In controlled release applications a drug is molecularly dispersed in a polymer phase. In the presence of a thermodynamically compatible solvent, swelling occurs and the polymer releases its content to the surrounding medium. The rate of the drug release can be controlled by interfering with the swelling rate of the beads or by influencing diffusion through the viscosity of the polymer. Beads that contain chitosan were prepared through the ionotropic gelation method where tripolyphosphate (TPP) was used as the crosslinking agent. Beads that consisted of 3% w/v isoniazid (lNH) and 5% w/v chitosan were prepared in a 5% w/v TPP solution (pH 8.7) as the primary beads. To improve the drug loading of chitosan isoniazid beads (ClB) the TPP concentration, pH of the TPP solution and the INH concentrations were altered for maximum drug loading. To increase the porosity of the beads of chitosan beads Explotab® (EXPL), Ac-Di-Sol® (ADS) and Vitamin C (VC) were added individually to chitosan solutions at concentrations of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5% w/v before adding the mixture to the TPP solution. Morphology, swelling and drug loading studies were used to evaluate the different formulations. After these excipients were added individually they were also added in combinations of two excipients respectively and characterised. From the results of the drug loading studies the beads that contained only chitosan and isoniazid showed a percentage drug loading of (43.92%) which is the best of all the beads that were analyzed. The multi excipient combination of Ac-Di-Sol® and Explotab® showed the best swelling capability at both pH levels. Dissolution studies were conducted on all the formu lations over a period of 6 hours (360 minutes) at pH 5.6 and pH 7.4. From the dissolution results it were clear that no chitosan dissolved at both pH values. The dissolution of single pharmaceutical excipient (SPE) and multi pharmaceutical excipient (MPE) formulations can be arranged in the following order: VC/ADS < VC < ADS/EXPL < ADS < VC/EXPL < CIB < EXPL. Explotab® is a potential excipient for enhanced drug release over a wide pH range. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-15. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:54:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000863686.pdf: 846535 bytes, checksum: c8a1af069b7494e740b24e93ae5821e7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Surimi is a concentrate of myofibrillar proteins made of fish muscles that are ground, washed and added of cryoprotective agents. This study aimed at characterizing the surimi of tilapia fish obtained from variations at the washings (distilled water or distilled water + NaHCO3 + NaCl) and cryoprotectors (NaCl + sacarose or sorbitol + sodium tripolyphosphate), using a factorial design 2 x 2. The treatments were evaluated regarding to proximate composition, non-nitrogen protein (NNP) removal and yield. After cooking (90°C/30min), instrumental texture and color of the surimi gels were evaluated. Then, the surimi was used for the elaboration of a surimi product and sensory analysis regarding to global acceptance. The protein and moisture contents in the surimi were not influenced either by washings or by cryoprotectors, while the ash content was higher when NaCl and sucrose were the cryoprotectors and the yield was higher when only distilled water was used for the washings. The highest lipid removal was achieved with the use of distilled water for the washings and NaCl and sucrose as the cryoprotectors. The highest NNP removals were achieved at both combinations: water for washings and NaCl and sucrose as the cryoprotectors and water with salts for washings and sorbitol and sodium tripolyphosphate as the cryoprotectors. The different treatments produced surimi gels with similar colors and texture. The surimi product was approved by 55% of the panelists

Resumo:O surimi consiste em um concentrado de proteínas miofibrilares obtido a partir do músculo do peixe triturado, lavado e adicionado de agentes crioprotetores. Este estudo teve o objetivo de caracterizar os surimis de tilápia obtidos com variações nos tipos de lavagens (água destilada ou água destilada + NaHCO3 + NaCl) e nos crioprotetores (NaCl + sacarose ou sorbitol + tripolifosfato de sódio), utilizando um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Os tratamentos foram avaliados quanto a remoção dos compostos nitrogenados não proteicos (NNP), rendimento e composição centesimal dos produtos finais. Após o tratamento térmico (90°C / 30min), a textura e a cor dos géis de surimi foram avaliadas instrumentalmente. O surimi foi utilizado na elaboração de derivados, que foram analisados quanto à aceitação global. As concentrações de proteína e umidade dos surimis não sofreram influência dos processos de lavagens ou dos crioprotetores,enquanto que a concentração de cinzas foi maior quando NaCl e sacarose foram usados como crioprotetores e o rendimento foi maior quando apenas água destilada foi utilizada nas lavagens. A maior remoção de gordura foi alcançada quando as lavagens foram realizadas apenas com água destilada e os crioprotetores foram NaCl e sacarose. As maiores remoções de NNP foram alcançadas com ambas as combinações: apenas água destilada nas lavagens e NaCl e sacarose como crioprotetores e água com sais nas lavagens e sorbitol e tripolifosfato como crioprotetores. Os tratamentos utilizados produziram géis de cor e textura semelhantes. Os derivados produzidos com o surimi foram aprovados por 55% dos provadores / Abstract:Surimi is a concentrate of myofibrillar proteins made of fish muscles that are ground, washed and added of cryoprotective agents. This study aimed at characterizing the surimi of tilapia fish obtained from variations at the washings (distilled water or distilled water + NaHCO3 + NaCl) and cryoprotectors (NaCl + sacarose or sorbitol + sodium tripolyphosphate), using a factorial design 2 x 2. The treatments were evaluated regarding to proximate composition, non-nitrogen protein (NNP) removal and yield. After cooking (90°C/30min), instrumental texture and color of the surimi gels were evaluated. Then, the surimi was used for the elaboration of a surimi product and sensory analysis regarding to global acceptance. The protein and moisture contents in the surimi were not influenced either by washings or by cryoprotectors, while the ash content was higher when NaCl and sucrose were the cryoprotectors and the yield was higher when only distilled water was used for the washings. The highest lipid removal was achieved with the use of distilled water for the washings and NaCl and sucrose as the cryoprotectors. The highest NNP removals were achieved at both combinations: water for washings and NaCl and sucrose as the cryoprotectors and water with salts for washings and sorbitol and sodium tripolyphosphate as the cryoprotectors. The different treatments produced surimi gels with similar colors and texture. The surimi product was approved by 55% of the panelists / Orientador:Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Banca:Lia Ferraz de Arruda Sucasas / Banca:Adriane Cristina Garcia Lemos / Mestre

Catfish fillets that were enhanced with salt and various phosphate treatments through vacuum tumbling or multi-needle injection were evaluated for yield, protein exudate (only tumbling), surface color, pH, cooking loss, tenderness, purge loss and shelf-life. An agglomerated sodium phosphate blend (AGSP) was the optimum treatment for both vacuum tumbling and multi-needle injection and was further utilized in conjunction with potassium lactate (PL) and/or potassium acetate (PA) through vacuum tumbling to determine their effect on the quality, shelf-life and sensory characteristics of enhanced catfish fillets. In addition, the combination of AGSP and PA+PL that maximized shelf-life was further utilized in conjunction with liquid or wood smoking to evaluate the quality and inhibition of L. monocytogenes growth in ready-to-eat (RTE) smoked catfish fillets. All phosphate treatments increased (P<0.05) tenderness, but AGSP that contained mono-, tri-, and polyphosphates increased (P<0.05) pH and yield and decreased (P<0.05) yellowness in both tumbling and injection systems when compared to the control treatment. In addition, AGSP decreased (P<0.05) protein exudate when fillets were tumbled and increased (P<0.05) solution pick-up when injected. Psychrotrophic plate counts (PPC) for all phosphate treatments were similar to the control at each storage time and reached 7 log CFU/g by day 7 of storage; however, when AGSP was used in conjunction with PA+PL, PPC and sensory spoilage scores of raw catfish fillets were lower (P<0.05) than the control at each storage time. Marinating with a combination of 0.25% PA and 0.58% PL increased shelf-life (P<0.05) to between 10 and 14 days when compared to the control which had a shelf-life between 7 and 10 days. In addition, consumers preferred (P<0.05) fried catfish fillets that were treated with AGSP with and without PA+PL when compared to non-marinated controls with respect to appearance, flavor and overall acceptability. In conclusion, AGSP optimized yield and improved the quality of refrigerated catfish fillets, and extended shelf-life three days over other treatments when combined with PA+PL. This combined treatment also enhanced sensory properties of fried catfish fillets and had a synergistic effect with wood smoke constituents that inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes on RTE smoked catfish fillets.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VivianeMariaOSFerreira.pdf: 589373 bytes, checksum: 61aa87cfad00f34ca4954e81485219c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of marination with alkaline solutions on sensory and physical characteristics of normal and PSE pork. In a commercial slaughterhouse was measured the pH of carcasses (n = 526) for 45 minutes after slaughter (pH45), classified them into PSE (pH45 <5.8) or normal (pH45 &#61619; 5.8). After 24 hours of chilling of carcasses, meat samples from the Longissimus dorsi muscle from 20 carcasses were collected and distributed in the treatments in a completely randomized design, in the 2x4 factorial arrangement, being two conditions (normal and PSE) and four solutions of marination (TC control without marination; TM1 sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride solution (pH 8.02), TM2 sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium chloride solution (pH 10.34) and TM3 sodium bicarbonate, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium chloride solution (pH 8.97). The samples were evaluated for pH, color (L * a * b *), purge loss (PP), exudate loss (PE), cooking loss (PPC), shear force (FC) and sensory attributes (tenderness, juiciness and flavor). There was no interaction between the condition of the meat and the marination solutions on these parameters. The PSE meat did not differ from normal meat as to final pH, however showed higher lightness, PP, PE, PPC and FC. The marination increased the pH of the meat, reduced the lightness, PE, PPC and FC and improved tenderness, juiciness and flavor. For most traits the best values were observed in meat marinated with a mixture of three salts (TM3), demonstrating the synergy between them. The marination with solutions containing chloride, bicarbonate, tripolyphosphate sodium was effective in improving the quality of pork, making PSE meat similar to normal fresh pork. / O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da marinação com soluções alcalinas sobre características físicas e sensoriais da carne suína normal e PSE. Em um abatedouro comercial aferiu-se o pH das carcaças (n = 526) aos 45 minutos após o abate (pH45), classificado-as em PSE (pH45<5,8) ou normais (pH45&#61619;5,8). Após 24 horas de resfriamento das carcaças, amostras de carne provenientes do músculo Longissimus dorsi de 20 carcaças foram coletadas e distribuídas nos tratamentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x4, sendo duas condições (normal e PSE) e quatro soluções de marinação (TC controle sem marinação; TM1 solução de bicarbonato de sódio e NaCl (pH 8,02); TM2 solução de tripolifosfato de sódio e NaCl (pH 10,34) e TM3 solução de bicarbonato de sódio, tripolifosfato de sódio e NaCl (pH 8,97). As amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao pH, coloração (L*, a*, b*), perda por purga (PP), perda de exsudato (PE), perda de peso por cozimento (PPC), força de cisalhamento (FC) e atributos sensoriais (maciez, suculência e sabor). Não houve interação entre a condição da carne e os tratamentos de marinação para os parâmetros avaliados. Carnes PSE não diferiram de carnes normais quanto ao pH final, entretanto apresentaram maior luminosidade, PP, PE, PPC e FC. A marinação aumentou o pH da carne, reduziu a luminosidade, PE, PPC e FC e melhorou a maciez, suculência e sabor. Para a maioria das características avaliadas os melhores valores foram observados para carnes marinadas com a mistura dos três sais (TM3), evidenciando o sinergismo entre eles. A marinação com soluções contendo cloreto, bicarbonato e tripolifosfato de sódio foram eficientes em melhorar as características de qualidade da carne suína, tornando as carnes PSE semelhantes à carne normal in natura.

No description available.

Highly selective and sensitive phosphate sensors have been fabricated by constructing a solid membrane disk consisting of variable mixtures of aluminium powder (Al), aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) and powdered copper (Cu). Both binary and ternary electrode systems are produced depending on their composition. The ternary membranes exhibit greater selectivity over a wide range of concentrations. The ternary electrode with the composition 25% AlPO4, 25% Cu and 50% Al was selected as our preferred electrode. The newly fabricated ternary membrane phosphate selective electrodes exhibited linear potential response in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−1 mol L−1. The electrodes also exhibit a fast response time of <60 s. Their detection limit is 1.0 × 10−6 mol L−1. The unique feature of the described electrodes is their ability to maintain a steady and reproducible response in the absence of an ionic strength control. The electrodes have a long lifetime and can be stored in air when not in use. The selectivity of the new phosphate selective electrodes with respect to other common ions is excellent. The results obtained provide further insight into the working principles of the newly fabricated phosphate selective electrodes. Dephosphorylation and phosphorylation reactions were monitored using the preferred phosphate selective electrode. The following reactions were studied and inferences drawn; (a) the reactions between *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and *[OH(PO2O)]2- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to *[OH(PO2O)]2- ratios.(b) the reactions between *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and *[O2NC6H4PO2(O)(OH)]- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to *[O2NC6H4PO2(O)(OH)]- ratios. (c) the reactions between *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and *[(OH)2(PO2)2O]2- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to *[(OH)2(PO2)2O]2- ratios, and (d) the reactions between *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and *[(OH)2(PO2)3O2]3- for the 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to *[(OH)2(PO2)3O2]3- ratios. Further insight into dephosphorylation and phosphorylation reactions is unravelled by the novel phosphate selective electrode monitoring. *For clarity of the complexes utilized, see chapter 4, table 4.1. KEY WORDS; Dephosphorylation, phosphorylation, ion selective electrodes, phosphate ion selective electrode, decontamination, electromotive force, potential difference, activity, concentration, selectivity coefficient, calibration, ionic strength, hydrolysis, inorganic phosphates, nitrophenylphosphate, pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, organophosphate esters. / Chemistry / D.Phil (Chemistry)

Highly selective and sensitive phosphate sensors have been fabricated by constructing a solid membrane disk consisting of variable mixtures of aluminium powder (Al), aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) and powdered copper (Cu). Both binary and ternary electrode systems are produced depending on their composition. The ternary membranes exhibit greater selectivity over a wide range of concentrations. The ternary electrode with the composition 25% AlPO4, 25% Cu and 50% Al was selected as our preferred electrode. The newly fabricated ternary membrane phosphate selective electrodes exhibited linear potential response in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−1 mol L−1. The electrodes also exhibit a fast response time of <60 s. Their detection limit is 1.0 × 10−6 mol L−1. The unique feature of the described electrodes is their ability to maintain a steady and reproducible response in the absence of an ionic strength control. The electrodes have a long lifetime and can be stored in air when not in use. The selectivity of the new phosphate selective electrodes with respect to other common ions is excellent. The results obtained provide further insight into the working principles of the newly fabricated phosphate selective electrodes. Dephosphorylation and phosphorylation reactions were monitored using the preferred phosphate selective electrode. The following reactions were studied and inferences drawn; (a) the reactions between *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and *[OH(PO2O)]2- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to *[OH(PO2O)]2- ratios.(b) the reactions between *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and *[O2NC6H4PO2(O)(OH)]- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to *[O2NC6H4PO2(O)(OH)]- ratios. (c) the reactions between *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and *[(OH)2(PO2)2O]2- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to *[(OH)2(PO2)2O]2- ratios, and (d) the reactions between *[{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and *[(OH)2(PO2)3O2]3- for the 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to *[(OH)2(PO2)3O2]3- ratios. Further insight into dephosphorylation and phosphorylation reactions is unravelled by the novel phosphate selective electrode monitoring. *For clarity of the complexes utilized, see chapter 4, table 4.1. KEY WORDS; Dephosphorylation, phosphorylation, ion selective electrodes, phosphate ion selective electrode, decontamination, electromotive force, potential difference, activity, concentration, selectivity coefficient, calibration, ionic strength, hydrolysis, inorganic phosphates, nitrophenylphosphate, pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, organophosphate esters. / Chemistry / D. Phil (Chemistry)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jovana S G Zuanazzi.pdf: 1591078 bytes, checksum: 9e7da20305d2110d6ed490d0e1aa024c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study is divided into two scientific articles. The first article was to evaluate the mechanically deboned meat of pacu (CMS) with addition of sodium erythorbate and sodium tripolyphosphate and verifying some of its properties physical and chemical in intervals of 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage at -18 °C. The second article it is the preparation of breaded from the CMS of pacu, evaluating the parameters physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory in the intervals of 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage at -18°C. The samples of mechanically separated meat were divided into four treatments verifying its stability over the months. The data were analyzed to determine pH, color, water-holding capacity (CRA), myofibrillar fragmentation index (IFM), water activity (Aw) and chemical composition in four different treatments using sodium 0.1% of erythorbate + 0.5% of sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.1% of sodium erythorbate, 0.5% of sodium tripolyphosphate, and no additives. The breaded were prepared according to specific wording and subject to the microbiological, physical and chemical properties and sensory. It is concluded that addition of sodium erythorbate increased significantly Aw, CRA and the IFM by the thirtieth day of storage. The addition of tripolyphosphate had an influence on pH and CRA which remained stable for longer the first parameter and reduced tendency to decrease the value of the second. The storage time influenced differently the parameters analyzed. The Aw and the L* value decreases suffered the greatest at the beginning of storage, while the IFM and CRA tended to decrease continuously over time. The combined use of sodium erythorbate and sodium tripolyphosphate was the most efficient, since promoted the desirable increase in CRA while other treatments tended to decrease the value of this parameter. The lipid oxidation in breaded CMS pacu stored at -18 °C was low, indicating no rate of rancidity in the product. The results of the microbiological analysis of the breaded CMS pacu are the standards set by law; it reflects that the handling of raw materials to the final product was performed adequately for human consumption. The sensory evaluation of breaded of pacu CMS indicated good acceptance by the tasters, where more than 32% would buy the product frequentily. / O presente estudo está dividido em dois artigos científicos. O primeiro artigo teve como objetivos avaliar a carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de pacu com adição de eritorbato de sódio e tripolifosfato de sódio, e verificar algumas de suas propriedades físicas e químicas nos intervalos de 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento a -18°C. O segundo artigo trata-se da elaboração de empanado a partir da CMS de pacu, avaliando os parâmetros físicos, químicos, sensoriais e microbiológicos nos intervalos de 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento a -18°C. As amostras da carne mecanicamente separada foram divididas em quatro tratamentos verificando sua estabilidade ao longo dos meses. As análises realizadas foram a determinação de pH, cor valor (L*, a* e b*), capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (IFM), atividade de água (Aw) e composição centesimal em quatro tratamentos diferentes utilizando 0,1% de eritorbato de sódio + 0,5% de tripolifosfato de sódio, 0,1% de eritorbato de sódio, 0,5% de tripolifosfato de sódio e sem aditivos. Os empanados foram elaborados segundo formulação específica e submetidos às análises microbiológicas, físicas e químicas e sensoriais. Conclui-se que a adição de eritorbato de sódio elevou de forma significativa a Aw, a CRA e o IFM até o trigésimo dia de armazenamento da CMS. A adição de tripolifosfato teve influência no valor do pH e na CRA, onde manteve por mais tempo estável o primeiro parâmetro e reduziu a tendência de queda do valor do segundo. O tempo de armazenamento influenciou de forma diferente os parâmetros analisados. A Aw e o valor L* sofreram as maiores diminuições no início do armazenamento da CMS, enquanto a CRA e o IFM tiveram a tendência de redução contínua ao longo do tempo. O emprego combinado de eritorbato e tripolifosfato de sódio foi o mais eficiente, pois promoveu o desejável aumento da CRA da CMS enquanto os outros tratamentos apresentaram tendência à queda do valor deste parâmetro. A oxidação lipídica no empanado de pacu armazenado a -18°C foi baixa, não indicando nenhuma taxa de rancificação no produto. Os resultados da análise microbiológica do empanado de CMS de pacu estão nos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação, isso reflete que a manipulação da matéria prima até o produto final foi realizada de forma adequada para o consumo humano. A avaliação sensorial do empanado de CMS de pacu indicou uma boa aceitação por parte dos provadores, onde mais de 32% destes comprariam com frequência.