceeds the 6.9 % of bottom-illuminated reference cells with conventional ITO electrodes and defines a new world record for top-illuminated organic solar cells. With these electrodes, semi-transparent and large-area devices, as well as devices on opaque and flexible substrates are successfully prepared. In summary, it is shown that ZnO:Ga and thin metal electrodes can replace ITO and fill the lack of high performance top electrodes. Moreover, the introduced concepts are not restricted to specific solar cell architectures or organic compounds but are widely applicable for a variety of organic devices.
43

Contribution au développement d'une nouvelle technologie d'optique ophtalmique pixellisée. Étude et optimisation du report de films fonctionnalisés sur une surface courbe

Lefillastre, Paul 26 January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Le report sur des lentilles optiques à surface courbe de films plans, souples et fragiles est un verrou à lever pour permettre un saut technologique dans le domaine de l'optique ophtalmique active. En effet, pour bénéficier des avantages d'une fabrication collective il est impératif de rester en mode de fabrication sur substrat plan et de reporter ensuite les films préfonctionnalisés sur les verres. Il convient donc de préserver cet hétéro-assemblage au cours du report, l'intégrité de la fonction implémentée en minimisant à la fois la déformation, le stockage de contraintes mécaniques et la température pendant le thermoformage. Dans ce travail de thèse nous proposons un principe de report qui permet de satisfaire au mieux ces exigences en séparant la phase de mise en forme réalisée par gonflement de l'étape du report proprement dit. Un premier outillage spécifique qui a été conçu et développé pour mettre au point le procédé décrit. L'optimisation des conditions opératoires est déclinée pour deux modes différenciés et imposés qui considèrent d'abord le report sur lentille brute et ensuite le report sur un verre déjà détouré au gabarit de la monture de lunettes. Pour prédire et/ou interpréter les comportements expérimentaux obtenus pour chacun des deux modes, nous avons mené des simulations numériques par la méthode des éléments finis en nous appuyant sur une caractérisation préalable des propriétés thermomécaniques du film PET qui constitue l'armature du film optique fonctionnalisé. Au prix d'une complexification du procédé de transfert, le second mode a donné lieu à des résultats intéressants qui aujourd'hui semblent répondre aux exigences les plus sévères du projet.
44

Nouveaux nanomatériaux pour la fabrication d'électrodes flexibles transparentes / New nanomaterials for manufacturing flexible transparent electrodes

Cabos, Anthony 05 October 2017 (has links)
Les électrodes transparentes sont des éléments essentiels pour de nombreux dispositifs tels que les cellules solaires, les OLEDs, les écrans tactiles ou les films chauffants transparents. Au regard de la croissance forte du marché des dispositifs flexibles, le remplacement de l’ITO, matériau de référence dans l’industrie, s’avère nécessaire. Les réseaux percolants à base de nanofils(NF) métalliques sont une alternative de choix pour ce qui est des performances optoélectroniques, du coût et de la flexibilité. En particulier, les NF d’argent, fortement étudiés ces dernières années, offrent probablement le meilleur potentiel. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer de nouvelles électrodes transparentes à NF avec un métal de substitution. Le cuivre est un candidat intéressant car à conductivité électrique équivalente, son prix est environ cent fois moins élevé que celui de l’argent. Dans ce manuscrit, différentes voies de synthèse des nanofils de cuivre (CuNF) sont abordées. Des électrodes sont fabriquées à partir de ces nanofils, notamment par impression, et des études sont rapportées sur l’évaluation de leurs performances. L’étude de la stabilité des électrodes à CuNF sous différents stress environnementaux (air sec, soleil, humidité) a été effectuée et met en évidence la stabilité moindre des NF de cuivre par rapport aux NF d’argent. Pour pallier cela, deux stratégies de protection des réseaux de nanofils ont été mises en place à base, soit d’une couche encapsulante sur le réseau, soit d’un système coeur-coquille à l’échelle du NF. La stabilité de ces systèmes a été mesurée lors du fonctionnement de ces électrodes lorsqu’elles sont utilisées pour la fabrication de films chauffants transparents. / Transparent electrodes are implanted in a lot of devices such as solar cell, OLED, touch screen or transparent film heater. Market trends toward flexible devices lead replacement of the well known brittle ITO. Metallic nanowire (NW) based percolative networks are a promising alternative in terms of performances, cost and flexibility. Indeed, the widely reported silver NWs exhibited really high optoelectrical performances. The objective of this thesis is to develop new NW based transparent electrodes with other metal. Among metals, copper is the most promising because of its high conductivity and its price one hundred times cheaper. In that manuscript, we detail different synthesis of copper nanowire (CuNW), their printing to get the related performances. Then ageing under environmental stresses (dry air, sun and humidity) will be studied. Stability of CuNW into networks is very low compared to silver, to improve stability of CuNW two strategies based on capping layer on top of CunW and on core-shell nanostructure will be presented. Operating stability into transparent film heater will also be reported.
45

Electrode transparente en nanofils d’argent : intégration dans les cellules et modules photovoltaïques organiques sur substrat souple / Silver nanowire transparent electrode : integration in organic photovoltaic cells and modules on a flexible substrate

Laurans, Gildas 30 June 2016 (has links)
Une cellule photovoltaïque organique (OPV) consiste en un empilement de couches minces et comporte une électrode transparente, constituée le plus souvent par une couche mince d’oxyde d’indium dopé à l’étain (ITO). Des matériaux alternatifs sans indium, déposables par voie liquide à l’air ambiant, et sur de grandes surfaces souples plus adaptées à la filière OPV, sont actuellement l’objet d’un grand nombre de recherches. Les nanofils d’argent (Ag NWs) représentent un sérieux candidat pour remplacer l’ITO et sont l’objet de ce travail de thèse. Une méthode de dépôt des Ag NWs par spray à air sur des substrats de PET a été développée en vue de réaliser des films conducteurs et transparents sur une grande surface souple. Puis ces électrodes transparentes ont été intégrées dans des cellules OPV sur substrat souple avec des rendements comparables à l’ITO. Les dépôts par voie liquide ont été privilégiés (spray-coating, Dr Blade), excepté pour l’électrode supérieure en argent, évaporée sous vide. Enfin les cellules ont été interconnectées en série pour former un module OPV, plus efficace en termes de puissance électrique délivrée. Une étude sur l’ablation sélective de couches de l’empilement OPV par laser est également présentée pour la fabrication de modules. / An organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell consists of a thin-layer stack which includes a transparent electrode, usually made of indium tin-doped oxide (ITO). Alternative, indium-free materials, deposited in air with a wet deposition process on large, flexible substrates that are more compatible with the OPV field are currently widely investigated. Silver nanowires (Ag NWs), which represent a serious candidate to replace ITO, are the subject of this thesis. In this work a method to deposit Ag NWs on PET substrates by air spray-coating has been developed : efficient patterned conductive and transparent coatings could be processed on a large, flexible substrate. This transparent electrode was then integrated in flexible and large area OPV cells, with efficiencies comparable to ITO. Wet deposition techniques were preferred except for the silver top electrode, evaporated under vacuum. OPV cells were eventually interconnected in series in order to make an OPV module, delivering a higher electrical output. A study on selective laser ablation of layers in the OPV stack is also shown towards module processing.
46

Etude d'oxydes métalliques nanostructurés (ZnO,SnO2) pour applications photovoltaïques, notamment oxydes transparents conducteurs et cellules solaires à colorant / Investigation of nanostructured metallic oxides (ZnO, SnO2) for photovoltaic applications, namely transparent conductive oxides and dye solar cells

Rey, Germain 23 May 2012 (has links)
Les nanostructures d'oxydes métalliques jouent un rôle essentiel dans les cellules photovoltaïques à colorants, puisque ces matériaux permettent la réalisation du contact électrique transparent en face avant et de la photoanode. L'oxyde stannique (SnO2) et l'oxyde de zinc (ZnO) ont été employés respectivement, car leurs propriétés optiques, électroniques et structurales sont particulièrement bien adaptées aux cellules solaires à colorant. Le contact électrique transparent, obtenu par pyrolyse d'aérosol, se présente sous forme d'une couche mince de SnO2 dopé par du fluor composée de grains nanométriques. Les propriétés électriques et optiques de ce composant ont été optimisées en vue de son intégration dans des cellules à colorants. Une étude approfondie du transport électronique au sein de la couche a permis de quantifier l'influence des différents mécanismes de diffusion suivant les cas considérés. La photoanode a été réalisée, directement à la surface de la couche mince de SnO2, par dépôt chimique de nanofils de ZnO à partir de précurseurs en phase vapeur. Le diamètre et la densité surfacique des nanofils sont contrôlés respectivement par les conditions de croissance et le degré d'oxydation du substrat. Les photoanodes à base de nanofils ont été intégrées dans des cellules à colorant. La limitation des performances de ces cellules est due à la faible surface développée par le ZnO qui conduit à la fixation d'une trop faible quantité de colorant à la surface de ce dernier. Afin de remédier à ce problème, des nanoparticules de ZnO ont été élaborées par bain chimique à la surface des nanofils. Les cellules solaires à base de structures composites présentent des performances supérieures à celles réalisées à partir de nanofils ou de nanoparticules. Les photoanodes composites permettent d'obtenir à la fois un transport efficace des électrons et de développer une surface importante et de ce fait, elles présentent des performances prometteuses. / Metallic oxide nanostructures play a critical role in dye-sensitized solar cells as front transparent electrodes and photoanodes. The use of stannic oxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have been motivated by their particularly suitable structural, electrical and optical properties for dye-sensitized solar cells. Fluorine doped-SnO2 transparent electrodes have been deposited by spray pyrolysis in the form of thin films and consist of nanoscale grains. Their optical and electrical properties have been optimized in order to integrate them into dye-sensitized solar cells. The electron transport has been investigated in details and the influence of each scattering mechanism has quantitatively been assessed. ZnO photoanodes have directly been grown on the SnO2 surface by chemical vapor deposition in the form of nanowires. The nanowire diameter and surface density have been controlled by the growth conditions and the substrate surface oxidation, respectively. The nanowire-based photoanodes have subsequently been integrated into dye-sensitized solar cells. The relatively low efficiency of these cells has been found to be due to the small ZnO surface area, which limits the amount of dye anchored to its surface. In order to circumvent this limitation, ZnO nanoparticles have been deposited on the nanowire surface by chemical bath deposition. The nanocomposite photoanodes lead to the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells with promising efficiency by combining both efficient electron transport and high developed surface area.
47

Síntese e caracterização de filme de óxido de grafeno/poli(3-hexiltiofeno) para aplicação como condutor transparente / Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide/poly (3-hexylthiophene) film for use as transparent conductive

Gascho, Julia Lopes da Silva 28 July 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIA GASCHO.pdf: 2752130 bytes, checksum: ac987e92d5bc395ba52a7917285e8cf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Materiais condutores transparentes, ou CTs, são aqueles que apresentam as propriedades de elevada condutividade elétrica e transparência. Na fabricação de diversos dispositivos eletrônicos, tais como células solares, monitores de cristal líquido e telas sensíveis ao toque, esses materiais são componentes críticos, devido a não existirem muitos materiais condutores e transparentes. O óxido de índio e estanho (ITO) é o material mais utilizado como CT, devido à sua elevada condutividade elétrica e transparência. Porém, a utilização deste possui algumas desvantagens, como custo elevado e fragilidade. Devido a isto, novos materiais estão sendo estudados para a sua substituição, tais como grafeno e polímeros conjugados. Sistemas grafeno/polímero conjugado exibem, normalmente, elevada condutividade elétrica, estabilidade química e são capazes de armazenar energia. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo produzir filmes de óxido de grafeno (OG) e óxido de grafeno reduzido (OGR), verificando a eficiência dos métodos de oxidação e redução utilizados. Também foram estudados filmes de OG e OGR com poli(3-hexiltiofeno) (P3HT), verificando as alterações nas propriedades destes após a deposição do polímero sobre os mesmos, com vistas a uma possível utilização desses sistemas como condutores transparentes. O OG foi produzido a partir da grafite pelo método de Hummers modificado e, posteriormente reduzido quimicamente, com NaBH4, ou termicamente, em forno tubular. Os filmes poliméricos foram preparados por casting a partir de uma solução de P(3HT) em clorofórmio, depositada sobre os filmes de OG. As caracterizações por ângulo de contato, FTIR, DRX, e espectroscopia de impedância comprovaram a eficiência na oxidação da grafite. Os filmes de OG produzidos se apresentaram translúcidos e semicondutores, com condutividade da ordem de 10-6 a 10-4 S/m. Foram obtidos filmes finos com uma superfície lisa e praticamente sem defeitos. Os filmes de OG apresentaram ângulo de contato com a água de 31,5 e 38,9° e tensão superficial de 63,6 e 59,2 mJ/m², o que indica a hidrofilicidade dos mesmos. Observou-se uma redução parcial do OG, tanto na redução química quanto térmica, com filmes menos translúcidos e mais condutores do que os filmes de OG (condutividade próximas à 10-3 e 10-1 S/m, respectivamente). Foram obtidos filmes de OG reduzido quimicamente finos, lisos e praticamente sem defeitos, porém, os filmes de OG reduzidos termicamente se mostraram irregulares e mais espessos. Através da redução química foram obtidos filmes hidrofóbicos, com ângulo de contato com a água acima de 90° e tensão superficial de 30,1 mJ/m². Enquanto a redução térmica produziu filmes com ângulo de contato com a água um pouco abaixo de 90° e tensões superficiais de 31,2 e 32,1 mJ/m², bem menos hidrofílicos do que os filmes de OG. A adição do filme polimérico sobre os filmes de OG não alterou significativamente as propriedades de condutividade elétrica e diminuiu minimamente a transparência destes.
48

Desenvolvimento de metodologia para fabricação de cerâmica de \'Y IND.2\'O IND.3\' transparente / Development of methodology for the manufacture of transparent ceramic \'Y IND.2\'O IND.3\'

Adriane Damasceno Vieira de Souza 15 February 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para fabricação cerâmica de ítria (\'Y IND.2\'O IND.3\') transparente e, em paralelo, desenvolver um sistema de aquecimento que permitisse atingir temperaturas superiores a 1800ºC. Nos últimos 5 anos, cerâmicas transparentes ganharam grande destaque e foram incluídas entre os cinco supermateriais da atualidade. A ítria - \'Y IND.2\'O IND.3\' - apresenta algumas características ópticas promissoras para fabricação de cerâmicas transparentes, dentre as quais podemos destacar: isotropia óptica e ampla faixa de transparência. Além disso, possui elevada condutividade térmica, o que confere potencialidade para aplicações em sistemas lasers de alta potência. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de estudos sistemáticos relacionados à síntese, compactação e sinterização do óxido de ítria. As amostras foram sintetizadas por reação do estado sólido, usando óxido de zircônio como aditivo para o processo de sinterização. As condições de compactação das pastilhas à verde foram investigadas e permitiu a obtenção de corpos cerâmicos com densidade relativa à verde de ~55%, com uso de prensagem uniaxial seguido de prensagem isostática. As cerâmicas foram sinterizadas utilizando-se programas de temperaturas específicos sob duas condições quanto ao aquecimento: em forno elétrico e em atmosfera aberta e em forno de indução, desenvolvido nesse trabalho, em condições de vácuo dinâmico. As caracterizações físicas das amostras foram feitas por difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia óptica. Os resultados mostraram que temperaturas superiores a 1800ºC combinado com o efeito do vácuo são indispensáveis para obtenção de ítria transparente pelo método de sinterização convencional; o sistema de aquecimento desenvolvido apresentou eficiência em atingir a temperatura desejada, porém apresentou algumas limitações que impossibilitou o controle e reprodutibilidade do processo. Por meio da metodologia desenvolvida foi possível a obtenção de cerâmica de ítria com transmissão na região do visível do espectro eletromagnético (400-700 nm) de até 42%, quando comparado a um monocristal. Avançou-se na fabricação de cerâmicas transparentes, porém, ainda será necessário otimizar o controle do sistema de aquecimento do forno desenvolvido, de modo a eliminar os poucos centros espalhadores de luz existentes. / The focus of this work was to develop a methodology for manufacture of transparent Yttria (\'Y IND.2\'O IND.3\') and in addition develop a heating system that operates in temperatures above 1800ºC. In the last 5 years, transparent ceramics featured among the five supermaterials of the present. Yttria - \'Y IND.2\'O IND.3\' - presents a few optical characteristics promising to manufacture transparent ceramics, such as: optical isotropy and wide range of transparency. Besides, it has high thermal conductivity, which gives potential for applications in high power laser systems. In the work presented here, the results of a systematic study of the synthesis, compaction and sintering of yttria oxide are presented. The samples were prepared by solid state reaction, using zircon oxide as an additive to the sintering process. The compaction conditions of the green tablets were investigated and allowed the obtainment of ceramic bodies with relative density around 55%, by using uniaxial pressing followed by isostatic pressing. The ceramics were sintered using specific temperature programs under two heating conditions: electric furnace and open atmosphere and under induction furnace, developed in this work, under dynamic vacuum conditions. The physical characterizations of the samples were made by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy. The results showed that temperatures above 1800ºC combined with the effect of vacuum are necessary to obtain transparent Yttria by conventional sintering method; the heating system developed was efficient in reaching the desired temperature, however had some limitations that prevented the control and reproducibility of the process. By means of the methodology developed it was possible to obtain ceramic yttria with transmission in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (400-700) up to 42% compared to single crystal yttria. Progress was made in manufacture of transparent ceramics, however, it is necessary to optimize the control of the heating system of the furnace developed, in order to eliminate the few existing light scattering centers.
49

Grafeno em substratos transparentes dielétricos para aplicações fotônicas

Romagnoli, Priscila 04 May 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Rosa Assis (rosa_assis@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-02T18:36:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) PRISCILA ROMAGNOLI.pdf: 5679153 bytes, checksum: 33c89deb6013a43a474ebfdd521b2f64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-10-03T14:48:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) PRISCILA ROMAGNOLI.pdf: 5679153 bytes, checksum: 33c89deb6013a43a474ebfdd521b2f64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T14:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) PRISCILA ROMAGNOLI.pdf: 5679153 bytes, checksum: 33c89deb6013a43a474ebfdd521b2f64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice with excellent electronic properties, such as high electron mobility, and optical properties, such as wavelength-independent absorption due to the zero electronic bandgap [1]. Novoselov and Geim [2] isolated graphene for the rst time in 2004 and, since then, it has been proving applicable to several areas. In photonics, to date, application as saturable absorbers, polarizers and modulators, among others, have been demonstrated using the nanomaterial on transparent dielectric substrates. This type of substrate becomes necessary for photonic applications, since generally absorption is undesirable. With this requirement in mind, this thesis studies graphene on transparent dielectric substrates, with two main objectives. The rst objective is to increase the optical contrast of graphene on transparent substrates, improving its visualization. The re ectance of silicate glasses covered with graphene, for example, is 4.3% (normal incidence), while the re ectance of glass without graphene is 4.0%, which generates low values of contrast, of the order of 8%. This problem is studied and two solutions to increase the optical contrast are presented. The rst one uses re ected light at the Brewster angle of the substrate, which allows the cancellation of the substrate re ection and, thus, for the observation of re ection only in regions covered with graphene. The technique showed an increase in optical contrast of up to 380 over conventional optical microscopy. The second technique to enhance the contrast explores the unusual fact that re ection on a glass with graphene depends on from which medium light incides (from air or glass). With normal incidence, it was observed that glass substrate incidence generates an increase in optical contrast of 1.3 in relation to air incidence. The technique can be easily implemented in a conventional optical microscope. The second objective of this thesis is to investigate a new method for electrically doping graphene on glass. Doping allows adjustment of the optical and electronic characteristics of graphene. The method consists of exploring the process of thermal poling of silicate glasses. Poling is a known method for recording an electric eld close to the surface in glasses. The doping by poling is investigated by the generated spectral shifts in the Raman G band of graphene and from surface plasmon excitations. It was noted, however, that poling generated a charge concentration in graphene that was lower than expected, 2,9 1012cm􀀀2, which indicates that the recorded eld is neutralized before it reaches graphene. Although the origin of such neutralization is not yet understood, one possibility is the migration of charges from graphene to the substrate, which would screen the electric eld in graphene. The e ects of doping due to interaction with the atmosphere and the substrate are also shown to be important factors that signi cantly in uence the nanomaterials charge concentration. A signi cant reduction in these e ects is demonstrated using a substrate of exfoliated hBN on silica and in an argon atmosphere. / O grafeno é um material bidimensional composto de átomos de carbono dispostos em uma rede hexagonal com excelentes propriedades eletrônicas, como a alta mobilidade eletrônica, e ópticas, como a absorção independente do comprimento de onda devido ao gap zero [1]. Novoselov e Geim [2] isolaram o grafeno pela primeira vez em 2004 e, desde então, o grafeno vem demonstrando aplicações nas mais diversas áreas. Na área de fotônica, até o momento, aplicacões como absorvedores saturáveis, polarizadores e moduladores, entre outras, já foram demonstradas utilizando o nanomaterial em substratos transparentes dielétricos. Esse tipo de substrato torna-se necessário em aplicações fotônicas, uma vez que em geral sua absorção da luz pelo substrato é indesejada. Com este requerimento em vista, esta tese de doutorado estuda o grafeno sobre substratos dielétricos transparentes, com dois objetivos principais. O primeiro objetivo é aumentar o contraste óptico do grafeno sobre substratos transparentes, melhorando sua visualização. A refletância de vidros silicatos recobertos com grafeno, por exemplo,é de 4,3% (incidência normal), enquanto a refletância do vidro sem grafeno é de4,0%, o que gera valores de contraste _optico baixos, da ordem de 8%. Este problema é estudado e duas soluções para o aumento de contraste são apresentadas. A primeira utiliza a condição de polarização por reflexão da luz em ângulo de Brewster, que possibilita o cancelamento da reflexão do substrato e a obtenção de reflexão somente onde há grafeno. A técnica proposta mostrou um aumento do contraste óptico de até 380x em relação á microscopia óptica convencional. A segunda técnica de aumento de contraste explora o fato, não muito usual, de que a reflexão no grafeno sobre vidro depende do meio a partir do qual a luz incide (a partir do ar ou vidro). Com incidência normal, foi observado que a incidência pelo substrato de vidro gera um aumento no contraste óptico de 1,3x em relação _a incidência pelo ar. A técnica pode ser facilmente implementada em um microscópio óptico convencional. O segundo objetivo da presente tese consiste em investigar um novo método de dopagem elétrica de grafeno sobre vidros. A dopagem permite o ajuste das características ópticas e eletrônicas do grafeno. O método consiste em explorar o processo de poling térmico de vidros silicatos. O poling é um método conhecido para gravação de um campo elétrico próximo á superfície em vidros. A dopagem gerada pelo poling é investigada a partir dos deslocamentos espectrais gerados na banda G Raman do grafeno e a partir da excitação de plásmons de superfície. Observou-se, entretanto, que o poling gerava uma concentração de portadores no grafeno menor do que a esperada, de ~2,9x1012cm-2, indicando que o campo gravado é neutralizado antes de chegar ao grafeno. Apesar de não se entender ainda a origem de tal neutralização, uma possibilidade é uma migração de cargas do grafeno para o substrato, o que blindaria o campo elétrico no grafeno. Os efeitos de dopagem decorrentes de interação com o ambiente e com o substrato também são mostrados como fatores importantes que influenciam significativamente a concentração de cargas do nanomaterial.É demonstrada uma redução significativa nesses efeitos utilizando-se um substrato de hBN esfoliado sobre sílica e atmosfera de argônio.
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Hocheffiziente metallische Dünnschichtelektroden durch Direkte Laserinterferenzstrukturierung / Efficiency enhancement of metal thin film electrodes by direct laser interference patterning

Eckhardt, Sebastian 07 April 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Moderne optoelektronische Dünnfilmapplikationen erfordern den Einsatz effizienter großflächiger Elektrodensysteme, die einerseits über sehr gute Leitfähigkeitseigenschaften verfügen und andererseits eine hohe Transparenz in einem breiten Wellenlängenspektrum aufweisen. Momentan wird für derartige Anwendungen zum Großteil der Werkstoff Indiumzinnoxid (ITO) eingesetzt, dessen Hauptbestandteil Indium nur in geringen Mengen auf der Erde vorkommt. Für die Erhaltung der Marktfähigkeit und zur Weiterentwicklung der Dünnschichtelektronik ist es nötig, dieses Ressourcenproblem zu lösen. Eine Möglichkeit zur Substitution von ITO ist die Verwendung dünner metallischer Filme als transparente Elektroden. Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift untersucht in diesem Zusammenhang die Anwendung der Direkten Laserinterferenzstrukturierung (DLIP). Um hinreichend große optische Transparenz bei entsprechender elektrischer Leitfähigkeit zu erhalten, werden Dünnschichtensysteme aus Kupfer, Aluminium, Chrom und Silber mit verschiedenen periodischen Lochmustern zwischen 1,5-2,7 µm perforiert. Im Anschluss werden die bearbeiteten Probenkörper hinsichtlich ihrer optischen, elektrischen und topografischen Eigenschaften vermessen. Die umfangreichen gewonnenen Daten werden in einer Auswertung zusammengefasst und mit Resultaten aus numerischen Modellrechnungen verglichen. Neben den Ergebnissen zur Effizienzsteigerung der Dünnfilme untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit die laserinduzierte Ablationsdynamik metallischer Filme auf Glassubstrat zwischen 5-40 nm Schichtdicke.

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