Dolichandra s.l. é um gênero de lianas com distribuição neotropical pertencente a família Bignoniaceae, tribo Bignonieae. A atual circunscrição do gênero foi estabelecida com base em uma filogenia molecular da tribo, a qual foi interpretada a luz de caracteres morfológicos. Atualmente são reconhecidas 10 espécies, duas delas propostas nesta dissertação. Espécies de Dolichandra s.l. apresentam grande variação em sua distribuição geográfica e habitats ocupados, bem como em caracteres morfológicos relacionados aos sistemas de polinização e dispersão. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: (1) reconstruir a filogenia de Dolichandra s.l. utilizando os marcadores moleculares plastidiais ndhF e rps32-trnL e o marcador nuclear PepC, e (2) utilizar a filogenia como base para inferir os processos que atuaram na especiação do gênero. Amostras de quatro grupos externos e 20 indivíduos de Dolichandra s.l. foram obtidas, totalizando nove de Dolichandra s.l. Filogenias bem resolvidas para os três marcadores amostrados revelaram que tanto o gênero, como as espécies com mais de um indvíduo amostrados são monofiléticas. Dolichandra unguiculata é a primeira linhagem à divergir dentro da família, sendo grupo-irmão das demais espécies do gênero em todas as topologias. Dolichandra acuminata e D. quadrivalvis formam um clado bem sustentado em todas as topologias. Esse clado emergiu para todos os marcadores e critérios de reconstrução como irmão do clado formado por D. dentata, D. hispida, D. uncata e D. unguis-cati. Nesse último clado, D. uncata sempre aparece como irmã das espécies restantes em todas as topologias. Por outro lado, o posicionamento de D. chodatii, D. cynanchoides, D. dentata e D. híspida não está bem sustentado na árvore combinada, refletindo diferenças na topologia entre os marcadores plastidiais e o marcador nuclear. Todos os nós da filogenia apresentam algum grau de simpatria entre suas linhagens, indicando a importância da diferenciação de nichos para a diversificação do gênero e a prevalência de especiação simpátrica no grupo. / Dolichandra s.l. is a genus of lianas found in the Neotropics. It belongs to the family Bignoniaceae, tribe Bignonieae. The actual circumscription of the genus was based on a molecular phylogeny of the tribe and morphological synanpomorphies. Currently the genus comprises ten species, two of than proposed in this dissertation. Species of Dolichandra s.l. have great variation in geographic distribution, habitats occupied, as well as, morphological characters related to pollination and dispersal events. The goals of this study are: (1) Reconstruct the phylogeny of Dolichandra s.l. using the plastid markers ndhF e rps32-trnL and the nuclear marker PepC, and (2) use the phylogeny as base to infer process that acted in genus diversification. A sample from four outgroups and 20 individuals were obtained, accounting nine species of Dolichandra s.l. Well resolved phylogenies for the three markers revealed that the genus, and the multiple sampled species are monophyletic. Dolichandra unguiculata is the first species to diverge, being sister of a clade with the rest of the genus in all topologies. Dolichandra acuminate as sister of D. quadrivalvis is a well supported clade in all topologies. This clade emerged for all markers and criteria as sister of clade with D. dentata, D. hispida, D. uncata, and D. unguis-cati. In the latter clade, D. uncata emerged as sister of the other species in all topologies. On the other hand, the phylognetic position of D. chodatii, D. cynanchoides, D. dentate and D. hispida is not well supported in the combined analysis, revealing differences in topology between plastid and nuclear markers. All the nodes of the phylogeny have some degree of sympatry between lineages, indicating the importance of niche differences for the genus diversification and the prevalence of sympatric speciation.

Dolichandra s.l. é um gênero de lianas com distribuição neotropical pertencente a família Bignoniaceae, tribo Bignonieae. A atual circunscrição do gênero foi estabelecida com base em uma filogenia molecular da tribo, a qual foi interpretada a luz de caracteres morfológicos. Atualmente são reconhecidas 10 espécies, duas delas propostas nesta dissertação. Espécies de Dolichandra s.l. apresentam grande variação em sua distribuição geográfica e habitats ocupados, bem como em caracteres morfológicos relacionados aos sistemas de polinização e dispersão. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: (1) reconstruir a filogenia de Dolichandra s.l. utilizando os marcadores moleculares plastidiais ndhF e rps32-trnL e o marcador nuclear PepC, e (2) utilizar a filogenia como base para inferir os processos que atuaram na especiação do gênero. Amostras de quatro grupos externos e 20 indivíduos de Dolichandra s.l. foram obtidas, totalizando nove de Dolichandra s.l. Filogenias bem resolvidas para os três marcadores amostrados revelaram que tanto o gênero, como as espécies com mais de um indvíduo amostrados são monofiléticas. Dolichandra unguiculata é a primeira linhagem à divergir dentro da família, sendo grupo-irmão das demais espécies do gênero em todas as topologias. Dolichandra acuminata e D. quadrivalvis formam um clado bem sustentado em todas as topologias. Esse clado emergiu para todos os marcadores e critérios de reconstrução como irmão do clado formado por D. dentata, D. hispida, D. uncata e D. unguis-cati. Nesse último clado, D. uncata sempre aparece como irmã das espécies restantes em todas as topologias. Por outro lado, o posicionamento de D. chodatii, D. cynanchoides, D. dentata e D. híspida não está bem sustentado na árvore combinada, refletindo diferenças na topologia entre os marcadores plastidiais e o marcador nuclear. Todos os nós da filogenia apresentam algum grau de simpatria entre suas linhagens, indicando a importância da diferenciação de nichos para a diversificação do gênero e a prevalência de especiação simpátrica no grupo. / Dolichandra s.l. is a genus of lianas found in the Neotropics. It belongs to the family Bignoniaceae, tribe Bignonieae. The actual circumscription of the genus was based on a molecular phylogeny of the tribe and morphological synanpomorphies. Currently the genus comprises ten species, two of than proposed in this dissertation. Species of Dolichandra s.l. have great variation in geographic distribution, habitats occupied, as well as, morphological characters related to pollination and dispersal events. The goals of this study are: (1) Reconstruct the phylogeny of Dolichandra s.l. using the plastid markers ndhF e rps32-trnL and the nuclear marker PepC, and (2) use the phylogeny as base to infer process that acted in genus diversification. A sample from four outgroups and 20 individuals were obtained, accounting nine species of Dolichandra s.l. Well resolved phylogenies for the three markers revealed that the genus, and the multiple sampled species are monophyletic. Dolichandra unguiculata is the first species to diverge, being sister of a clade with the rest of the genus in all topologies. Dolichandra acuminate as sister of D. quadrivalvis is a well supported clade in all topologies. This clade emerged for all markers and criteria as sister of clade with D. dentata, D. hispida, D. uncata, and D. unguis-cati. In the latter clade, D. uncata emerged as sister of the other species in all topologies. On the other hand, the phylognetic position of D. chodatii, D. cynanchoides, D. dentate and D. hispida is not well supported in the combined analysis, revealing differences in topology between plastid and nuclear markers. All the nodes of the phylogeny have some degree of sympatry between lineages, indicating the importance of niche differences for the genus diversification and the prevalence of sympatric speciation.

Eurybia et ses proches parents Oreostemma, Herrickia et Triniteurybia sont appelés le grade des eurybioïdes. Comprenant 31 espèces vivaces, ce grade appartient au clade Nord-américain de la tribu des Astereae. Les analyses moléculaires antérieures ont montré que ce groupe est à la fois paraphylétique aux Machaerantherinae et un groupe frère aux Symphyotrichinae. Les relations infragénériques partiellement résolues et faiblement supportées empêchent d’approfondir l'histoire évolutive des groupes et ce, particulièrement dans le genre principal Eurybia. Le but de cette étude est de reconstruire les relations phylogénétiques au sein des eurybioïdes autant par l'inclusion de toutes les espèces du grade que par l’utilisation de différents types de régions et de méthodes d'inférence phylogénétique. Cette étude présente des phylogénies basées sur l'ADN ribosomal nucléaire (ITS, ETS), de l'ADN chloroplastique (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnC-ycf6) et d’un locus du génome nucléaire à faible nombre de copie (CNGC4). Les données sont analysées séparément et combinées à l’aide des approches de parcimonie, bayesienne et de maximum de vraisemblance. Les données ADNnr n’ont pas permis de résoudre les relations entre les espèces polyploïdes des Eurybia. Les analyses combinées avec des loci d’ADNnr et d’ADNnr+cp ont donc été limitées à des diploïdes. Les analyses combinées ont montré une meilleure résolution et un meilleur support que les analyses séparées. La topologie de l’ADNnr+cp était la mieux résolue et supportée. La relation phylogénétique de genres appartenant au grade des eurybioïdes est comme suit : Oreostemma (Herrickia s.str. (Herrickia kingii (Eurybia (Triniteurybia - Machaerantherinae)))). Basé sur la topologie combinée de l’ADNnr+cp, nous avons effectué des analyses de biogéographie à l’aide des logiciels DIVA et LaGrange. Ces analyses ont révélé une première radiation des eurybioïdes dans l’Ouest de l’Amérique du Nord, suivi de deux migrations indépendantes dans l’Est de l’Amérique du Nord chez les Eurybia. Due au relatif manque de variabilité de l’ADNnr, l’ADNcp et CNGC4, où le triage de lignés incomplet était dominant, l'origine du grade est interprétée comme récente, possiblement du Pliocène. La diversification du groupe a été probablement favorisée par les glaciations Pléistocènes. / Eurybia and it relatives, Oreostemma, Herrickia, and Triniteurybia, are collectively called the eurybioid grade. Comprising 31 perennial species, this grade belongs to the North American clade of the tribe Astereae. Early molecular analyses had inferred that this group is paraphyletic to the Machaerantherinae and sister to the Symphyotrichinae. The partially resolved and poorly supported relationships at the infrageneric level within the group, particularly within the core genus Eurybia, is preventing further insights into the evolutionary history of the group. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the eurybioids by including all species of the grade and by using both different types of regions and multiple phylogenetic inference methods. The present study provides phylogenies based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS, ETS), chloroplastic DNA (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnC-ycf6), and a low-copy nuclear locus (CNGC4), in separate and combined datasets analyzed using maximum parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches. In a separate analysis of the nrDNA dataset, the relationships of polyploids in Eurybia proved to be impossible to resolve. The nrDNA and nr+cpDNA combined analyses therefore were restricted to diploids. The combined analyses provided greater resolution and support than separate analyses. The nr+cpDNA phylogeny was the best resolved and supported. The phylogenetic relationship of genera belonging to the eurybioid grade is as follows: Oreostemma (Herrickia s.str. (Herrickia kingii (Eurybia (Triniteurybia – Machaerantherinae)))). Based on the nr+ cpDNA combined topology, we performed biogeographical analyses using DIVA and LaGrange. These analyses revealed an initial radiation of the eurybioids in western North America, with two independent migrations to eastern North America within Eurybia. Based on the relative lack of variation in nrDNA, cpDNA and CNGC4, where incomplete lineage sorting was dominant, the origin of the grade is interpreted as recent, probably from the Pliocene. Diversification of the group was probably favored by the Pleistocene glaciations.

Bauhinia s.l. est le plus vaste genre de la tribu des Cercideae (Ceasalpinioideae, Leguminoseae), avec plus de 300 espèces. Il présente une distribution pantropicale et une grande variabilité morphologique. Ces deux caractéristiques ont limité les études taxonomiques sur le genre complet, résultant en plusieurs études taxonomiques de certains groupes seulement. En 1987, Wunderlin et al. proposent une vaste révision taxonomique de la tribu des Cercideae, basée sur des données morphologiques, et divisent le genre Bauhinia en quatre sous-genres. En 2005, Lewis et Forest publient une nouvelle classification préliminaire basée sur des données moléculaires, mais sur un échantillonnage taxonomique restreint. Leurs conclusions remettent en question le monophylétisme du genre Bauhinia et suggèrent plutôt la reconnaissance de huit genres au sein du grade Bauhinia s.l. Afin de vérifier les hypothèses de Lewis et Forest, et obtenir une vision plus claire de l’histroire de Bauhinia s.l., nous avons séquencé deux régions chloroplastiques (trnL-trnF et matK-trnK) et deux régions nucléaires (Leafy et Legcyc) pour un vaste échantillonnage représentatif des Cercideae. Une première phylogénie de la tribu a tout d’abord été réalisée à partir des séquences de trnL-trnF seulement et a confirmé le non-monoplylétisme de Bauhinia s.l., avec l’inclusion du genre Brenierea, traditionnellement reconnu comme genre frère de Bauhinia s.l. Afin de ne pas limiter notre vision de l’histoire évolutive des Cercideae à un seul type de données moléculaires et à une seule région, une nouvelle série d’analyse a été effectuée, incluant toutes les séquences chloroplastiques et nucléaires. Une phylogénie individuelle a été reconstruite pour chacune des régions du génome, et un arbre d’espèce ainsi qu’un arbre de supermatrice ont été reconstruits. Bien que certaines contradictions apparaissent entre les phylogénies, les grandes lignes de l’histoire des Cercideae ont été résolues. Bauhinia s.l. est divisée en deux lignées : les groupes Phanera et Bauhinia. Le groupe Bauhinia est constitué des genres Bauhinia s.s., Piliostigma et Brenierea. Le groupe Phanera est constitué des genres Gigasiphon, Tylosema, Lysiphyllum, Barklya, Phanera et Schnella. Les genres Cercis, Adenolobus et Griffonia sont les groupes-frères du clade Bauhinia s.l. Au minimum un événement de duplication de Legcyc a été mis en évidence pour la totalité de la tribu des Cercideae, excepté Cercis, mais plusieurs évènements sont suggérés à la fois par Legcyc et Leafy. Finalement, la datation et la reconstruction des aires ancestrales de la tribu ont été effectuées. La tribu est datée de 49,7 Ma et est originaire des régions tempérées de l’hémisphère nord, probablement autour de la mer de Thétys. La tribu s’est ensuite dispersée vers les régions tropicales sèches de l’Afrique, où la séparation des groupes Bauhinia et Phanera a eu lieu. Ces deux groupes se sont ensuite dispersés en parallèle vers l’Asie du sud-est au début du Miocène. À la même période, une dispersion depuis l’Afrique de Bauhinia s.s. a permis la diversification des espèces américaines de ce genre, alors que le genre Schnella (seul genre américain du groupe Phanera) est passé par l’Australie afin de rejoindre le continent américain. Cette dispersion vers l’Australie sera également à l’origine des genres Lysiphyllum et Barklya / Bauhinia s.l. is the largest genus of the tribe Cercideae (Ceasalpinioideae, Leguminoseae), with over 300 species. It has a pantropical distribution and high morphological variability. These two features have resulted in few studies that focus on the entire genus, resulting in several regional studies or studies of certain subgroups only. In 1987, Wunderlin et al. presented a broad taxonomic revision of the tribe Cercideae, based on morphological data, and divided the genus Bauhinia into four subgenera. In 2005, Lewis and Forest published a new preliminary classification based on molecular data, but for a limited taxonomic sampling. Their findings question the monophyly of the genus Bauhinia and suggest instead the recognition of eight genera in the Bauhinia s.l. grade. To test the hypotheses of Lewis and Forest, and to obtain a clearer view of the history of Bauhinia s.l., we sequenced two chloroplast regions (trnL-trnF and matK-trnK) and two nuclear regions (Leafy and Legcyc) for a large representative sampling of the Cercideae. A primary phylogeny of the tribe was first generated based on trnL-trnF sequences only and confirmed the non-monophyly of Bauhinia s.l., with the inclusion of the genus Brenierea, traditionally recognized as sister group of Bauhinia s.l. In order to obtain a deaper view of the evolutionary history of the Cercideae, a new series of analysis was performed, including all nuclear and chloroplast sequences. Individual phylogenies were reconstructed for each region of the genome, and both a species and a supermatrix trees were reconstructed. Although certain conflicting relationships appear between phylogenies, the outline of the history of the Cercideae has been resolved. Bauhinia s.l. is divided into two lineages: Phanera and Bauhinia groups. The Bauhinia group includes Bauhinia s.s., Piliostigma and Brenierea. The Phanera group is composed of Gigasiphon, Tylosema, Lysiphyllum, Barklya, Phanera and Schnella. Cercis, Griffonia and Adenolobus are sister groups of Bauhinia s.l. At least one duplication event of Legcyc has been highlighted for the entire tribe Cercideae, excluding Cercis. Several other duplication events are also suggested by both Legcyc and Leafy . Finally, a divergence time analysis and a reconstruction of ancestral areas were conducted. The root of the tribe is evaluated to be 49.7 Mya old, and to originate from temperate regions in the northern hemisphere, mostly around the Tethys Sea. The tribe then dispersed into drier biomes in Africa, where the separation of the Bauhinia and the Phanera groups occurred. These two lineages then dispersed following parallel routes to Southeast Asia in the early Miocene. At the same time, a dispersal of the African Bauhinia s.s. to South America permitted the diversification of the American species of this genus, and Schnella (the only American genus within the Phanera group) dispersed to the American continent from Australia. This dispersal to Australia is also at the origin of Lysiphyllum and Barklya.

Eurybia et ses proches parents Oreostemma, Herrickia et Triniteurybia sont appelés le grade des eurybioïdes. Comprenant 31 espèces vivaces, ce grade appartient au clade Nord-américain de la tribu des Astereae. Les analyses moléculaires antérieures ont montré que ce groupe est à la fois paraphylétique aux Machaerantherinae et un groupe frère aux Symphyotrichinae. Les relations infragénériques partiellement résolues et faiblement supportées empêchent d’approfondir l'histoire évolutive des groupes et ce, particulièrement dans le genre principal Eurybia. Le but de cette étude est de reconstruire les relations phylogénétiques au sein des eurybioïdes autant par l'inclusion de toutes les espèces du grade que par l’utilisation de différents types de régions et de méthodes d'inférence phylogénétique. Cette étude présente des phylogénies basées sur l'ADN ribosomal nucléaire (ITS, ETS), de l'ADN chloroplastique (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnC-ycf6) et d’un locus du génome nucléaire à faible nombre de copie (CNGC4). Les données sont analysées séparément et combinées à l’aide des approches de parcimonie, bayesienne et de maximum de vraisemblance. Les données ADNnr n’ont pas permis de résoudre les relations entre les espèces polyploïdes des Eurybia. Les analyses combinées avec des loci d’ADNnr et d’ADNnr+cp ont donc été limitées à des diploïdes. Les analyses combinées ont montré une meilleure résolution et un meilleur support que les analyses séparées. La topologie de l’ADNnr+cp était la mieux résolue et supportée. La relation phylogénétique de genres appartenant au grade des eurybioïdes est comme suit : Oreostemma (Herrickia s.str. (Herrickia kingii (Eurybia (Triniteurybia - Machaerantherinae)))). Basé sur la topologie combinée de l’ADNnr+cp, nous avons effectué des analyses de biogéographie à l’aide des logiciels DIVA et LaGrange. Ces analyses ont révélé une première radiation des eurybioïdes dans l’Ouest de l’Amérique du Nord, suivi de deux migrations indépendantes dans l’Est de l’Amérique du Nord chez les Eurybia. Due au relatif manque de variabilité de l’ADNnr, l’ADNcp et CNGC4, où le triage de lignés incomplet était dominant, l'origine du grade est interprétée comme récente, possiblement du Pliocène. La diversification du groupe a été probablement favorisée par les glaciations Pléistocènes. / Eurybia and it relatives, Oreostemma, Herrickia, and Triniteurybia, are collectively called the eurybioid grade. Comprising 31 perennial species, this grade belongs to the North American clade of the tribe Astereae. Early molecular analyses had inferred that this group is paraphyletic to the Machaerantherinae and sister to the Symphyotrichinae. The partially resolved and poorly supported relationships at the infrageneric level within the group, particularly within the core genus Eurybia, is preventing further insights into the evolutionary history of the group. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the eurybioids by including all species of the grade and by using both different types of regions and multiple phylogenetic inference methods. The present study provides phylogenies based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS, ETS), chloroplastic DNA (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnC-ycf6), and a low-copy nuclear locus (CNGC4), in separate and combined datasets analyzed using maximum parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches. In a separate analysis of the nrDNA dataset, the relationships of polyploids in Eurybia proved to be impossible to resolve. The nrDNA and nr+cpDNA combined analyses therefore were restricted to diploids. The combined analyses provided greater resolution and support than separate analyses. The nr+cpDNA phylogeny was the best resolved and supported. The phylogenetic relationship of genera belonging to the eurybioid grade is as follows: Oreostemma (Herrickia s.str. (Herrickia kingii (Eurybia (Triniteurybia – Machaerantherinae)))). Based on the nr+ cpDNA combined topology, we performed biogeographical analyses using DIVA and LaGrange. These analyses revealed an initial radiation of the eurybioids in western North America, with two independent migrations to eastern North America within Eurybia. Based on the relative lack of variation in nrDNA, cpDNA and CNGC4, where incomplete lineage sorting was dominant, the origin of the grade is interpreted as recent, probably from the Pliocene. Diversification of the group was probably favored by the Pleistocene glaciations.

No description available.

Evolutionary relationships within and among three Astragalus sections (Incani DC., Hypoglottidei DC., and Dissitiflori DC.) that were native to Turkey were inferred from variations of nucleotide sequences of both chloroplast and nuclear genome regions. In the current study, Fifty-six species included in the three Astragalus sections were utilized to figure out phylogenetic relationships and estimate evolutionary divergence time based on DNA sequence of trnL intron (trnL5&rsquo / -L3&rsquo / ) , trnL3&rsquo / -F(GAA) (trnL-F intergenic spacer), trnV intron, matK (maturase kinase) cpDNA (chloroplast) and ITS (internal transcribed spacer) nDNA (nuclear) regions. Fifty-six Astragalus species with their replicas and one Cicer species as outgroup were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing methods. Eleven unknown samples were also used in the current study to understand their section and species name. The results of the study indicated that unknown A35 and A52 samples could be named as A. dasycarpus, while unknown A65 and A66 samples as A. ovatus and lastly unknown A2 sample as A. nitens or A. aucheri. Section of unknown A3, A16, A20, A108, A109 and A110 samples were determined as Incani, but the exact species identification of these samples were not possible because of their close phylogenetic associations with more than one species. Highest genetic diversity was observed when the DNA sequences of ITS nrDNA (nuclear ribosomal) region comprising three subregions as ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 was used, while the lowest one was calculated when DNA sequence of trnL-F cpDNA region was analyzed. The genetic divergence between Incani and Dissitiflori sections was highest whereas between Hypoglottidei and Dissitiflori was lowest based on all used regions. To figure out phylogenetic relationships among Astragalus species distributed in Turkey and in other regions of the World, DNA sequences of studied regions of foreign samples were collected from the NCBI database and were evaluated with DNA sequence of Turkish species used in the curent study. The Iranian samples either scattered in the phylogenetic tree or attached to our samples externally. South and North American samples (New World Astragalus or Neo Astragalus group) were nested within a different subcluster, which was located in the main cluster produced by samples of Old World Astragalus group (Turkish samples). With these results, we can say that New World Astragalus group is monophyletic and diverged from Old World Astragalus group. Evolutionary divergence time for Astragalus genus was estimated as about 12.5 - 14.5 million years (Ma), and that of New World Astragalus group as 5.0 - 4.0 Ma when rates of nucleotide substitutions of trnL intron and matK cpDNA regions were analyzed. In addition to evolutionary divergence time estimation for Astragalus and New World Astragalus group, divergence times among used three sections of the genus were also calculated by using DNA sequences of trnL, trnV intron and matK cpDNA regions and results indicated that Hypoglottidei and Dissitiflori sections diverged about 5.0-7.0 million years later than Incani section.

Dentre as orquídeas terrícolas brasileiras, dois grupos são particularmente importantes do ponto de vista taxonômico, sistemático e biogeográfico: as orquídeas das subtribo Chloraeinae e Spiranthinae. Na sua atual delimitação, Chloraeinae compreende aproximadamente 70 espécies em três gêneros: Chloraea, Bipinnula e Gavilea. Por outro lado, Spiranthinae compreende cerca de 470 espécies exclusivamente neotropicais, distribuídas em 42 gêneros. As análises filogenéticas mais recentes suportam a existência de quatro grupos: os clados Stenorhynchos, Pelexia, Eurystyles+Lankesterella e Spiranthes. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo são: 1) realizar um estudo taxonômico e nomenclatural das orquídeas brasileiras do clado Pelexia; 2) documentar a morfologia floral e vegetativa, com ênfase nos caracteres diagnósticos; 3) realizar um estudo taxonômico e nomenclatural das espécies brasileiras de Chloraeinae; 4) construir uma filogenia molecular mais completa e representativa do clado Pelexia; 5) estabelecer se os gêneros do clado Pelexia são monofiléticos; 6) construir uma filogenia molecular mais completa e representativa de Chloraeinae, com a inclusão de táxons brasileiros; 7) estabelecer um conjunto de caracteres diagnósticos para os gêneros envolvidos neste estudo e, se necessário, propor uma nova delimitação genérica; e 8) propor cenários para a provável evolução de caracteres de importância ecológica. Os resultados de um estudo detalhado, bem como de análises morfológicas e moleculares são: 1) propostas de 48 tipificações, novas sinonímias e notas taxonômicas para as espécies de Goodyerinae e Spiranthinae descritas por José Velloso e Barbosa Rodrigues; 2) novos registros de Pteroglossa e Lyroglossa para o Rio Grande do Sul; 3) uma correção nomenclatural de Spiranthes bicolor e 4) uma sinopse taxonômica das Chloraeinae brasileiras; 5) uma análise filogenética molecular para testar a monofilia dos gêneros atualmente circunscritos no clado Pelexia; 6) uma atualização das relações filogenéticas de Chloraeinae, incluindo espécies Pampeanas de Bipinnula e a espécie tipo do gênero, B. biplumata; 7) um panorama sobre a biologia reprodutiva de duas espécies de Pachygenium e dados adicionais sobre Brachystele e Cyclopogon s.l.; e 8) um estudo detalhado da morfologia floral, biologia da polinização e sistema reprodutivo de Chloraea membranacea (Chloraeinae). / Among the Brazilian terrestrial orchids, two groups are particularly important from a taxonomic, systematic and biogeographical aspects: orchids of subtribe Chloraeinae and Spiranthinae. In its current delimitation, Chloraeinae comprises approximately 70 species distributed in three genera: Chloraea, Bipinnula and Gavilea. On the other hand, Spiranthinae comprises about 470 exclusively neotropical species distributed in ca. 42 genera. The most recent phylogenetic analyses support the existence of four clades: Stenorrhynchos, Pelexia, Eurystyles+Lankesterella and Spiranthes clade, respectively. Thus, the aims of this study are: 1) to make a taxonomic and nomenclatural study of Brazilian orchids of Pelexia clade; 2) to document the floral and vegetative morphology, with emphasis on diagnostic features; 3) to make a taxonomic and nomenclatural study of the Brazilian species of Chloraeinae; 4) to assemble a more complete and representative molecular phylogeny of the Pelexia clade; 5) to establish if the genera of the Pelexia clade are monophyletic; 6) to construct a more complete and representative molecular phylogeny of the Chloraeinae, with the inclusion of Brazilian taxa; 7) to establish sets of diagnostic characters for the genera involved in this study and, if necessary, propose a new generic delimitation; and 8) to propose scenarios for the evolution of characters of ecological importance. The main results are: 1) 48 typifications, new synonymies and taxonomic notes for Spiranthinae and Goodyerinae species described by José Velloso and Rodrigues Barbosa; 2) new records of Pteroglossa and Lyroglossa to Rio Grande do Sul; 3) a nomenclatural correction of Spiranthes bicolor and 4) a taxonomic synopsis of Brazilian Chloraeinae; 5) molecular phylogenetic analyses to test the monophyly of the currently circumscribed genera in the Pelexia clade; 6) an update of the phylogenetic relationships of the Chloraeinae, including Pampean species of Bipinnula, and the type species of the genus, B. biplumata; 7) an overview on the reproductive biology of two Pachygenium species and additional data on Brachystele and Cyclopogon s.l.; and 8) a detailed study of the floral morphology, pollination biology and reproductive system of Chloraea membranacea (Chloraeinae).

Dentre as orquídeas terrícolas brasileiras, dois grupos são particularmente importantes do ponto de vista taxonômico, sistemático e biogeográfico: as orquídeas das subtribo Chloraeinae e Spiranthinae. Na sua atual delimitação, Chloraeinae compreende aproximadamente 70 espécies em três gêneros: Chloraea, Bipinnula e Gavilea. Por outro lado, Spiranthinae compreende cerca de 470 espécies exclusivamente neotropicais, distribuídas em 42 gêneros. As análises filogenéticas mais recentes suportam a existência de quatro grupos: os clados Stenorhynchos, Pelexia, Eurystyles+Lankesterella e Spiranthes. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo são: 1) realizar um estudo taxonômico e nomenclatural das orquídeas brasileiras do clado Pelexia; 2) documentar a morfologia floral e vegetativa, com ênfase nos caracteres diagnósticos; 3) realizar um estudo taxonômico e nomenclatural das espécies brasileiras de Chloraeinae; 4) construir uma filogenia molecular mais completa e representativa do clado Pelexia; 5) estabelecer se os gêneros do clado Pelexia são monofiléticos; 6) construir uma filogenia molecular mais completa e representativa de Chloraeinae, com a inclusão de táxons brasileiros; 7) estabelecer um conjunto de caracteres diagnósticos para os gêneros envolvidos neste estudo e, se necessário, propor uma nova delimitação genérica; e 8) propor cenários para a provável evolução de caracteres de importância ecológica. Os resultados de um estudo detalhado, bem como de análises morfológicas e moleculares são: 1) propostas de 48 tipificações, novas sinonímias e notas taxonômicas para as espécies de Goodyerinae e Spiranthinae descritas por José Velloso e Barbosa Rodrigues; 2) novos registros de Pteroglossa e Lyroglossa para o Rio Grande do Sul; 3) uma correção nomenclatural de Spiranthes bicolor e 4) uma sinopse taxonômica das Chloraeinae brasileiras; 5) uma análise filogenética molecular para testar a monofilia dos gêneros atualmente circunscritos no clado Pelexia; 6) uma atualização das relações filogenéticas de Chloraeinae, incluindo espécies Pampeanas de Bipinnula e a espécie tipo do gênero, B. biplumata; 7) um panorama sobre a biologia reprodutiva de duas espécies de Pachygenium e dados adicionais sobre Brachystele e Cyclopogon s.l.; e 8) um estudo detalhado da morfologia floral, biologia da polinização e sistema reprodutivo de Chloraea membranacea (Chloraeinae). / Among the Brazilian terrestrial orchids, two groups are particularly important from a taxonomic, systematic and biogeographical aspects: orchids of subtribe Chloraeinae and Spiranthinae. In its current delimitation, Chloraeinae comprises approximately 70 species distributed in three genera: Chloraea, Bipinnula and Gavilea. On the other hand, Spiranthinae comprises about 470 exclusively neotropical species distributed in ca. 42 genera. The most recent phylogenetic analyses support the existence of four clades: Stenorrhynchos, Pelexia, Eurystyles+Lankesterella and Spiranthes clade, respectively. Thus, the aims of this study are: 1) to make a taxonomic and nomenclatural study of Brazilian orchids of Pelexia clade; 2) to document the floral and vegetative morphology, with emphasis on diagnostic features; 3) to make a taxonomic and nomenclatural study of the Brazilian species of Chloraeinae; 4) to assemble a more complete and representative molecular phylogeny of the Pelexia clade; 5) to establish if the genera of the Pelexia clade are monophyletic; 6) to construct a more complete and representative molecular phylogeny of the Chloraeinae, with the inclusion of Brazilian taxa; 7) to establish sets of diagnostic characters for the genera involved in this study and, if necessary, propose a new generic delimitation; and 8) to propose scenarios for the evolution of characters of ecological importance. The main results are: 1) 48 typifications, new synonymies and taxonomic notes for Spiranthinae and Goodyerinae species described by José Velloso and Rodrigues Barbosa; 2) new records of Pteroglossa and Lyroglossa to Rio Grande do Sul; 3) a nomenclatural correction of Spiranthes bicolor and 4) a taxonomic synopsis of Brazilian Chloraeinae; 5) molecular phylogenetic analyses to test the monophyly of the currently circumscribed genera in the Pelexia clade; 6) an update of the phylogenetic relationships of the Chloraeinae, including Pampean species of Bipinnula, and the type species of the genus, B. biplumata; 7) an overview on the reproductive biology of two Pachygenium species and additional data on Brachystele and Cyclopogon s.l.; and 8) a detailed study of the floral morphology, pollination biology and reproductive system of Chloraea membranacea (Chloraeinae).

Dentre as orquídeas terrícolas brasileiras, dois grupos são particularmente importantes do ponto de vista taxonômico, sistemático e biogeográfico: as orquídeas das subtribo Chloraeinae e Spiranthinae. Na sua atual delimitação, Chloraeinae compreende aproximadamente 70 espécies em três gêneros: Chloraea, Bipinnula e Gavilea. Por outro lado, Spiranthinae compreende cerca de 470 espécies exclusivamente neotropicais, distribuídas em 42 gêneros. As análises filogenéticas mais recentes suportam a existência de quatro grupos: os clados Stenorhynchos, Pelexia, Eurystyles+Lankesterella e Spiranthes. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo são: 1) realizar um estudo taxonômico e nomenclatural das orquídeas brasileiras do clado Pelexia; 2) documentar a morfologia floral e vegetativa, com ênfase nos caracteres diagnósticos; 3) realizar um estudo taxonômico e nomenclatural das espécies brasileiras de Chloraeinae; 4) construir uma filogenia molecular mais completa e representativa do clado Pelexia; 5) estabelecer se os gêneros do clado Pelexia são monofiléticos; 6) construir uma filogenia molecular mais completa e representativa de Chloraeinae, com a inclusão de táxons brasileiros; 7) estabelecer um conjunto de caracteres diagnósticos para os gêneros envolvidos neste estudo e, se necessário, propor uma nova delimitação genérica; e 8) propor cenários para a provável evolução de caracteres de importância ecológica. Os resultados de um estudo detalhado, bem como de análises morfológicas e moleculares são: 1) propostas de 48 tipificações, novas sinonímias e notas taxonômicas para as espécies de Goodyerinae e Spiranthinae descritas por José Velloso e Barbosa Rodrigues; 2) novos registros de Pteroglossa e Lyroglossa para o Rio Grande do Sul; 3) uma correção nomenclatural de Spiranthes bicolor e 4) uma sinopse taxonômica das Chloraeinae brasileiras; 5) uma análise filogenética molecular para testar a monofilia dos gêneros atualmente circunscritos no clado Pelexia; 6) uma atualização das relações filogenéticas de Chloraeinae, incluindo espécies Pampeanas de Bipinnula e a espécie tipo do gênero, B. biplumata; 7) um panorama sobre a biologia reprodutiva de duas espécies de Pachygenium e dados adicionais sobre Brachystele e Cyclopogon s.l.; e 8) um estudo detalhado da morfologia floral, biologia da polinização e sistema reprodutivo de Chloraea membranacea (Chloraeinae). / Among the Brazilian terrestrial orchids, two groups are particularly important from a taxonomic, systematic and biogeographical aspects: orchids of subtribe Chloraeinae and Spiranthinae. In its current delimitation, Chloraeinae comprises approximately 70 species distributed in three genera: Chloraea, Bipinnula and Gavilea. On the other hand, Spiranthinae comprises about 470 exclusively neotropical species distributed in ca. 42 genera. The most recent phylogenetic analyses support the existence of four clades: Stenorrhynchos, Pelexia, Eurystyles+Lankesterella and Spiranthes clade, respectively. Thus, the aims of this study are: 1) to make a taxonomic and nomenclatural study of Brazilian orchids of Pelexia clade; 2) to document the floral and vegetative morphology, with emphasis on diagnostic features; 3) to make a taxonomic and nomenclatural study of the Brazilian species of Chloraeinae; 4) to assemble a more complete and representative molecular phylogeny of the Pelexia clade; 5) to establish if the genera of the Pelexia clade are monophyletic; 6) to construct a more complete and representative molecular phylogeny of the Chloraeinae, with the inclusion of Brazilian taxa; 7) to establish sets of diagnostic characters for the genera involved in this study and, if necessary, propose a new generic delimitation; and 8) to propose scenarios for the evolution of characters of ecological importance. The main results are: 1) 48 typifications, new synonymies and taxonomic notes for Spiranthinae and Goodyerinae species described by José Velloso and Rodrigues Barbosa; 2) new records of Pteroglossa and Lyroglossa to Rio Grande do Sul; 3) a nomenclatural correction of Spiranthes bicolor and 4) a taxonomic synopsis of Brazilian Chloraeinae; 5) molecular phylogenetic analyses to test the monophyly of the currently circumscribed genera in the Pelexia clade; 6) an update of the phylogenetic relationships of the Chloraeinae, including Pampean species of Bipinnula, and the type species of the genus, B. biplumata; 7) an overview on the reproductive biology of two Pachygenium species and additional data on Brachystele and Cyclopogon s.l.; and 8) a detailed study of the floral morphology, pollination biology and reproductive system of Chloraea membranacea (Chloraeinae).