<p>The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the grounds upon which an arbitration clause may be binding in the new relationship between the parties after a transfer of rights and/or obligations. The issue is not regulated by law but instead it has been left to the Supreme Court to regulate. In the Emja-case the Swedish Supreme Court left guidance on the issue. The Supreme Court stated that a third party purchaser of a right where the contract includes an arbitration clause shall be bound by the clause. The arbitration clause is only binding to the remaining part of the initial agreement if no special circumstances exist. The binding effect was justified by the reason that a situation where the purchaser but not the remaining part should be bound to the clause was not sought after and the principle through the 27 § of the Swedish debt instruments act.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the grounds upon which an arbitration clause may be binding in the new relationship between the parties after a transfer of rights and/or obligations. The issue is not regulated by law but instead it has been left to the Supreme Court to regulate. In the Emja-case the Swedish Supreme Court left guidance on the issue. The Supreme Court stated that a third party purchaser of a right where the contract includes an arbitration clause shall be bound by the clause. The arbitration clause is only binding to the remaining part of the initial agreement if no special circumstances exist. The binding effect was justified by the reason that a situation where the purchaser but not the remaining part should be bound to the clause was not sought after and the principle through the 27 § of the Swedish debt instruments act.

This essay is about third-party sexual harassment. That type of harassment occurs when a person who isn’t employed by the company harasses an employee. It may be a customer, guest, client, patient or similar. Statistics show that sexual harassment by third parties is more common than sexual harassment by employers or colleagues. The purpose of this essay is to find out and analyze what regulation there is regarding the subject and whether the protection for employees against third parties is stronger or weaker in comparison to the protection that exists against employers and colleagues. The essay will also pay attention to sanctions to be able to compare the penalties in different laws. With an application of the legal dogmatic method, sources of law such as legislation, legislative history, case law, and doctrine have been analyzed to fulfill the purpose and answer the questions asked. Although third-party sexual harassment is more common than when the harasser is an employer or colleague, the legal investigation shows that the protection against third parties is insufficient. The protection against employers and colleagues, on the other hand, is both clearer and more solid. Despite the gaps in current regulation, the future seems bright. There is more than one proposal on how to make improvements in this area, both within Swedish, international and EU law.

Syfte: Undersöka vad som påverkar privata investerare inom crowdfunding equity i Sverige i deras investeringsbeslut och hur informationsgapet hanteras. Teori: Informationsgap inkluderar, pecking order, asymmetrisk information, negativt urval och moraliskt dilemma som kommer att hanteras tillsammans med beteendekonomi inkluderar flockbeteende, “Word of mouth”, nätverk och legitimitet. Tillsammans med tidigare forskning om crowdfunding equity och finansiella gap. Metod: Explorativ studie med 10 kvalitativa intervjuer med privatinvesterare inom crowdfunding equity. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att investerare använder emotionella grunder för sina investeringar på då företag inom crowdfunding equity tenderar att ha kortare historik som omöjliggör fullt rationella investeringsbeslut. Empirin tyder på att investerare köper andelar i företag för egen vinning men även på grund av sociala aspekter som ger dem en känsla av att delta. Informationsgapet bryggas genom att investerare tenderar att använda flockbeteende och tredje-parts information för att skapa sin uppfattning om företaget inför en investering.

Bakgrund: Ett nytt EU-direktiv som reglerar kraven för hållbarhetsredovisning träder i kraft 2024. Med det nya direktivet blir revision av hållbarhetsredovisning obligatorisk, vilket innebär att denna redovisning måste inkluderas i företagens förvaltningsberättelse. Denna förändring förväntas påverka revisionsprocessen och ställa högre kunskapskrav på revisionsprofessionen. Det finns även förutsägelser om en ökning av revisionsuppdrag samt ett ökat behov av kompetensutveckling inom revisionsyrket, eftersom revisionen utvidgas till att granska kvalitativ information. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utforska hur kunskap skapar komfort inom revisionsprocessen när professionen utsätts för en förändring som innebär granskning av ett nytt område. Teoretisk referensram: Studien redogör hur nya områden kan bli revisionsbara och hur olika tillvägagångssätt kan tillämpas vid förändring inom revisionsprofessionen. Komfortteorin kommer likså att användas och kommer identifiera aspekter för hur revisorer kan behålla en känsla av trygghet i sin bedömning vid nya revisionsområden. Metod: Studien använder en innehållsanalys för att identifiera och analysera mönster. Tretton vetenskapliga artiklar har hittats och jämförts för att uppnå studiens syfte. Slutsats: Slutsatserna som framgår av studien identifierar att kunskap är grundläggande för att göra något revisionsbart. Det framgår även att avsaknaden av ett tydligt ramverk försvårar etableringen av hållbarhetsrevision. Studien identifierar likaså att ett samarbete mellan revisorer och hållbarhetspecialister hade kunnat förenkla bemötandet av de utmaningar som uppstår när revisionsområdet utvidgas. / Background: A new EU directive regulating the requirements for sustainability reporting will come into effect in 2024. With the new directive, the audit of sustainability reporting becomes mandatory, which means that this reporting must be included in companies' management reports. This change is expected to affect the audit process and impose higher knowledge requirements on the auditing profession. There are also predictions of an increase in audit assignments and a greater need for professional development within the auditing profession, as the audit expands to include qualitative information. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how knowledge creates comfort within the audit process when the profession is subjected to a change that involves auditing a new area. Theoretical Framework: The study describes how new areas can become auditable and how different approaches can be applied during changes within the auditing profession. The comfort theory will also be used and will identify aspects of how auditors can maintain a sense of security in their assessment when auditing new areas. Method: The study uses a content analysis to identify and analyze patterns. Thirteen scientific articles have been found and compared to achieve the study's purpose. Conclusion: The conclusions drawn from the study identify that knowledge is fundamental to making something auditable. It also shows that the lack of a clear framework complicates the establishment of sustainability audits. The study likewise identifies that collaboration between auditors and sustainability specialists could facilitate addressing the challenges that arise when the audit area is expanded.in establishing frameworks may contribute to easing this adaptation process.