Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma proposta de critério para a construção de faixas adicionais em rodovias com longos declives. A proposta contempla três aspectos: 1-) Elaboração de um programa de computador que permita calcular a temperatura do sistema de freios de qualquer veículo que esteja operando em qualquer ponto de uma rampa descendente, conhecidas as características do veículo, da massa transportada, da velocidade desenvolvida pelo veículo e da rampa em questão (comprimento e declividade). Em outras palavras: o programa permite gerar as curvas de desempenho para qualquer veículo de carga, em qualquer trecho de descida de uma rodovia; 2-) Determinação da redução de velocidade para caminhões nos trechos estudados; e 3-) Cálculo da porcentagem de veículos de carga no fluxo total de veículos que utilizam a rodovia, valor esse que viabilize economicamente a construção de faixas auxiliares. Esta dissertação aborda mais profundamente o primeiro aspecto da proposta. Os outros dois, devido à sua complexidade, são sugeridos como tema para trabalhos futuros. De posse do programa computacional, o mesmo foi utilizado para simular o comportamento da frota de veículos de carga brasileiros, em greides com comprimento variável de 1.000 a 12.000 metros e inclinações que variam de 1 a 12%. Também foi verificado o impacto da aplicação da resolução 777/93 do CONTRAN - que regulamenta o desempenho e o sistema de freios dos veículos de carga - na frota brasileira de veículos de carga. Os resultados obtidos indicam, além da importância de uma legislação adequada para o tema, uma urgente renovação ou adequação da frota brasileira de veículos de carga, haja visto que grande parte da mesma, por possuir uma elevada idade média, não atinge os requisitos mínimos para circular pelas rodovias brasileiras sem comprometimento das condições de segurança, dirigibilidade, estabilidade e desempenho. / This master thesis presents a criteria\'s proposal to construction of auxiliary lanes in roads with long and steep downgrades. The proposal contemplates three aspects: 1-) Elaboration of a computer\'s program that allows to obtain the brake system\'s temperature of any heavy truck performing at any point of a long and steep downgrade. It\'s necessary to know the truck\'s brake characteristics, the brake-motor power, the total mass transported, the vehicles\'speed and the downhill characteristics (length and percent). With this data, the program calculates the performance curves of brazilian trucks, regarding brakes\'system\'s termical aspects; 2-) Determination of the maximum speed reduction of slow trucks on downhill; and, 3-) Estimation of minimum downgrade traffic flow rates and truck percents that would warrant the construction of declivity help lanes, from costs-effectiveness approach. This master thesis broaches more profundity the first proposal\'s aspects. The aspects two and three, due to its complexity, are suggested to be future studies\'object. The computational program developed in this work was used to simulate the performance of brazilian\'s fleet heavy truck in declivities with lengths from 1.000 till 12.000 meters and declivity that vary from 1 till 12%. It was used, too, to show the impact of the resolution number 777/93 - edited by CONTRAN - applicated in the same fleet. This resolution rules ship vehicles\'brakes\'system and their performance. The obtain results denote, farther importance of a adequate legislation for the theme, a urgent renovation or adequation of brazilian\'s fleet heavy truck due to, a large part of it, with more than ten year of age, is unable to reach the minimum requisites to moving on brazilian roads and highways without implication of security, conductibility, stability and performance\'s conditions.

O objetivo da tese foi adaptar, para as condições das rodovias brasileiras, as diretrizes da AASHTO para projetos de faixas adicionais de subida. Esta adaptação foi feita através de três aspectos: (i) geração de curvas de desempenho para caminhões típicos brasileiros; (ii) determinação da redução admissível de velocidade para caminhões; e (iii) estimativa do fluxo e da porcentagem de caminhões no tráfego que justifiquem economicamente a construção da faixa adicional. Quanto ao primeiro aspecto, constatou-se que as relações massa/potência encontradas para caminhões brasileiros (variam de 100 a 380 kg/kW) são significativamente maiores que a dos caminhões norte-americanos (120 kg/kW), o que inviabiliza o uso das curvas de desempenho que constam do livro verde da AASHTO. Nesta pesquisa, um modelo de locomoção de veículos foi calibrado e validado, logo após foram geradas curvas de desempenho para sete categorias de caminhões brasileiros. No segundo aspecto, as relações entre as diferenças de velocidade entre automóveis e caminhões, e índices de envolvimento de caminhões em acidentes foram obtidas. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram coletados dados sobre acidentes envolvendo caminhões, velocidade de veículos em aclives e volume diário médio. As relações foram comparadas com a utilizada nas diretrizes da AASHTO e as diferenças encontradas sugerem que a redução admissível na velocidade dos caminhões brasileiros deve ser de 20 km/h, em rodovias de pista simples, e de 35 km/h, em rodovias de pista dupla, se o índice de envolvimento de caminhões em acidentes for o que corresponde à redução máxima de velocidade admitida pela AASHTO (15 km/h). Em relação ao terceiro aspecto, foram analisadas relações benefício/custo para diversos cenários, visando estimar os fluxos de tráfego para os quais os custos fossem iguais aos benefícios. Os custos foram estimados a partir do investimento de capital necessário para a construção da ) faixa adicional, com base em projetos típicos do estado de São Paulo. Os benefícios estimados foram a redução do tempo de viagem e dos custos operacionais dos carros, ônibus e caminhões descarregados. Para a estimativa dos tempos de viagem, porcentagem do tempo trafegando em pelotões e porcentagem média de veículos em pelotões, foram feitas simulações, com e sem a faixa adicional, usando-se o modelo TRARR. Nessas simulações, os fluxos variaram entre 50 a 700 veíc/h e as porcentagens de caminhões de 10% a 40%. Os resultados indicam que os fluxos mínimos no aclive, que justifiquem economicamente a construção da faixa adicional, dependem da porcentagem de caminhões e da magnitude do aclive, variando de 340 veíc/h (10% de caminhões; aclives de até 3%) a 185 veíc/h (30% de caminhões; aclives de mais de 3%). / The objective of the research reported in this PhD dissertation was to adapt the AASHTO guidelines for design of climbing lanes to the Brazilian highways characteristics. This adaptation was carried out with regard to three aspects: (i) development of performance curves for typical Brazilian trucks; (ii) determination of the maximum speed reduction of slow trucks on upgrades; and (iii) estimation of minimum upgrade traffic flow rates and truck percents that would warrant the construction of climbing lanes on two-lane highways, from cost-effectiveness approach. Regarding the first aspect, it was verified that mass/power ratios for Brazilian trucks vary between 100 and 380 kg/kW and significantly differ from the ratio taken by AASHTO as representative of the average North-American truck (120 kg/kW); therefore, the truck performance curves from the AASHTO green book should not be used to design climbing lanes in Brazil. The green book\'s performance curves can be replaced by a family of performance curves for Brazilian trucks generated by a truck locomotion model, which was calibrated and validated in this research. With regard to the second aspect analyzed, the relationship between speed difference and truck accident involvement rates was studied. Data about truck accidents, speeds and annual average daily traffic were collected. These functions were compared to the one presented in the green book and the differences found suggest that, for the same truck accident involvement rate used to establish the maximum truck speed reduction adopted in the AASHTO policy (15 km/h), the admissible truck speed reduction on Brazilian roads would be 20 km/h on two-lane highways and 35 km/h on divided highways. With regard to the third aspect, benefit/cost ratios for several scenarios were analyzed in order to estimate upgrade traffic flow rates that would warrant the provision of climbing lanes. (continue) (continuation) The costs were estimated on the basis of the capital costs for the construction of the climbing lane, based on costs of climbing lanes built in the state of São Paulo. The benefits were estimated from the reduction of travel time and vehicle operating costs provided by the construction of a climbing lane. Travel times, percent time spent following, and average fraction of vehicles travelling in platoons with and without the climbing lane were estimated by means of traffic flow simulations carried out with TRARR. The simulations were run using traffic flows ranging from 50 to 700 veh/h, with truck percents varying from 10% to 40%. The results indicated upgrade traffic flow rates that warrants climbing lanes varying with truck percents and grades magnitude and range from 340 veh/h (grades of up to 3%, 10% trucks in flow) to 185 veh/h (grades of more than 3%, with 30% trucks).

The topic of this master´s thesis is development of system for configuration of fire truck. The design of the fire truck is based on legislative requirements, future incidents and on a character of landscape. The first part contains these requirements. How to process current incidents and how to predict future incidents is described in the next chapter. For prediction of future incidents are used neural networks are detailed in the third part of the thesis. Implementation of the three selected neural network from previous part for Windows platform is in the fourth part of the thesis. Last part of the thesis is testing several configurations of neural network and the one with the best result is implemented in application which is the main outcome of the thesis.

Esta dissertação busca identificar os elementos integrados pelos caminhoneiros autônomos em suas vidas móveis. Analisa como estes motoristas extraem permanência de suas mobilidades, constitutivas desses modos de vidas. Os caminhoneiros são profissionais especializados em operar veículos automotores de carga e fazer circular mercadorias a partir do transporte rodoviário. Trata-se de um conjunto disperso e heterogêneo que executa grandes jornadas de trabalho distantes de seus endereços fixos, para onde retornam intermitentemente. Sem desvincular-se dos cotidianos mais sedentários, intensificam o convívio com os caminhões e as estradas. Instrumento de trabalho, mas também casa móvel, o caminhão é onde se realiza obrigações, prazeres e lazeres. Os veículos adquirem diverso usos, modificações, valores, afetos e podem operar nas distinções entre pares. Cuidados de si e dos caminhões se misturam e revestem a boleia de domesticidade masculina que ajuda a viabilizar o ser caminhoneiro. Nas estradas, cumpre-se o itinerário, cujas rotas e prazos são estipulados pelo mercado. O itinerário é preenchido pelos caminhoneiros por intensas negociações entre tarefas laborais e extralaborais manifestadas nas escolhas e efetivações das paradas que pontuam o trajeto. Nos estabelecimentos comerciais, os motoristas se vinculam ao pessoal do posto, chapas e putas. São interações afetivas, trabalhistas, sexuais e de consumo que se articulam e animam as estradas. Tendo em vista a vida social das BRs esta etnografia se desenvolveu a partir de caronas nas boleias de caminhão, um tipo de mobilidade informal e gratuita inteligível neste contexto, em especial, para os caminhoneiros. As teorias elaboradas pelos motoristas inspiraram esta dissertação e suscitam dialogo com algumas discussões acadêmicas sobre mobilidades e trabalho caminhoneiro no campo das humanidades. Com isso, leva-se em conta que quando os motoristas e caminhões se movem pelas estradas, não só as mercadorias são postas em circulação através de itinerários. Junto a elas se movimentam também certa economia corporal, material e simbólica numa trama adensada de relações que cria e recria caminhos. Estes, indispensáveis para a permanência dessas vidas móveis. / This dissertation aims to identify what are the elements that truck drivers integrate in their mobile lives. We analyze how these truck drivers extract permanence of their mobilities, constitutive of those ways of living. The truck drivers professionals specializes in operate cargo automotive vehicles, transporting goods across the road network. They are a heterogeneous disperse set of professionals performing long work periods away from their fixed homes, to which they return intermittently. Thus, they keep bonds with their settled dwellings while they intensify their sociality with trucks and roads. The truck is both a work tool and a mobile house, where they perform duties, pleasures and leisure. The vehicles are put to different uses, customizations, values, affections and may engender distinction amongst colleagues. Drivers intertwine self-care and truck maintenance, investing the truck lorry of a masculine domesticity which instantiate what is to be a truck driver. On the road, an itinerary is fulfilled, with market stipulated routes and schedules. Meanwhile, truck drivers entangle their itinerary with intense negotiations between work tasks and other activities, which take place in the truck drivers choices of where they stop along the way. At side road shops and stores, drivers relate to gas station workers, local guides and prostitutes. Labor, affective, sexual and consumption relations that makes the road alive. Regarding the social life of Brazilian federal highways and roads, this ethnographic research was carried out by means of hitchhiking truck lorries, a free and non-official way of faring used to translate to the drivers the anthropological research. The theories conceived by those truckers have inspired this work and are presented in dialogue with academic debates on mobilities and truck drivers professional realities. Thus, we consider that not only goods are set in motion when drivers and trucks fare their itineraries, but there is also a specific bodily, material and symbolic economy moving along a thick meshwork of relations that make and unmake paths. Those are constitutive of the permanence of those mobile lives.

La conteneurisation a révolutionné le commerce international au 20éme siècle. L’introduction du conteneur, comme moyen standard de transport de marchandise, a profondément impacté le commerce maritime et a radicalement changé le fonctionnement des ports. En effet, les ports n’ont cessé de se développer par la construction de nouveaux terminaux à conteneurs (TC) et également par l’amélioration de leurs services par la réduction des délais et des coûts de livraison. En parallèle, la gestion des risques dans les TC a reçu beaucoup d'attention ces dernières années en raison de l'augmentation des activités frauduleuses liées aux conteneurs. La communauté internationale a proposé plusieurs initiatives pour améliorer la sécurité du transport maritime. Cependant, l'évaluation des risques des conteneurs reste une tâche difficile, souvent due à des informations incomplètes ou ambiguës sur les conteneurs. D’autre part, la réduction de l’empreinte écologique sur l’environnement est devenue une préoccupation majeure en matière de transport conteneurisé. Face à cet enjeu écologique, les acteurs du dernier kilomètre de la chaîne logistique du conteneur doivent améliorer et optimiser leur infrastructure et penser des modes de transport terrestre de conteneurs ayant une empreinte environnementale moindre que les modes de transports classiques à gasoil, sans toutefois impacter les performances. Dans cette optique, le premier objectif de cette thèse se focalise autour l’amélioration de la performance du processus d’inspection des conteneurs. Ainsi, nous proposons une nouvelle approche adaptative de la priorisation d’inspection des conteneurs. Nous avons nommé cette approche APRICOIN (Adaptive PRIoritizing Container INspection). Cette approche exploite le concept du produit intelligent ainsi que de la logique floue et les techniques de fouille de données. Cette approche est basée sur trois étapes. La première étape vise l’amélioration du flux informationnel et en assurant sa véracité et ce moyennant les capacités du conteneur intelligent. Ainsi on propose un descriptif enrichi du conteneur (DEC). La deuxième étape consiste à prioriser l’inspection des conteneurs en lui attribuant un score de risque à l’aide de la logique floue. La dernière étape consiste à prioriser l’inspection des conteneurs et exploiter les résultats d’inspection afin d’ajuster la précision de l’algorithme APROCOIN et s’adapter aux nouveaux facteurs de risque moyennant les techniques de fouille de données. Afin de valider l’approche proposée, une étude de cas illustratif a été réalisée ainsi qu’une étude comparative avec d’autres approches alternatives. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse se focalise sur le projet green Truck qui vise particulièrement les transporteurs routiers de conteneurs à courtes distances dans la zone portuaire en assurant une transition énergétique de la flotte de tracteurs gasoil vers des tracteurs électriques à batteries rechargeables. Le projet s’intéresse à une technique récente de rechargement des batteries, à savoir le « Biberonnage ». Cette technologie est inspirée du fonctionnement de certains bus électriques. Elle consiste à exploiter les courts temps d’attentes du véhicule, comme par exemple la monté et la descente des passagers pour le cas des bus, afin de recharger automatiquement la batterie du véhicule. Ainsi dans cette thèse, nous avons exploré différentes techniques et modes de rechargement rapide des batteries de tracteurs routiers électriques compte tenu des contraintes d’exploitation, et d’évalué la faisabilité économique de la mise en œuvre d’un système comprenant le véhicule et l’infrastructure électrique. L’outil de simulation Anylogic a permis de dimensionner les batteries et les bornes de recharge des véhicules électriques, en plus de fournir aux décideurs des résultats technico-économiques avec des représentations animées et graphiques en 3D. / Containerization revolutionized international trade in the 20th century. The introduction of the container, as a standard means of transporting goods, has had a profound impact on maritime trade and has radically changed the functioning of ports. Indeed, ports have continued to grow through the construction of new container terminals (CT) and also by improving their services by reducing delays and delivery costs. At the same time, risk management in CTs has received a lot of attention in recent years due to an increase in fraudulent container activities. The international community has proposed several initiatives to improve the security of maritime transport. However, the risk assessment of containers remains a difficult task, often due to incomplete or ambiguous container information. On the other hand, reducing the ecological footprint on the environment has become a major concern in containerized transport. Faced with this ecological challenge, the last-mile players in the container logistics chain must improve and optimize their infrastructure and think of new land transport modes of containers with a lower environmental footprint than conventional diesel transport modes, without having an impact on performance. With this in mind, the first objective of this thesis focuses on improving the performance of the container inspection process. Thus, we propose a new adaptive approach to container inspection prioritization. We named this approach APRICOIN (Adaptive PRIoritizing Container INspection). This approach exploits the concept of intelligent product as well as fuzzy logic and data mining techniques. This approach is based on three stages. The first step is to improve the information flow and to ensure this truthfulness by means of the capabilities of the intelligent container. Thus we propose an enriched description of the container (DEC). The second step is to prioritize container inspection by assigning a risk score using fuzzy logic. The final step is to prioritize the inspection of the containers and use the inspection results to adjust the accuracy of the APROCOIN algorithm and to adapt to the new risk factors using the data mining technique. In order to validate the proposed approach, an illustrative case study was conducted as well as a comparative study with other alternative approaches. The second objective of this thesis focuses on the green truck project, which is particularly aimed at short-haul container road hauliers in the port area by ensuring an energy transition from the fleet of diesel tractors to electric tractors with rechargeable batteries. It consists in exploiting the short wait times of the vehicle, in order to automatically recharge the vehicle's battery. Thus, in this thesis, we have explored the different techniques and methods of recharging batteries of electric road tractors taking into account operating constraints, and evaluate the economic feasibility of implementing such system. The Anylogic simulation was used to size the batteries and the charging stations of electric vehicles. In addition technical and economic results with 3D animated and graphic representations was provided.

Ligne continue, homogène et inhabitée, la représentation de l’autoroute se conçoit presque exclusivement comme un équipement fonctionnel du transport, traversant des territoires. Cependant, l’autoroute serait également traversée par ces mêmes territoires, donnant suite à l’émergence d’acteurs et d’une diversité de pratiques. Des problématiques locales, en apparence parfois anodines, finiraient par s’imposer et modifier la conception, la gestion et l’exploitation des infrastructures. Cette thèse s’interroge sur l’existence et la nature d’une dimension territoriale de l’autoroute, mais aussi infrastructurelle du territoire. Ce questionnement est supporté par deux ethnographies : l’une dans la société concessionnaire Vinci autoroutes, avec la Direction du patrimoine et de la construction de Cofiroute ; la seconde avec des acteurs, dont des habitants, des usagers et des élus locaux, situés autour d’autoroutes concédées par ce même gestionnaire privé, dans la région Centre-Val de Loire. Les ethnographies sont accompagnées d’un travail cartographique pour entrevoir les différentes articulations entre infrastructures et territoires. Finalement, la thèse montre la nécessité d’appréhender l’autoroute en tant que région autoroutière, comme un espace traversé par des questions territoriales faites de détails significatifs, au-delà de l’infrastructure elle-même, et d’une multitude d’objets, d’acteurs et de pratiques. Le réseau autoroutier est décomposé pour donner à voir un ensemble d’éléments, d’organisations et de codifications, en lien à des territoires. Ce changement de représentation met en perspective le positionnement des infrastructures autoroutières dans les collectivités locales, avec des formes d’appropriations, de coopérations, d’échanges ou de divergences. / A continuous line, homogeneous and uninhabited, the representation of the highway is often and almost exclusively conceived as a functional equipment of transport and engineering, crossing territories. However, the motorway would also be crossed by these same territories, following the emergence of actors and a variety of practices. Local issues, seemingly sometimes insignificants, would eventually impose and change the design, management and operation of infrastructure. This thesis questions the existence and the nature of a territorial dimension of the highway but also an infrastructural dimension of the territory. This questioning is supported and explored by two ethnographies: one within the private operator of highways, Vinci Autoroutes, with the Directorate of Heritage and Construction of Cofiroute; the second with actors, including inhabitants, users and local elected officials, located around motorways conceded by the same private concessionaire, in the Center-Val de Loire region. The ethnographies are accompanied by a cartographic work which allows to glimpse the different articulations between infrastructures and territories. Finally, the thesis shows the necessity to apprehend the highway as a highway region, that is to say, as a space crossed by territorial questions made of significant details, beyond the infrastructure itself; and a multitude of objects, actors and practices. To do this, the highway network is broken down to reveal a set of elements, organizations and codifications, related to territories. This change in representation puts into perspective the positioning of highway infrastructure in local communities, with forms of appropriation, cooperation, exchange or divergence.

This thesis evaluates truck route choice set generation algorithms and derives guidance on using the algorithms for effective generation of choice sets for modeling truck route choice. Specifically, route choice sets generated from a breadth first search link elimination (BFS-LE) algorithm are evaluated against observed truck routes derived from large streams of GPS traces of a sizeable truck fleet in the Tampa Bay region of Florida. A systematic evaluation approach is presented to arrive at an appropriate combination of spatial aggregation and minimum number of trips to be observed between each origin-destination (OD) location for evaluating algorithm-generated choice sets. The evaluation is based on both the ability to generate relevant routes that are typically considered by the travelers and the generation of irrelevant (or extraneous) routes that are seldom chosen. Based on this evaluation, the thesis offers guidance on effectively using the BFS-LE approach to maximize the generation of relevant routes. It is found that carefully chosen spatial aggregation can reduce the need to generate large number of routes for each trip. Further, estimation of route choice models and their subsequent application on validation datasets revealed that the benefits of spatial aggregation might be harnessed better if irrelevant routes are eliminated from the choice sets. Lastly, a comparison of route attributes of the relevant and irrelevant routes shed light on presence of systematic differences in route characteristics of the relevant and irrelevant routes.

This thesis presents an approach to modeling Multi Agent Systems (MAS). A framework and its implementation are presented as an extension to .NET. A number of definitions of agents are evaluated for the purpose of a broad understanding of the term software agent. Software agent has been defined in MAS context and its characteristics are identified and implemented. Motivation factors for building framework for MAS have been discussed. A number of existing technologies are discussed and evaluated. A number of agent systems previously developed are also being discussed in the middle part of the thesis. A model software agent has been defined and its characteristics are divided in two basic categories essential and optional. Its implementation has been distributed into different components throughout the MAS framework. Some of these characteristics are jointly implemented by a number of components and others responsibility rest on the individual components. Detail working of the MAS framework (i.e. what to do, when to do) is explained as guide to develop MAS using MAS framework. The protocols followed by the framework components to make communication possible between them are discussed at components level. The required information for developing MAS using MAS framework are also discussed. It answers the why, when and how questions in regards to using MAS framework A case study on Dynamic Truck Scheduling (DTS) system is discussed, designed and implemented using the MAS framework. DTS System has been used as a prototype application to test and evaluate the framework. DTS also represents a model problem that can be answered by using MAS; complete in-depth details about the problem statement are discussed. It also discusses the design and implementation of the solution along with the test results of the framework. Possible future expansion is presented in light of a number of limitations known of the MAS framework. The code working behind the different components of the MAS framework is given in appendices. Some important standards of XML that are used to pass information between agents and MAS framework components are also given in the format of tables.

<p>Livsmedelsdistributören Dagab håller på att lägga om sin leveransstruktur för sina olika lager i Sverige. Omläggningen leder till att en annan typ av varor kommer att hanteras och förmodligen kommer de nya varorna kräva större yta då de ställs upp inför leverans. Dagab har bett oss att undersöka om det går att effektivisera flödet av pallarna på lagret i Jordbro. Då vi ansåg att simulering skulle vara ett bra verktyg för att undersöka detta bestämde vi oss för att i rikta in examensarbetet mot att bygga en simuleringsmodell. </p><p>Genom att införa förändringar i en modell istället för i ett verkligt system kan konsekvenser och tendenser undersökas i modellen istället för i ett riktigt system. Att göra förändringar i ett riktigt system kan vara både kostsamt och riskabelt om det inte i förväg går att veta att förändringarna leder till besparingar eller effektivisering. </p><p>Vid simulering måste verkligheten representeras av en modell, för att det ska vara möjligt att genomföra ett sådant arbete måste en del antaganden införas. Målet är att förenklingarna inte på något sätt ska försämra modellens möjlighet att representera verkligheten. Då modellen var klar implementerades de olika förändringarna och resultaten granskades och utvärderades. Simuleringen visar att om enkla åtgärder vidtas kan Dagab öka sitt inflöde med närmare 50 procent alternativt minska antalet lastbilar för utleveranser.</p><p>Våra föreslagna förändringar innebär att staplingsprocessen ska förbättras. Redan innan arbetet började kände vi intuitivt att en effektivare stapling skulle leda till kraftiga förbättringar på lagret. När arbetet nu slutförts har detta styrkts och relevanta siffror, vilka beskriver förbättringarna, har tagits fram. Med de här siffrorna kan ekonomiska beräkningar enklare göras och det skulle bli lättare för beslutsfattarna på Dagab att fatta beslut angående förslagen vi lämnat.</p>

<p>This is a final thesis done at BT, considering one of their forklift truck models called Reflex. The first part of this report is about a preliminary investigation investigating what kind of diagnostic systems BTwants to use, and also which demands there are to meet all expectations on such system. Secondly a diagnostic system, which will show if the drive wheel is worn out, will be presented. </p><p>In the preliminary investigation, two kinds of diagnostic systems were mentioned. These were Model based diagnosis and Predictive analysis. Model based diagnosis is based on measurements made by sensors at the truck, while predictive analysis is based more on statistics and retrieved data about the lifetime of a truck in specific environments. </p><p>The diagnosis system for the drive wheel is based on a model made in Matlab's Simulink. Due to poor documentation, rough simplifications in the model have been made. However, one can still see the differences of principle. </p><p>The main thought was detecting a difference in the lowest torque level from the engine, varying the diameter of the drive wheel. By measurements made directly at the truck, different torques could be observed with varying diameter of the drive wheel, varying load on the truck and varying friction in the gearbox. Using hypothesis tests, it is possible to say whether the drive wheel is worn out or not. </p><p>Results show that if the drive wheel diameter is reduced by 25 mm, torque is reduced by 7% and if the drive wheel diameter is reduced as much as 50 mm, a torque reduction of 11% would be achieved.</p>