Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_ab_me_ilha.pdf: 5542320 bytes, checksum: ac4ab4f7279192ce563639cce31eb895 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Desenvolveu-se neste trabalho a implementação computacional de um algoritmo genético. Este se constituiu de uma população inicial sobre a qual agem quatro operadores fundamentais: seleção, “crossover”, substituição e mutação, e produz uma nova população. Sobre a qual agem novamente os operadores genéticos, e assim sucessivamente produzindo uma seqüência de populações. O operador seleção foi implementado em três algoritmos básicos: roda da roleta, amostragem estatística universal e torneio. O “crossover” também foi desenvolvido em algumas opções: um ponto, dois pontos, múltiplos pontos, e uniforme. A substituição de indivíduos da população pelos filhos ocorre de três maneiras básicas: dos pais, dos menos aptos, e dos indivíduos sorteados aleatoriamente. A mutação ocorre de apenas uma maneira. Inicialmente, o algoritmo genético foi executado em computador de maneira seqüencial. Resolveu-se um conjunto de problemas de otimização multidimensional e também o Problema do Caixeiro Viajante (TSP – Traveler Salesman Problem). Fez-se um estudo paramétrico dos vários parâmetros que aparecem no algoritmo genético, tais como: tamanho da população, número de gerações, taxa de seleção, probabilidade de mutação, e taxa de elitismo. No caso de problemas de otimização multidimensional a representação do cromossomo de cada indivíduo é binária, já no caso do TSP a representação é inteira decimal. Em ambos os casos da otimização multidimensional e do TSP também foi utilizada a técnica de hill-climbing visando aumentar a taxa de convergência da solução. A técnica de janelamento foi utilizada somente no caso de otimização multidimensional, também visando aumentar a taxa de convergência. Posteriormente, o algoritmo genético foi executado também em processamento computacional paralelo,... / It was developed in this work the computational implementation of a genetic algorithm. That is constituted of an initial population upon which act four basic operators: selection, crossover, substitution and mutation, producing a new population. Upon which act again the genetic operators, and thus, successively, producing a sequence of populations. The operator selection was implemented in three basic algorithms: roulette wheel, stochastic universal sampling, and tournament. The crossover also was developed in some options: one point, two points, several points, and uniform. Substitution of individuals from the population by the newborns happens in three basic ways: the fathers, the less apt, and the individuals sorted randomly. Mutation happens in only one manner. Initially, the genetic algorithm was processed sequentially in the computer. It was solved a set of multidimensional optimization problems and also the Traveler Salesman Problem - TSP. It was done a parametric study of the several parameters that appear in the genetic algorithm, such as: population size, number of generations, selection rate, mutation probability, and elitism rate. In the case of multidimensional optimization problems the chromosome representation of each individual is binary, but in the case of TSP the representation is integer decimal. In both cases of multidimensional optimization and TSP also it were used the hill-climbing technique aiming to increase the solution convergence rate. The windowing technique was used just for the multidimensional optimization case, also aiming to increase the convergence rate. Lately, the genetic algorithm was also performed in a computational parallel processing mode, using several computers linked by a net. In each computer it was executed one genetic algorithm upon a local population. The interaction among several populations was done through the migration ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: José Carlos Barreiro / Banca: Fátima Maria Neves / Banca: Gilmar Arruda / Resumo: A dissertação ora apresentada pretende discutir as experiências relatadas pelo viajante Joan Nieuhof, em seu livro: Memorável Viagem Marítima e Terrestre ao Brasil (Gedenkweerdige Brasiliaense Zee - en Lant - Reize). Tentaremos compreender como foi forjado o imaginário de liberdade e tolerância que serviram de suporte para a construção das representações do homem holandês do século XVII. Acreditamos que de forma inconsciente esse explorador levou para as terras distantes do Brasil as representações da nação holandesa, impressas em sua obra. Neste contexto, esse viajante submeter sua cultura a um enfrentamento com um novo sistema de significações totalmente desconhecido e adverso. A narrativa de Nieuhof nos coloca diante do encontro de dois mundos: de um lado, a Holanda - nação mais próspera da Europa neste momento histórico -, e do outro, o exótico Brasil, onde já residiam duas culturas dispares, os portugueses e os indígenas.A cada página que escreve, Nieuhof transporta o leitor para seus oitos anos de permanência no Brasil. Descreve desde os deslumbrantes recursos naturais, até as sangrentas batalhas da guerra luso-holandesas pela disputa das Capitanias Nordestinas. Portanto, procuramos desvendar a mentalidade de um indivíduo através de suas palavras, para compreender e recompor o imaginário e a representação da sociedade em que viveu. / Abstract: The following dissertation intends to discuss the experiences related by the traveler Joan Nieuhof, in his book: Memorável Viagem Marítima e Terrestre ao Brasil - Gedenkweerdige Brasiliaense Zee - en Lan t- Reize. We will be trying to understand how the liberty and tolerance imaginary were shaped, which were made as a support to the Dutch men's constructions of representations of the XVII century. We believe that, unconsciously, this Explorer took these representations of his home land to the Brazilian far lands, told in his work. In this context, this traveler submitted his culture to a new system ordeal dealing with complete unknown and different signification systems. Nieuhof's narrative place us facing the meeting of two worlds: at one side, Dutch land - Europe most flourishing nation at this historical moment - and on the other side, the exotic Brazil, where two unequal cultures already dwelled together, the Portuguese and the native people. At each written page, Nieuhof transports the reader to his eight years of living in Brazil. He describes since the dazzling natural resources, to the bloody battle of the Portuguese-Dutch war claiming the Northeast administrative divisions of Brazil. Therefore, we will try to reveal the mentality of a person through his words, to also understand and reframe the imaginary and the representation of the society he lived in. / Mestre

A door-to-door trip may involve multiple traffic modes. For example, travelers may drive to a subway station and make a transfer to rail transit; alternatively, people may also start their trips by walking/cycling to a bus/subway station and then take transit in most of the trip. A successful eco-route planning thus should be able to cover multiple traffic modes and offer intermodal routing suggestions. Developing such a system requires to address extensive concerns. The dissertation is a building block of the multi-modal energy-efficient routing system which is being developed and tested in the simulation environment before real applications. Four submodules have been developed in the dissertation as partial fulfillment of the simulation-based system: energy consumption modeling, subway system development, on-road vehicles dynamic eco-routing, and information effect on route choice behavior. Other submodules such as pedestrian/bicycle modeling will be studied in the future. Towards the research goal, the dissertation first develops fuel consumption models for on-road vehicles. Given that gasoline light duty vehicles (LDVs) and electric vehicles were modeled in previous studies, the research effort mainly focuses on heavy duty vehicles (HDVs). Specifically, heavy duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) as well as diesel and hybrid-electric transit buses are modeled. The models are developed based on the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-based Fuel consumption Modeling (VT-CPFM) framework. The results demonstrate that the model estimates are highly consistent with field observations as well as the estimates of the Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model (CMEM) and MOtor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES). It is also found that the optimum fuel economy cruise speed ranges between 32 and 52 km/h for the tested trucks and between 39 and 47 km/h for the tested buses on grades varying from 0% to 8%, which is significantly lower than LDVs (60-80 km/h). The dissertation then models electric train dynamics and energy consumption in support of subway simulation system development and trip energy estimation. The dynamics model varies throttle and brake level with running speed rather than assuming constants as was done by previous studies, and the energy consumption model considers instantaneous energy regeneration. Both models can be easily calibrated using non-engine data and implemented in simulation systems and eco-transit applications. The results of the dynamics modeling demonstrate that the proposed model can adequately capture instantaneous acceleration/deceleration behavior and thus produce realistic train trajectories. The results of the energy consumption modeling demonstrate that the model produces the estimates consistent with the National Transit Database (NTD) results, and is applicable for project-level analysis given its ability in capturing the energy consumption differences associated with train, route and operational characteristics. The most suitable simulation testbed for system development is then identified. The dissertation investigates four state-of-the-art microsimulation models (INTEGRATION, VISSIM, AIMSUM, PARAMICS). Given that the car-following model within a micro-simulator controls longitudinal vehicle motion and thus determines the resulting vehicle trajectories, the research effort mainly focuses on the performance of the built-in car-following models from the energy and environmental perspective. The vehicle specific power (VSP) distributions resulting from each of the car-following models are compared to the field observations. The results demonstrate that the Rakha-Pasumarthy-Adjerid (RPA) model (implemented in the INTEGRATION software) outperforms the Gipps (AIMSUM), Fritzsche (PARAMICS) and Wiedemann (VISSIM) models in generating accurate VSP distributions and fuel consumption and emission estimates. This demonstrates the advantage of the INTEGRATION model over the other three simulation models for energy and environmental analysis. A new eco-routing model, comprehensively considering microscopic characteristics, is then developed, followed by a numerical experiment to test the benefit of the model. With the resulting eco-routing model, an on-road vehicle dynamic eco-routing system is constructed for in-vehicle navigation applications, and tested for different congestion levels. The results of the study demonstrate that the proposed eco-routing model is able to generate reasonable routing suggestions based on real-time information while at the same time differentiate eco-routes between vehicle models. It is also found that the proposed dynamic eco-routing system achieves lower network-wide energy consumption levels compared to the traditional eco-routing and travel time routing at all congestion levels. The results also demonstrate that the conventional fuel savings relative to the travel time routing decrease with the increasing congestion level; however, the electric power savings do not monotonically vary with congestion level. Furthermore, the energy savings relative to the traditional eco-routing are also not monotonically related to congestion level. In addition, network configuration is demonstrated to significantly affect eco-routing benefits. The dissertation finally investigates the potential to influence driver behavior by studying the impact of information on route choice behavior based on a real world experiment. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the effectiveness of information in routing rationality depends upon the traveler's age, preferences, route characteristics, and information type. Specifically, information effect is less evident for elder travelers. Also, the provided information may not be contributing if travelers value other considerations or one route significantly outperforms the others. The results also demonstrate that, when travelers have limited experiences, strict information is more effective than variability information, and that the faster less reliable route is more attractive than the slower more reliable route; yet the difference becomes insignificant with experiences accumulation. The results of the study will be used to enhance system design through considering route choice incentives. / Ph. D. / A door-to-door trip may involve multiple traffic modes. For example, travelers may drive to a subway station and make a transfer to rail transit; alternatively, people may also start their trips by walking/cycling to a bus/subway station and then take transit in most of the trip. A successful eco-route planning thus should be able to cover multiple traffic modes and offer intermodal routing suggestions. Developing such a system requires to address extensive concerns. The dissertation is a building block of the multi-modal energy-efficient routing system which is being developed and tested in the simulation environment before real applications. Four submodules have been developed in the dissertation as partial fulfillment of the simulation-based system: energy consumption modeling, subway system development, on-road vehicles dynamic eco-routing, and information effect on route choice behavior. Other submodules such as pedestrian/bicycle modeling will be studied in the future. Towards the research goal, the dissertation first develops fuel consumption models for on-road vehicles. Given that gasoline light duty vehicles (LDVs) and electric vehicles were modeled in previous studies, the research effort mainly focuses on heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) including heavy duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) as well as diesel and hybrid-electric transit buses. The model estimates are demonstrated to provide a good fit to field data. The dissertation then models electric train dynamics and energy consumption in support of subway simulation system development and trip energy estimation. The proposed dynamics model is able to produce realistic acceleration behavior, and the proposed energy consumption model can provide robust energy estimates that are consistent with field data. Both models can be calibrated without mechanical data and thus easily implemented in complex frameworks such as simulation systems and eco-transit applications. The most suitable simulation testbed for system development is then identified. The dissertation investigates four state-of-the-art microsimulation models (INTEGRATION, VISSIM, AIMSUM, PARAMICS). The results demonstrate that INTEGRATION outperforms the other three simulation models for energy and environmental analysis. Also, INTEGRATION is able to generate measures of effectiveness (MOEs) for electric vehicles, which makes it more competitive than the state-of-the-art counterpart. A dynamic eco-routing system is then developed in the INTEGRATION simulation environment. The built-in eco-routing model of the system comprehensively considers microscopic characteristics and is demonstrated to generate reasonable routing solutions based on real-time information while at the same time differentiate vehicle models. The system is able to provide routing suggestions for both conventional gasoline/diesel and electric vehicles. The testing results demonstrate that the proposed eco-routing system achieves network-wide energy savings compared to the traditional eco-routing and travel time routing at all tested congestion levels. Also, network configuration is demonstrated to significantly affect eco-routing benefits. The dissertation finally investigates the potential to influence driver behavior by studying the impact of information on route choice behavior based on a real world experiment. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the effectiveness of information in routing rationality depends upon the traveler’s age, preferences, route characteristics, and information type. Specifically, information effect is less evident for elder travelers. Also, the provided information may not be contributing if travelers value other considerations or one route significantly outperforms the others. The results also demonstrate that, when travelers have limited experiences, strict information is more effective than variability information, and that the faster less reliable route is more attractive than the slower more reliable route; yet the difference becomes insignificant with experiences accumulation. The results of the study will be used to enhance system design through considering route choice incentives.

隨著「無名小站」的關閉與微網誌服務的興起，人與書寫場域的「承諾」開始出現了改變，一個人可能同時擁有好幾個部落格，或是出走之後卻又在某個時間點將其重新啟動。過往研究總將網路空間與人視為一固著關係而忽略此般現象，於是，本研究欲透過個體於部落格的流轉、荒廢、多重存在等特質，試圖理解部落格黃昏時代中的自我敘事，並重新概念化其身分、場域和網路實踐之中的個人生命意義。 　　本研究從「旅行者隱喻」概念出發，以「人與地方的互動關係」和「流轉足跡」兩大面向切入，探究當今個體頻繁的遷徙現象與流動的自我生成。研究方法則使用「深度訪談」與「流轉地圖繪製」相輔相成，從使用者所提供的各種象徵圖像和日常生活經驗中，將抽象的網路世界實體化和時序化，進而轉換為可操作的概念文本。 　　最後，本研究發現，個體藉由流轉實踐，將原本屬於自體傳播的過程外部化，宣示自身存在，並成就了存於網路原生世代中的漂泊心靈。對個人而言，流轉敘事不完整且不確定，但也因此讓個體能繼續拓展流轉網絡，使自我有成長的可能；對科技而言，部落格以承載個體不同時期的生命情境為特殊的「網路地方」，讓自我有更多重構和回溯的自由。 / With the service termination of "Wretch" and the development of the microblog, the "commitment" between the individual and the writing place turn to other ways. For instance, a person may have many blogs in the same time, he may also start over with blogging after leaving that blog. Researchers ignored this situation easily because that studies in the past always view the relationship between the cybersphere and the living as a fixed thing. Therefore, this study try to figure out the self-narratives and conceptualize the life meaning in identification, cyberplace, and practice by the discussion of hyper-jump, abandon, and simultaneous existence in the internet. The major concept is "Traveler Metaphor" with "Self/Place Interactions" and "Trajectories of Hyper-Jump" in the study. The researcher take "In-Depth Interviews " and "Map Guide Drawing" approach to transform the individual's graphic symbols and daily experience into a practical text to reify and sequentialize the Web life. In conclusion, individuals make intrapersonal communication visible to establish the sense of self. This is what the unique drifting spirit is in the internet generation. For the individual, the narrative of hyper-jump is incomplete and unstable. However, that's the reason why individuals can widen the flowing map and develop a grow-up story. For the technology, blogs can be thought of as special "cyberplace" which is contextualized with the different life situations. It make individuals easier to self-reconstruct and introspect.

Les conditions de circulation sur un réseau routier subissent souvent de la congestion. Selon ses sources, la congestion routière peut être classée en deux catégories : la congestion récurrente déterminée par les lois de trafic et la congestion non-récurrente due aux incidents, accidents ou autres aléas sur la route. Grâce à l'avancement des technologies, notamment en informatique, communication et techniques de traitement des données, l'exploitant est devenu capable de détecter les perturbations, de mesurer les effets et même d'anticiper l'état du trafic afin de mieux adapter ses actions d'exploitation. L'information dynamique concernant les conditions de trafic permet aux usagers de réduire l'inconfort et d'effectuer leur choix d'itinéraire de manière plus raisonnable. Pour l'exploitant, le service d'information aux usagers peut servir à la gestion du trafic. Nous avons étudié la contribution potentielle de l'information dynamique au profit individuel des usagers et à la performance collective du système en prenant en compte : i) la congestion récurrente et non-récurrente ; ii) des différents comportements de choix d'itinéraire en fonction de l'accessibilité à l'information ; iii) d'autres actions de gestion du trafic menées par l'exploitant. Un modèle théorique avec une application analytique sur un réseau élémentaire de deux routes parallèles, une paire origine-destination et deux classes d'usagers respectivement informée ou non-informée nous a permis de retirer de nombreuses indications : i) la diffusion excessive de l'information avec un contenu « neutre » dégrade à la fois le profit individuel et la performance du système ; ii) l'information dynamique avec certain contenu « coopératif » peut contribuer l'optimisation du système sans causer le problème d'acceptabilité ; iii) l'information dynamique et d'autres mesures de gestion dynamique s'interagissent de manière complémentaire à l'optimisation du trafic / Traffic conditions on a road network often suffer from congestion. According to sources, the traffic congestion can be classified into two categories : recurrent congestion determined by the physic laws of traffic and non-recurrent congestion due to incidents, accidents or other hazards on the road. Thanks to the advancement of technologies, including computers, communications and data processing, the traffic operator is now able to detect disturbances, to measure the effects and even to anticipate traffic conditions to better match traffic management activities. Dynamic information on traffic conditions enables users to reduce discomfort and make their route choice decision more reasonable. For the operator, the service user information may be used as a traffic management tool. We investigated the potential contribution of dynamic traffic information for the benefit of individual users and system performance by taking into account : i) recurring congestion and non-recurring ; ii) different route choice behaviours based on accessibility to information service ; iii) other traffic management actions taken by the traffic operator. A theoretical model with an analytical application on a simple two-parallel-road network, an origin-destination pairs and two user classes, respectively-informed or non-informed has given many conclusions : i) an excessive distribution of traffic information with a « neutral » content damages both the individual profit and system performance ; ii) traffic information with some « cooperative » content may help optimize the system performance without causing acceptability problem ; and iii) dynamic information and other traffic management tools interplay in a complementary manner to optimize the traffic

Intresset för emotionellt arbete har ökat i linje med att normer om att servicepersonal alltid skall vara trevlig och glad har ökat. Forskare på området har uppvisat såväl negativa konsekvenser i form av utbrändhet som positiva i form av en ökad förståelse för andra människor. Syftet med den här undersökningen var att skapa en förståelse för hur ett antal tågvärdar upplever sitt arbete i förhållande till de känslor, roller och relationer som omger dem. Undersökningen bygger på fyra kvalitativa intervjuer som analyserats med hjälp av emotions- och interaktionsinriktade teorier. Resultatet visar bland annat att användandet av känslor är centralt i yrket och intervjupersonerna för undersökningen upplever sig spela en roll i arbetet vilken de anpassar efter kundens förväntningar. Dessa förväntningar kan ibland krocka med yrkesrollen där vikten av att värna om de egna känslorna samt att bli respekterad väger mer än anpassningen efter kundens förväntningar. Här visar det sig finnas olika strategier, öppna och dolda, att förhålla sig till vilka går ut på att på olika sätt markera kundens beteende för denne. Resultatet visar också hur möjligheten till att få ventilera besvärliga kundmöten med kollegorna är en viktig faktor när det gäller att förhålla sig till det emotionella arbetet. Sammantaget finns det således utrymme att påverka det emotionella arbetet vilket visat sig vara fördelaktigt för trivseln. / The interest in emotional labor has increased due to the development of norms that service workers always should be nice and fond have increased. Research in this area exhibit both negative consequences in form of burnouts and positive in form of an increased understanding in other people. The aim of the study was to create an understanding of how a couple of train conductors experience their work in relation to the feelings, roles and relationships that surround them. The study is based on four qualitative interviews that have been analysed with emotion and interaction oriented theories. The results show that the use of emotions was common in the profession and the respondents of the study claim to act a role which they adapt to the customers’ expectations. These expectations can sometimes end up in a conflict between the professional role and the private role where the own feelings and respect weights more than the adaption to the customers’ expectations. The respondents in the study were found to have created different strategies, open and hidden, that can be used in order to get the customer to be notified of their behavior as well as it works to manage the emotional labor. The results also show how the colleagues and the opportunity to go away and discuss difficult customer meetings are important factors when it comes to relate to the emotional labor. Overall, there is room to affect the emotional labor which also been proven to be beneficial for the job satisfaction.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-12-01T13:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Jose Wander de Paula.pdf: 846750 bytes, checksum: 4b196f858fbc02cabdfbc08b6cee6553 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T13:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Jose Wander de Paula.pdf: 846750 bytes, checksum: 4b196f858fbc02cabdfbc08b6cee6553 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação trata de uma leitura do livro Se um viajante numa noite de inverno de Italo Calvino (1979) e o objetivo é analisar três categorias trazidas pelo livro como personagens: o autor, o editor e o leitor e a “voz narrativa” que fala no romance. Para o escritor “a relação de quem narra com a matéria narrada e com o leitor” é a “problemática mais árdua da narrativa contemporânea” (CALVINO, 2009, p. 199). Como fundamentação teórica para esta temática utilizamos alguns textos fomentadores destas discussões: Roger Chartier (1998) e seu estudo sobre autor e editor, Compagnon sobre estilo, autor e leitor (2001), Michel Foucault (2009) sobre o que é um autor, a “morte do autor” prenunciada por Roland Barthes (2004), Umberto Eco (1994) e a questão do leitor, entre outros. A respeito da categoria “autor”, entendemos ser este uma figura que Umberto Eco renomeou em “autor-modelo”, “autor-empírico”, entendemos que a “voz narrativa” criada por Italo Calvino no romance e as estratégias narrativas utilizadas pelo escritor ecoam este viés. Destas duas categorias, “autor” e “voz narrativa”, relacionamos à teoria que fala a respeito de “estilo”, reconhecendo as estratégias de Italo Calvino como um “tom” que dificilmente poderíamos desvincular da figura histórica do autor ao compararmos com seu experimentalismo em outros livros como Cidades Invisíveis (CALVINO, 2003). Este estudo nos possibilitou compreender, também, que o “Editor” faz parte da autoria no sentido de que a Casa Editorial é o local em que são aceitos para publicação textos que passam pelo crivo de estéticas estabelecidas por um Editor que circunscreve, delimita e corrige o que será publicado. Por último, estudar a morte do autor anuncia que o Leitor deve ser enfatizado em sua atividade de leitura. A conclusão a que chegamos é que em Se um viajante numa noite de inverno Italo Calvino criou um romance armadilha, tanto do leitor-médio, como dos demais leitores. / This paper is about our reading of If on a traveler on a winter’s night, book was wrote by Italo Calvino (1979), and the aim is to analyze three characters from the book: the editor, the author and the reader, as well as we study the book “narrative voice”. To the writer “a relação de quem narra com a matéria narrada e com o leitor” is the “problemática mais árdua da narrativa contemporânea” (CALVINO, 2009, p. 199). This discussions in this text is based on Roger Chartier about author and editor (1998), Antoine Compagnon (2001) about author, reader and style, the “author’s dead” by Roland Barthes (2004), Michel Foucault and what is an author? (2009), Umberto Eco (1994) and the reader, among others. We understand the author is a figure divided by Umberto Eco in autor-modelo and autor-empírico and the narrative strategies used by the writer talks with these categories – and these categories are very hard to separate on historical author figure. The Editor is part of the authorship in the sense that the Editorial House is the place where texts that pass through the aesthetic list established by an Editor are accepted for publication. Studying the death of the author announces that the reader should be emphasized in his reading activity. The conclusion we reach is that in If a traveler on a winter's night Italo Calvino created a trappings romance, be it the average reader or the other readers.

The main objectives of this thesis are identification of operating irregularity which can be met in air transport by common traveler, outline cause of these irregularities and characterize direct influence on traveler in air transport within whole Europe. Then I focus on defence against these unexpected or deliberate irregularities, which are available for standard citizen of European Union but also for every carrier. Methods which I going to use and realize in this thesis are based on my own experience and practice which is especially based on cooperation with external subjects. External subjects deal with this issues. In conclusion of this thesis should be a clear proces and structure which clearly determine when and under what conditions is carrier responsible for irregularity and simultaneously when traveler have a right for compensation.

Cette thèse aborde la problématique de l’adoption des systèmes d’information (SI), partant du problème posé par le déficit d’utilisation des applications mobiles d’information voyageur, applications pourtant conçues pour aider à résoudre les difficultés liées aux transports dans les sociétés modernes. Elle tente de répondre à la question de savoir quels facteurs peuvent favoriser l’utilisation des SI par leur public potentiel. Face à la suprématie de l’approche centrée ‘système’, donnant priorité au facteur technologique dans l’identification des déterminants de l’utilisation des SI, ce travail défend le point de vue selon lequel une approche psychosociale est mieux à même de mettre à jour les processus par lesquels les individus en viennent à utiliser ces systèmes. Dans ce cadre, le premier axe de cette recherche interroge le rôle des croyances dans l’adoption. Les résultats obtenus sous cet axe montrent que les modèles basés sur les croyances prédisent assez bien l’intention d’utilisation des SI prise comme indicateur d’adoption. Mais, ils montrent aussi les limites de ces modèles dans la prédiction de l’intention d’utilisation initiale, à l’étape de l’acceptabilité, une étape pré-adoptive stratégique où le seuil de la première expérience d’utilisation n’est pas encore franchi (étude 1). Cela pose la nécessité d’aller au-delà des croyances pour mieux cerner les déterminants de l’intention d’utilisation initiale. A cet effet, le second axe de cette recherche interroge le rôle des attentes dans l’adoption. Les résultats obtenus sous cet axe montrent que les attentes sont des prédicteurs performants des croyances pré-adoptives, et, au-delà, des prédicteurs directs de l’intention d’utilisation initiale (études 2 et 3). Ces résultats sont d’une grande portée théorique et empirique. Ils montrent que les attentes entrent en jeu directement dans l’explication de l’intention d’utilisation initiale, à l’étape pré-adoptive, quand celles-ci ont toujours été considérées comme opérantes uniquement à l’étape post-adoptive où leur infirmation/confirmation à l’issue d’une première expérience d’utilisation détermine le degré de satisfaction et l’intention de continuer l’utilisation. Au total, cette thèse amène un éclairage nouveau sur la façon dont les croyances et les attentes se mettent en scène le long du processus d’adoption, et pèsent de tout leur poids sur les décisions relatives à l’utilisation des SI. / This thesis addresses the problem of information systems (IS) adoption, starting from the problem posed by the deficit in use of traveler information mobile applications, yet applications designed to help solve problems related to transport in modern societies. It attempts to answer the question of which factors may improve IS use in their potential audience. Given the supremacy of the system-centered approach giving priority to technological factor in identifying the determinants of IS use, this work defends the view that a psychosocial approach is better able to elicit the processes by which individuals come to use these systems. In this context, the first axis of this research examines the role of beliefs in adoption. The results obtained under this axis show that beliefs-based models predict quite well intention to use IS taken as an indicator of adoption. But they also show the limitations of these models in predicting initial use intention, at the acceptability stage, a strategic pre-adoptive stage when the threshold of the first experience of use is not yet crossed (study 1). This raises the need to go beyond beliefs to better understand the determinants of initial use intention. To this end, the second axis of this research questions the role of expectations in adoption. The results obtained under this axis show that expectations are powerful predictors of pre-adoptive beliefs, and, beyond, direct predictors of initial use intention (studies 2 and 3). These results are of great theoretical and empirical significance. They show that expectations are directly involved in the explanation of initial use intention at the pre-adoptive stage, when these have always been considered as operating only in the post-adoptive stage where their disconfirmation/confirmation after a first experience of use determines the degree of satisfaction and continued use intention. Overall, this thesis brings new light on how beliefs and expectations come into play along the adoption process, and weigh fully on decisions related to IS use.

Orientador: João Batista Aparecido / Banca: Emanuel Rocha Woiski / Banca: Luis Carlos de Castro Santos / Resumo: Desenvolveu-se neste trabalho a implementação computacional de um algoritmo genético. Este se constituiu de uma população inicial sobre a qual agem quatro operadores fundamentais: seleção, "crossover", substituição e mutação, e produz uma nova população. Sobre a qual agem novamente os operadores genéticos, e assim sucessivamente produzindo uma seqüência de populações. O operador seleção foi implementado em três algoritmos básicos: roda da roleta, amostragem estatística universal e torneio. O "crossover" também foi desenvolvido em algumas opções: um ponto, dois pontos, múltiplos pontos, e uniforme. A substituição de indivíduos da população pelos filhos ocorre de três maneiras básicas: dos pais, dos menos aptos, e dos indivíduos sorteados aleatoriamente. A mutação ocorre de apenas uma maneira. Inicialmente, o algoritmo genético foi executado em computador de maneira seqüencial. Resolveu-se um conjunto de problemas de otimização multidimensional e também o Problema do Caixeiro Viajante (TSP - Traveler Salesman Problem). Fez-se um estudo paramétrico dos vários parâmetros que aparecem no algoritmo genético, tais como: tamanho da população, número de gerações, taxa de seleção, probabilidade de mutação, e taxa de elitismo. No caso de problemas de otimização multidimensional a representação do cromossomo de cada indivíduo é binária, já no caso do TSP a representação é inteira decimal. Em ambos os casos da otimização multidimensional e do TSP também foi utilizada a técnica de hill-climbing visando aumentar a taxa de convergência da solução. A técnica de janelamento foi utilizada somente no caso de otimização multidimensional, também visando aumentar a taxa de convergência. Posteriormente, o algoritmo genético foi executado também em processamento computacional paralelo, ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: It was developed in this work the computational implementation of a genetic algorithm. That is constituted of an initial population upon which act four basic operators: selection, crossover, substitution and mutation, producing a new population. Upon which act again the genetic operators, and thus, successively, producing a sequence of populations. The operator selection was implemented in three basic algorithms: roulette wheel, stochastic universal sampling, and tournament. The crossover also was developed in some options: one point, two points, several points, and uniform. Substitution of individuals from the population by the newborns happens in three basic ways: the fathers, the less apt, and the individuals sorted randomly. Mutation happens in only one manner. Initially, the genetic algorithm was processed sequentially in the computer. It was solved a set of multidimensional optimization problems and also the Traveler Salesman Problem - TSP. It was done a parametric study of the several parameters that appear in the genetic algorithm, such as: population size, number of generations, selection rate, mutation probability, and elitism rate. In the case of multidimensional optimization problems the chromosome representation of each individual is binary, but in the case of TSP the representation is integer decimal. In both cases of multidimensional optimization and TSP also it were used the hill-climbing technique aiming to increase the solution convergence rate. The windowing technique was used just for the multidimensional optimization case, also aiming to increase the convergence rate. Lately, the genetic algorithm was also performed in a computational parallel processing mode, using several computers linked by a net. In each computer it was executed one genetic algorithm upon a local population. The interaction among several populations was done through the migration ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre