Pacientes portadores de transposição das grandes artérias submetidos previamente. Correção cirúrgica no plano atrial ou transposição corrigida das grandes artérias freqüentemente evoluem com disfunção do ventrículo direito morfológico. Para estes casos, tem sido proposta a correção anatômica, chamada cirurgia de Double Switch ou dupla inversão, invariavelmente realizada na adolescência ou na idade adulta. Com isso, grande parte destes pacientes necessita preparar o ventrículo esquerdo, através da bandagem do tronco pulmonar. Várias são as dificuldades no preparo do miocárdio adulto e resultados desapontadores são relatados nestes indivíduos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi promover e analisar o processo de adaptação do ventrículo direito em modelo animal adulto, comparando o método de bandagem fixa, utilizado tradicionalmente na prática clínica, com um novo método de bandagem intermitente, por um período de quatro semanas. Foram utilizadas 18 cabras adultas, divididas Em três grupos: Chama (n = 6, peso = 26,42. 2,63 Kg, bandagem frouxa, sem sobrecarga sistólica), Fixo (n = 6, peso = 26,33 . 2,32 kg, bandagem convencional com sobrecarga sistólica contínua do ventrículo direito), Intermitente (n = 6, peso = 25,17. 2,48 kg, bandagem com dispositivo ajustável e 12 horas diárias de sobrecarga sistólica do ventrículo direito). No grupo fixo, os animais foram submetidos bandagem do tronco pulmonar com fita umbilical, tentando alcançar uma relação pressórica entre ventrículo direito e aorta de 0,7 no momento da cirurgia. Nos animais do grupo Intermitente, a sobrecarga sistólica foi promovida por um dispositivo ajustável calibrado percutaneamente. A mesma relação pressórica foi almejada diariamente através da insuflação do dispositivo por 12 horas, alternada com 12 horas de desinsuflação do dispositivo. Aferições hemodinâmicas foram feitas três vezes por semana no grupo Intermitente e duas vezes por semana nos grupos Fixo e Sham. Exames ecocardiográficos foram realizados semanalmente em todos os animais. Após quatro semanas, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia para avaliação das massas musculares, do conteúdo de água do miocárdio e estudo histológico. A área de sobrecarga pressórica, medida através do gradiente entre o ventrículo direito e o tronco pulmonar ao longo do estudo, foi maior no grupo Fixo (p<0,001). O estudo ecocardiográfico demonstrou aumento de até 37,2% na espessura da parede livre do ventrículo direito ao longo do protocolo no grupo Intermitente, o que foi significativamente maior que a variação na espessura dos grupos Sham e Fixo (p<0,05). Em relação ao peso do ventrículo direito normalizado para o peso do animal, os grupos Intermitente (1,24 g/Kg ± 0,16 g/Kg) e Fixo (1,08 g/Kg ± 0,17 g/Kg) apresentaram aumento da massa de 55,7% e 36,7% (p<0,05), respectivamente, em comparação ao grupo Sham (0,79 g/Kg ± 0,15 g/Kg). O conteúdo de água não variou entre os grupos estudados. As medidas dos diâmetros dos cardiomiócitos do ventrículo direito do grupo Intermitente apresentaram um incremento de 19,2% (p=0,036), em relação às medidas do grupo Sham. Paralelamente, houve aumento de 22,8% no diâmetro dos núcleos dos cardiomiócitos no ventrículo direito do grupo Intermitente, em comparação com o grupo Sham (p=0,049). Os animais do grupo Fixo exibiram um incremento de 98,0% na porcentagem de área de colágeno no VD, quando comparado ao grupo Sham (p<0,01), e de 69,2% em relação ao grupo Intermitente (p<0,05). A análise de proliferação celular não evidenciou diferença entre os grupos. Este estudo ratifica a necessidade de se buscar uma melhor forma de preparo dos miocárdios maduros, uma vez que o método tradicional de bandagem do tronco pulmonar promoveu maior área de sobrecarga pressórica, sem, no entanto, gerar hipertrofia significativa, além de apresentar maior teor de colágeno no miocárdio. Por outro lado, o método alternativo de preparo intermitente foi capaz de promover hipertrofia miocárdica com menor sobrecarga sistólica do ventrículo direito. Com isso, supõe-se que, com vistas à cirurgia de Double Switch, a bandagem intermitente parece ser uma alternativa promissora para promover o preparo ventricular de forma mais eficiente e menos lesiva que o método de bandagem fixa, nos pacientes adolescentes e adultos portadores de transposiço das grandes artérias ou de transposição corrigida das grandes artérias com falência ventricular direita / One of the late complications of patients with simple or congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries includes right (systemic) ventricular failure. The policy of anatomic repair (double switch operation) has often been proposed for adolescents and adults. However, a period of reconditioning the left ventricle through pulmonary artery banding is often required. Although it appears to be capable of providing adequate left ventricular training when done at an early age, it is not always suitable for mature myocardium, with disappointing results in older patients. This study sought to assess two different methods of promoting right ventricles hypertrophy in adult animals for a four-week period, by means of fixed and intermittent adjustable pulmonary artery banding system. Eighteen healthy adult goats were distributed into three groups: Sham (n = 6, weight = 26.42 kg Ž 2.63 kg, loose pulmonary artery banding, no systolic pressure overload), Fixed (n = 6, weight = 26.33 kg Ž 2.32 kg, continuous systolic overload with fixed pulmonary artery band) and Intermittent (n = 6, weight = 25.17 kg Ž 2.48 kg, daily 12-hour systolic overload with adjustable pulmonary artery band). Sham group animals received a loose pulmonary band, while in the Fixed group, an umbilical tape was used to band the pulmonary trunk, adjusted during the implantation to achieve a 0.7 right ventricle / aorta pressure ratio. In the Intermittent group, an adjustable pulmonary artery banding device was implanted on the pulmonary trunk and adjusted according to the volume injected percutaneously. The banding system was inflated daily until the 0.7 pressure ratio was achieved. Systolic overload was maintained for 12 hours, alternated with a 12-hour resting period. All animals were submitted to echocardiographic studies on a weekly basis, while hemodynamic evaluations were performed three times a week in the Intermittent group and twice a week in the Fixed and Sham groups. After four weeks, all animals were humanely killed for ventricular masses and water content assessment and histological evaluation. Intermittent group was submitted to a significant smaller systolic overload area, measured by right ventricle / pulmonary artery pressure gradient over time, as compared to Fixed group (p<0.001), and both of them showed a greater systolic overload area when compared to the Sham group (p<0.001). Echocardiographic findings revealed an increase in the right ventricle wall thickness, up to 37.2%, in the Intermittent group during the protocol, and this increase was significantly greater than in Sham and Fixed groups (p<0.05). Regarding the right ventricular mass, both Intermittent (1.24 g/kg ± 0.16 g/kg) and Fixed (1.08 g/Kg ± 0.17 g/kg) groups showed a 55.7% and 36.7% increase respectively (p<0.05) compared to Sham group (0.79 g/Kg ± 0.15 g/kg). No differences in left ventricular and interventricular septum masses were observed among the three groups. Likewise, water content was not significantly different between groups. Intermittent group showed a 19.2% increase in right ventricle myocardial fiber diameter and a 22.8% increase in myocardial fiber nuclei diameter, compared to Sham group (p<0.05). Fixed group showed a 98% increase in right ventricle´s collagen percentage area, when compared to Sham group (p<0.01), and a 69.2% increase compared to Intermittent group (p<0.05). There was no significant cellular proliferation in any groups. This study shows the urgency in seeking for an alternative method of promoting hypertrophy in mature myocardium, since traditional pulmonary artery banding caused increase in collagen area without significant hypertrophy and experimental adjustable intermittent pulmonary artery banding promoted hypertrophy with less systolic overload without increasing collagen area. In conclusion, it suggests that a more effective and less harmful hypertrophy can be achieved with intermittent pulmonary artery banding, as compared to the fixed method, to prepare the left ventricle for the double switch operation in adolescent and adult patients with simple and congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries with failed systemic right ventricle

Vinte e cinco pacientes com tempo de evolução pós-operatório médio de 10,6 ± 5,4 anos após a Operação de Jatene foram submetidos à avaliação da função ventricular esquerda pela ecocardiografia em repouso e durante o estresse farmacológico e à avaliação da circulação coronária pela cinecoronariografia e ultra-som intracoronário. O grupo apresentou função sistólica normal, alteração da função diastólica e reserva miocárdica reduzida. O estudo angiográfico, realizado em vinte e dois casos não revelou obstruções das artérias coronárias. Ao estudo ultra-sonográfico observou-se em todos, espessamento da camada íntima sugerindo processo de aterosclerose coronária precoce / Twenty-five patients underwent echocardiographic left ventricular function assessment at rest and during pharmacological stress and coronary circulation evaluation with coronary angiography and intracoronary ultrasound 10 ± 5,4 years after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Echocardiography revealed a normal left ventricular systolic function, impaired diastolic function and reduced myocardial reserve. No coronary obstruction was observed at angiography however intracoronary ultrasound showed intimal thickening in all, suggesting premature arterioscleroses

Quelle est la nature des mathématiques enseignées dans les classes de l’enseignement secondaire? Dans quelle mesure l’enseignement des compétences n’handicape-t-il pas l’accès à des mathématiques telles qu’en rêvent les enseignants ?Ce qu’on enseigne a les caractéristiques d’un texte, d’une forme scripturale qui présente des différences avec la forme orale d’une société qui ne connaît pas l’écriture. Il apparaît que la formulation des définitions présente un outil performant pour cette analyse. Les investigations empiriques dévoilent, à travers quatre tensions, les difficultés qu’ont les enseignants à faire entrer leurs élèves dans l’apprentissage d’une théorie mathématique. L’analyse des différentes manières de valider ce qu’ils enseignent conduit à montrer dans quelle situation problématique se trouve l’enseignement des mathématiques aujourd’hui. Un remède serait l’apprentissage de la compétence idiomatique.<p><p><p><p>What is the nature of the Mathematics which are taught in secondary education classes (pupils from 12 to 18 years old)? How far does it impair learning mathematics like teachers dream them ?The taught matter shows the features of a text, of a scriptural form showing up differences with the oral form of a society without writing. The formulation of definitions appears to be a powerful tool to perform this analysis. Empirical investigations reveal through four tensions, how hardly the teachers bring their pupils into the learning of a mathematical theory. The analysis of the various ways to validate what they teach leads to show in what serious difficulties is today the teaching of mathematics. A remedy could be the learning of idiomatic competence.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Conventional hearing aid circuitry is often unable to provide children with hearing loss with sufficient high frequency information in order to develop adequate oral language skills due to the risk of acoustic feedback and the narrower frequency spectrum of conventional amplification. The purpose of this study was to investigate word recognition abilities of children with moderate-to-severe hearing loss using hearing aids with linear frequency transposition. Seven children with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss between the ages of 5 years 0 months and 7 years 11 months were selected for the participant group. Word recognition assessments were first performed with the participants using their own previous generation digital signal processing hearing aids. Twenty-five-word lists from the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) test were presented to the participants in three test conditions, namely: at 55 dB HL in quiet, 55 dB HL with a +5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and at 35 dB HL. The participants were then fitted with an ISP-based hearing aid without linear frequency transposition, and the word recognition assessments were repeated with different WIPI word lists under the same conditions as the first assessment. Linear frequency transposition was then activated in the ISP-based hearing aid and different WIPI word lists were presented once more under identical conditions as the previous assessments. A 12-day acclimatization period was allowed between assessments, and all fittings were verified according to the DSL v5 fitting algorithm. Results indicated a significant increase of more than 12% in word recognition score for some of the participants when they used the ISP-based hearing aid with linear frequency transposition. A significant decrease was also seen for some of the participants when they used the ISP-based hearing aid with linear frequency transposition, but all participants presented with better word recognition scores when they used the ISP-based hearing aids without linear frequency transposition compared to their previous generation digital signal processing hearing aids. This study has shown that linear frequency transposition may improve the word recognition skills of some children with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss, and more research is needed to explore the criteria that can be used to determine candidacy for linear frequency transposition. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / Unrestricted

INTRODUÇÃO: Para os pacientes portadores de transposição das grandes artérias que perderam a chance da cirurgia de Jatene nas primeiras semanas de vida, indica-se realizar o preparo ventricular através da bandagem do tronco pulmonar (BTP), objetivando causar aumento na massa miocárdica. Entretanto, com o tempo, a câmara hipertrofiada pode apresentar disfunção contrátil; portanto, é importante conhecer a qualidade do tecido preparado, uma vez que já se sabe que tanto os miocardiócitos (MCD) quanto as células do interstício e vasos (I/V) são capazes de proliferar após o período neonatal. Baseando-se no condicionamento físico de atletas e considerando-se que os músculos cardíaco e esquelético são ambos estriados, postula-se a hipótese de que o tipo de preparo ventricular possa influenciar nas características do miocárdio treinado. OBJETIVOS: Identificar o tipo de mecanismo adaptativo (hipertrofia/hiperplasia) envolvido no preparo rápido do ventrículo pulmonar submetido à sobrecarga de pressão por meio de BTP, através da análise dos MCD e células do I/V, verificando se existem diferenças em relação ao tipo de treinamento (contínuo x intermitente) em comparação com os controles. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados experimentalmente 21 cabritos após o período neonatal, divididos em três grupos (C = grupo controle, n = 7, sem procedimento cirúrgico; EC = grupo de estimulação contínua, n = 7, com bandagem progressiva e permanente do tronco pulmonar durante 96 horas; EI = grupo de estimulação intermitente, n = 7, com bandagem progressiva, 12 horas ao dia, totalizando 48 horas). Todos foram submetidos a estudo ecocardiográfico basal e aqueles dos grupos EC e EI a ecocardiogramas diários para verificar a aquisição de massa muscular do ventrículo direito (VD). Após o estudo, os animais foram sacrificados, os corações retirados e cortes histológicos do VD, ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e septo interventricular (S) fixados em formalina e processados para análise. Foram estudados a porcentagem de área de colágeno através do Picro-sirius, o diâmetro dos MCD e seus respectivos núcleos e o número de MCD e células do I/V marcadas com Ki-67. As células marcadas foram avaliadas por campo microscópico e por índice (número de células Ki-67+/2000 células). O nível de significância considerado foi de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos estimulados apresentaram ganho significativo de massa muscular do VD (p < 0,05). Não houve aumento na porcentagem de colágeno do VD nos grupos treinados (p = 0,403). Considerando-se o VD, os grupos EC e EI apresentaram diâmetro dos MCD maior que o grupo controle (p < 0,001), ocorrendo o mesmo com os respectivos núcleos (EI x C: p < 0,001 e EC x C: p = 0,005). O número de MCD marcados com Ki-67 foi maior no VD dos grupos estimulados comparado com o VE (p = 0,009, índice de proliferação; p = 0,001, contagem por campo), bem como para as células do I/V (p < 0,001, contagem por campo e índice). CONCLUSÕES: Tanto hipertrofia quanto hiperplasia celular estão envolvidas na adaptação do ventrículo pulmonar submetido à sobrecarga sistólica através da BTP. Ambos os tipos de condicionamento (contínuo e intermitente) provocaram hipertrofia e hiperplasia dos MCD, induziram também à mitose das células do I/V, sem deposição de colágeno intersticial ao final do experimento. / INTRODUCTION: Rapid ventricular conditioning induced by pulmonary artery banding (PAB) has been indicated to those patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) who have lost the chance for arterial switch operation ? Jatene?s procedure ? aiming at induce myocardial mass increase. However, with time, hypertrophied chamber may exhibit contractile dysfunction, so that, it is important to assess quality of the prepared tissue, once it is of knowledge that both cardiomyocytes (CMC) and interstitial/vessel (I/V) cells are capable of proliferating after neonatal period. Based on fitness of athletes and considering that cardiac and skeletal muscles are both striated, there is the hypothesis that the type of ventricular prepare may influence the characteristics of the training myocardium. OBJECTIVES: Through CMC and I/V cells analysis, identifies the type of adaptive mechanism (hypertrophy/ hyperplasia) involved in rapid prepare of subpulmonary ventricle submitted to pressure overload by PAB, and verifies if there are differences in relation to the kind of training (continuous x intermittent), comparing them to the controls. METHODS: Twenty-one goats, beyond neonatal period, were experimentally studied. They were divided in three groups: C (control group, n = 7, with no surgical procedure); CS (continuous stimulation group, n = 7, with progressive and permanent PAB, during 96 hours); IS (intermittent stimulation group, n = 7, with progressive PAB, 12 hours/day, totalizing 48 hours). All the animals were submitted to basal echocardiograms and those from CS and IS groups to diary echocardiograms to verify right ventricular (RV) muscular mass acquisition. After the study, goats were killed, hearts excised and histological sections from RV, left ventricle (LV) and ventricular septum (VS) were formalin fixed and histologically processed. Collagen area fraction (through Picro-sirius red staining), CMC and respective nuclei diameter, and number of CMC and I/V cells Ki-67 positive were studied. Marked cells were analysed per high-power fields and by index (Ki-67 positive cells/2000 cells). The statistical significant level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Both stimulated groups presented significant RV muscular mass increase (p < 0.05). There were no augmentation in RV collagen area fraction in training groups (p = 0.403). Considering the RV, CS and IS groups showed an increase in CMC diameter compared to the control group (p < 0.01), occurring the same to respective nuclei (EI x C: p < 0.001 e EC x C: p = 0.005). Number of CMC marked with Ki-67 was greater in RV from stimulated groups in relation to LV (p = 0.009, proliferation index; p = 0.001, number/high-power fields); the same occurred to I/V cells (proliferation index and number/high-power fields: p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia are involved in adaptation of the pulmonary ventricle submitted to pressure overload through PAB. Both types of conditioning (continuous and intermittent) caused CMC hypertrophy and hyperplasia, besides induced I/V cells mitosis, without interstitial collagen deposition at the end of experiment.

Ce mémoire est une étude de cas sur Le voyage d’hiver (2013) de Keith Kouna. Réalisée par René Lussier, cette œuvre de musique enregistrée est une transposition musicolittéraire d’après Winterreise (1828) de Franz Schubert. Malgré la réécriture d’un texte en français et les transformations musicales notables qui caractérisent Le voyage d’hiver, les fondements mélodiques et harmoniques qu’il reproduit génèrent un effet de reconnaissance qui ne cesse de renvoyer Kouna vers Schubert. Plutôt que de les tenir pour inséparables l’un de l’autre, cette étude propose une réflexion sur la distance qui les sépare. On se demandera si Le voyage d’hiver peut constituer une œuvre avec le caractère propre de ce qui la rendrait autonome et originale. Considérant que la réécriture textuelle dont il procède s’enracine dans l’écoute musicale, la recherche pose d’abord que le Voyage d’hiver s’établit comme la trace d’une écoute de Winterreise. À partir du rapport entre texte et musique qui s’y déploie, il s’agit ensuite de suivre cette écoute à travers les médiations de la musique enregistrée en studio qui en ont constitué l’inscription. L’établissement de ce tracé permettra d’évaluer l’ampleur des transformations qui donnent lieu au Voyage d’hiver afin de mettre en perspective la distance qui le sépare et le distingue de l’œuvre de Schubert. / This master’s thesis is a case study of Keith Kouna’s music recording Le voyage d’hiver (2013). Produced by René Lussier, this album is a literary and musical transposition based on Franz Schubert’s Winterreise (1828). Although the text was rewritten in French and the music underwent significant transformations, the melodic and harmonic foundations of Le voyage d’hiver create a recognition effect that constantly hearken Kouna’s work back to Schubert. Instead of viewing both works as inseparable, this study will examine the distance that separates them. One may ask if Le voyage d’hiver possesses the distinctive traits to be considered an original, free-standing musical work. Given that the rewriting of the text is rooted in music listening, this research posits that Le voyage d’hiver takes form as the result of listening to Schubert’s Winterreise. Based on the relationship that unfolds between the text and music, the research is then a matter of following this listening through the mediations of the resulting music that was created and recorded in the studio. Establishing this path will make it possible to assess the extent of the transformations that led to Le voyage d’hiver in order to put into perspective the distance that separates and distinguishes it from Schubert’s work.

Chránění paralelních a souběžných vedení je skutečně problematické z důvodů účinku vzájemné indukčnosti vedení v souběhu, odporu poruchy nebo rozložení zpětného proudu poruchy, které zkreslují impedanci jednofázové poruchy „viděné“ distanční ochranou. Proto současné numerické distanční ochrany nabízí kompenzační funkce, které je možno použít pro korekci charakteristik a výpočtu vzdálenosti poruchy pomocí lokátorů její charakteristice s dostatečnou odporovou rezervou a možnosti nastavení odpovídajícího režimu vypnutí. Tato práce se zabývá problémy, kterým čelí lokátor distanční ochrany při měření a výpočtu vzdálenosti místa jednofázové poruchy, a také mapuje současný stav řešení těchto problémů. Na základě výpočtu parametrů zadaného vedení bylo provedeno zhodnocení možných chyb při lokalizaci jednofázové poruchy a navrženo nastavení distanční ochrany určené k jeho chránění včetně nastavení parametrů určených pro kompenzaci výše uvedených negativních jevů. Bylo zjištěno, že zemnící lana a transpozice vedení přispívají k přesnosti lokátorů, protože nejmenší chyba byla zjištěna v transponovaném vedení se zemním lanem.

L’enjeu de la thèse peut-être situé à partir du domaine qu’on appelle aujourd’hui « pédagogie universitaire ». Dans ce domaine, une préoccupation majeure tient aux difficultés que rencontrent beaucoup d’étudiants, notamment au début des études supérieures. Ainsi, au sein d’une littérature désormais abondante, des recherches s’intéressent à l’origine sociale et au passé scolaire des étudiants, d’autres examinent leur attitude face aux études ou bien leurs stratégies d’apprentissage ou encore les dispositifs didactiques mis en place par les enseignants, etc. L’originalité de ce travail est d’entrer dans ce problème en s’interrogeant sur la nature des savoirs enseignés.<p><p>Le « savoir enseigné » se révèle d’emblée un objet difficile à cerner et même insaisissable :s’agit-il des paroles de l’enseignant, des supports écrits divers auxquels il confronte les étudiants ?Faut-il y inclure ce que les étudiants doivent accomplir par eux-mêmes ?Comment rendre compte de ce qu’il est ?<p>Ce problème conduit à affirmer qu’on ne peut identifier ni même simplement décrire un savoir sans référence à des pratiques. Il s’ensuit une analyse fine et rigoureuse de cette notion de pratique. Si cette notion doit beaucoup aux travaux que Latour et Stengers ont conduits à propos des savoirs et pratiques scientifiques, elle est reconstruite au regard de la spécificité de la pratique enseignante et permet notamment de décrire le processus de réappropriation que la pratique enseignante opère sur des objets et des savoirs qui lui viennent d’autres pratiques. Dès lors, ce que nous appelons couramment « savoir » n’est pas un objet qui aurait une existence propre et indépendante, mais il est toujours pris dans une pratique comme ce qui constitue une réponse pertinente aux contraintes dont elle est constituée. Ainsi le savoir enseigné est le produit d’une construction au sein de la pratique enseignante. On ne peut le concevoir comme un objet qui serait le résultat d’une transmission ou d’un appauvrissement par rapport à un autre objet qui lui préexisterait et qui serait le « savoir savant ».<p>Ces analyses ont un certain nombre d’implications :elles conduisent inévitablement à une ré-interrogation de la notion de transposition didactique. Elles remettent en cause la vieille, mais tenace dichotomie entre théorie et pratique.<p>Elles obligent à penser le savoir comme ce qui s’inscrit dans une pratique et qui est porteur d’enjeux pour ses acteurs.<p><p>Pour appuyer ces considérations, la thèse contient le compte-rendu de l’observation de l’intégralité de huit cours d’enseignement supérieur (pris à l’université, dans l’enseignement supérieur court et dans la formation continue). Il s’agit, dans cette partie empirique, de mettre à l’épreuve les concepts construits et de voir, sur un ensemble d’unités d’enseignement suffisamment ouverts, s’ils sont assez précis pour rendre compte à chaque fois de la spécificité de la pratique enseignante et du savoir enseigné.<p>Ces huit études de cas conduisent à poser un problème didactique fondamental :sachant que l’étudiant ne peut porter intérêt à un cours que s’il fait l’expérience des enjeux auxquels le savoir enseigné peut répondre, comment lui faire partager ces enjeux ?Cette question conduit à un examen critique de la notion de « situation-problème » et à une ouverture des formes possibles de problématisation, mais également à proposer le concept de « dramatisation » pour désigner les infinies manières de faire partager aux étudiants les enjeux d’un savoir.<p><p>Il s’ensuit qu’on ne saurait concevoir de méthode pédagogique ou didactique qui pourrait « s’appliquer » indifféremment à n’importe quel contenu de savoir, puisqu’à la fois la dramatisation d’un savoir ne peut s’envisager indépendamment de ce qu’il est ni indépendamment des pratiques de l’enseignant, et qu’en retour il ne saurait y avoir de savoir enseigné qui préexisterait à la pratique d’enseignement. / Doctorat en sciences de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Many usability features designed in software applications are not procedurally intuitive for software users. A good example of software usability involves tabular sorting in a spreadsheet. Single-column sorting, activated with a mouse click to a column header or toolbar button, often produces rearranged listings that reduce cognitive organization beyond the sorted column. Multi-column sorting, generated through menu-driven processes, provides derived organization, however, locating feature options through menu-based systems can be confusing. A means to overcome this confusion is prioritized selection of database arrays issued to columnar displays for the purpose of intact transposition of data. This is a unique process designed as a user-centric tabular multi-column sorting interface. Designed within this experimental software application is a "trickle down" logic perceived as a navigation rule. The design offers logic associated with decision choices as used to pursue a software solution. The solution in this instance is a compiled resultant of separate and distinct columnar data sorting. The design was initially implemented in a software application housing thousands of examination scores. Observations of the design concept's effectiveness in practice led to further investigation through this master's thesis. To validate the research design, research participants were introduced to an example of traditional database sort/selection with practice examples. These users were also provided sorting exercises to reinforce the discussed concepts--both experimental and traditional. Finally, a survey questionnaire allowed them to provide feedback about the different task methods for sorting as well as the experience of using these dissimilar methods. The hypothesis was not validated through the research survey. Consideration of observations of the design in a production environment for four years, however, provided impetus to suggest further research of the design concept.