L'objectif de cette thèse est d'approfondir la connaissance de l'aléa tsunami et des résonances côtières en France. Dans une première partie, nous avons exposé les différents éléments de modélisation des résonances et des tsunamis dans l'approximation en ondes longues et de Boussinesq avec la technique des différences finies. Tous ces éléments ont été comparés et validés lors de benchmarks. Un code résolvant les équations de la dynamique des fluides dans l'approximation de Boussinesq a été développé et validé. La seconde partie a consisté en un ensemble d'applications. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié différents évènements qui se sont produits dans l'océan Pacifique. Une étude détaillée du tsunami généré par le séisme de Maule (Mw8.8 28 février 2010) est faite en champ proche (au niveau de la côte chilienne) comme en champ lointain (sur des bouées au large comme en Polynésie française). Une comparaison des différentes sources disponibles a été effectuée. Nous en avons conclu qu'une source unitaire peut être suffisante pour reproduire les données en champ lointain. En champ proche, nous nous sommes intéressés au phénomène de résonances à grandes échelles. En utilisant les données provenant de différents instruments (marégraphiques, inclinométriques), nous avons mis en évidence le piègeage d'ondes de tsunami entre la fosse de subduction et la côte chilienne. Du fait des nombreuses sources de tsunami possible montrant des effets variés dans les différentes baies de la Polynésie française, une étude détaillée des modes de résonance de l'archipel des Marquises a été effectuée contenant une discussion sur la dépendance azimutale entre la position de la source et l'excitation des différentes résonances. Pour terminer, une discussion sur l'aléa tsunami en France métropolitaine a été effectuée. Suite à l'évènement récent de Boumerdès-Zemmouri (2003), le risque tsunami sur la côte méditerranéenne est connu. L'étude d'évènements supplémentaires permet de mieux contraindre le risque. Moins connu, le risque tsunami sur la côte Atlantique française a été étudié par la recherche d'enregistrements passés, afin de valider les simulations numériques effectuées concernant des sources du XXe siècle. Ces modélisations permettent ainsi d'avoir une première analyse de l'impact de tsunamis générés dans la zone Gibraltar--Açores sur les côtes françaises.

Lors du tsunami de Tohoku en 2011, des relevés de terrain sur les côtes japonaises ont montré la fragilité des structures côtières, où le plus grand brise-lames du monde (brise-lames de Kamaishi) a été fortement endommagé dû à cet événement. Dans ce doctorat, l'objectif est d'étudier l'interaction entre les brise-lames , les structures côtières les plus communes protégeant les zones urbaines et les entrées des ports, et les vagues, en particulier les tsunamis.Dans la première partie de ce travail, la transformation du tsunami en bore ondulaire dans les zones côtières est étudiée numériquement avec le code de calcul BOSZ (modèle Boussinesq). Les résultats montrent que la deuxième vague générée par le tsunami de Tohoku s'est transformée en un bore ondulaire. En revanche, la première vague n'était pas assez cambrée pour permettre une telle transformation. Les forces et les moments dus aux vagues ainsi que la contrainte normale appliquée par la base arrière du caisson sur le sol de fondation sont calculés à l'aide de deux modèles numériques différents: BOSZ et THETIS (modèle Navier-Stokes). Les résultats de BOSZ sont comparés avec THETIS pour l'interaction tsunami-structure. L'étude d'impact est réalisée à relativement grande échelle dans le but d'obtenir une première estimation des efforts d'un tsunamiPar la suite, une expérience numérique utilisant le modèle THETIS a été réalisée pour étudier les impacts du type flip-through sur des brise-lames. Ces impacts de vagues sans air emprisonné sont considérés comme le type d'impact le plus extrême dans la littérature (e.g. Cooker & Peregrine (1992), Hofland et al. (2011)). L'influence de l'inclinaison de l'interface sur la dynamique d'impact et les pressions générées sont analysées dans une configuration de brise-lames réelle. Le modèle d'onde solitaire est utilisé pour générer trois impacts caractéristiques du type flip-through: peu cambré, moyen et très cambré. Le champ de vitesses et la pression à l'intérieur de la fondation sont également étudiés dans cette partie. Les forces horizontales et verticales appliquées sur le caisson sont estimées en intégrant les distributions de pression données par THETIS.La dernière partie de ces travaux montre la stabilité des caissons de brise-lames soumis à des impacts du type flip-through, qui sont ici assimilés à un jet triangulaire (e.g. Cumberbatch (1960), Kihara et al. (2015)). Cette approche simple permet de formuler un modèle semi-analytique pour prédire le mouvement des caissons dû à ce type d'impacts. Après validation avec des simulations numériques, la méthode du jet triangulaire permet d'obtenir des informations sur les forces, la durée du mouvement et le déplacement total en fonction des caractéristiques de la vague et des dimensions du caisson du brise-lames impacté. / During the Tohoku tsunami in 2011, field surveys of the east coast of Japan showed the weakness of coastal defences, as even the world largest tsunami breakwater (Kamaishi) almost completely collapsed due to this event. In this PhD, the aim is to investigate the interaction between breakwaters, the most common offshore coastal structures protecting urban areas and harbour entries, and waves and especially tsunami waves.In the first part of the work, the generation of undular bores in the near-shore area of Sendai during the Tohoku event is numerically investigated with the numerical model BOSZ (Boussinesq-type model). It is shown that the second wave, which stroke the coast during this event, transformed into an undular bore, whereas the first wave did not due to steepness differences. Tsunami loads, moments and bearing stress applied on the offshore breakwater of the Soma Port are calculated using two models: BOSZ and THETIS (Navier-Stokes VOF model). BOSZ results are compared to THETIS for the tsunami wave-breakwater interaction. The impact study is carried out at a relatively large scale aiming to have a first estimation of tsunami efforts. Then, a numerical experiment using THETIS is carried out to investigate flip-through impacts on vertical breakwaters. This non-aerated wave impact is considered as the most severe type of impact in the literature (e.g. Cooker & Peregrine (1992), Hofland et al. (2011)) in terms of maximum pressure generated. The influence of the front interface on the impact dynamics and the pressure induced is analysed in a realistic breakwater configuration. Solitary waves are used to obtain three characteristic flip-through impacts involving least steep, medium steep and steepest wave front. The flow field and pressure inside the porous rubble mound are then investigated as well as horizontal and uplift forces applied on the breakwater caisson. The last part of this study is devoted to the stability of breakwater caissons submitted to flip-through impacts. The latter are here assimilated to water wedges (e.g. Cumberbatch (1960), Kihara et al. (2015)). This simple approach allows to formulate a semi-analytical model to predict caisson motion due to this type of impacts. After validation with numerical results, the water wedge method gives rich informations about forces, motion duration and sliding distance depending on the wave impact characteristics and breakwater caisson dimensions.

Den här studien undersöker om det kan utrönas skillnader, och om så är fallet, i vad dessa skillnader består i, mellan manligt och kvinnligt skriftspråk i katastrofjournalistik med avseende på diskoteksbranden i Göteborg 1998 och tsunamikatastrofen 2004.    Dessa händelser valdes med utgångspunkt av att de liknar varandra, inte bara i att de faller under katastrofjournalistik, utan för att de båda krävde ett stort antal svenska dödsoffer och genom detta haft djupgående påverkan på det svenska samhället. Studiens empiri består av 78 nyhetsartiklar från Dagens Nyheteroch Svenska Dagbladet, vilka genererats med hjälp av databasen Retriever. Dessa har sedan undersökt noga genom text- och innehållsanalys med både kvantitativa och kvalitativa inslag.    Resultatet av studien visade att det i materialet fanns språkmässiga skillnader mellan könen. De kvinnliga journalisterna tenderade att använda fler pronomen i sina texter och att beskriva händelserna mer detaljrikt än männen. Dessutom tenderade nyhetstexterna som författats av kvinnor att vara mer emotionella och innehålla fler ord än de som författats av män, samtidigt som meningslängden i deras artiklar var kortare än männens. / This study is aiming to investigate if there is a detectable difference, and if so, what characterizes that difference, between female and male written language in news reports from two catastrophic events that have had great impact on the Swedish society, namely the disco fire in Gothenburg in 1998 and the tsunami that hit the Bay of Bengal in 2004.   For the purpose of the investigation, 78 articles were pulled from the Swedish newspapers Dagens Nyheterand Svenska Dagbladet, with help by the newspaper search engine Retriever. Those articles were then closely examined through the use of both qualitative and quantitative content analysis.    The study showed that there were some differences to be found in the language use of female and male journalists concerning the two news events. Some of these differences being that the female reporters both tended to use more pronouns in their texts, and too describe events in more detail than their male colleagues. Other features that set female and male articles apart, were that female texts tended to contain more words than male texts at the same time as being more emotionally orientated. Articles by female writers also tended to be divided into shorter sentences than articles by male writers.

This thesis deals with smooth discretization schemes and inverse problems, the former used in efficient yet accurate numerical solutions to forward models required in turn to solve inverse problems. The aims of the thesis include, (i) development of a stabilization techniques for a class of forward problems plagued by unphysical oscillations in the response due to the presence of jumps/shocks/high gradients, (ii) development of a smooth hybrid discretization scheme that combines certain useful features of Finite Element (FE) and Mesh-Free (MF) methods and alleviates certain destabilizing factors encountered in the construction of shape functions using the polynomial reproduction method and, (iii) a first of its kind attempt at the joint inversion of both static and dynamic source parameters of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake using tsunami sea level anomaly data. Following the introduction in Chapter 1 that motivates and puts in perspective the work done in later chapters, the main body of the thesis may be viewed as having two parts, viz., the first part constituting the development and use of smooth discretization schemes in the possible presence of destabilizing factors (Chapters 2 and 3) and the second part involving solution to the inverse problem of tsunami source recovery (Chapter 4). In the context of stability requirements in numerical solutions of practical forward problems, Chapter 2 develops a new stabilization scheme. It is based on a stochastic representation of the discretized field variables, with a view to reduce or even eliminate unphysical oscillations in the MF numerical simulations of systems developing shocks or exhibiting localized bands of extreme plastic deformation in the response. The origin of the stabilization scheme may be traced to nonlinear stochastic filtering and, consistent with a class of such filters, gain-based additive correction terms are applied to the simulated solution of the system, herein achieved through the Element-Free Galerkin (EFG) method, in order to impose a set of constraints that help arresting the spurious oscillations. The method is numerically illustrated through its application to a gradient plasticity model whose response is often characterized by a developing shear band as the external load is gradually increased. The potential of the method in stabilized yet accurate numerical simulations of such systems involving extreme gradient variations in the response is thus brought forth. Chapter 3 develops the MF-based discretization motif by balancing this with the widespread adoption of the FE method. Thus it concentrates on developing a 'hybrid' scheme that aims at the amelioration of certain destabilizing algorithmic issues arising from the necessary condition of moment matrix invertibility en route to the generation of smooth shape functions. It sets forth the hybrid discretization scheme utilizing bivariate simplex splines as kernels in a polynomial reproducing approach adopted over a conventional FE-like domain discretization based on Delaunay triangulation. Careful construction of the simplex spline knotset ensures the success of the polynomial reproduction procedure at all points in the domain of interest, a significant advancement over its precursor, the DMS-FEM. The shape functions in the proposed method inherit the global continuity ( C p 1 ) and local supports of the simplex splines of degree p . In the proposed scheme, the triangles comprising the domain discretization also serve as background cells for numerical integration which here are near-aligned to the supports of the shape functions (and their intersections), thus considerably ameliorating an oft-cited source of inaccuracy in the numerical integration of MF-based weak forms. Numerical experiments establish that the proposed method can work with lower order quadrature rules for accurate evaluation of integrals in the Galerkin weak form, a feature desiderated in solving nonlinear inverse problems that demand cost-effective solvers for the forward models. Numerical demonstrations of optimal convergence rates for a few test cases are given and the hybrid method is also implemented to compute crack-tip fields in a gradient-enhanced elasticity model. Chapter 4 attempts at the joint inversion of earthquake source parameters for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman event from the tsunami sea level anomaly signals available from satellite altimetry. Usual inversion for earthquake source parameters incorporates subjective elements, e.g. a priori constraints, posing and parameterization, trial-and-error waveform fitting etc. Noisy and possibly insufficient data leads to stability and non-uniqueness issues in common deterministic inversions. A rational accounting of both issues favours a stochastic framework which is employed here, leading naturally to a quantification of the commonly overlooked aspects of uncertainty in the solution. Confluence of some features endows the satellite altimetry for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami event with unprecedented value for the inversion of source parameters for the entire rupture duration. A nonlinear joint inversion of the slips, rupture velocities and rise times with minimal a priori constraints is undertaken. Large and hitherto unreported variances in the parameters despite a persistently good waveform fit suggest large propagation of uncertainties and hence the pressing need for better physical models to account for the defect dynamics and massive sediment piles. Chapter 5 concludes the work with pertinent comments on the results obtained and suggestions for future exploration of some of the schemes developed here.

「對外發展援助」作為歐盟施展全球影響力之重要途徑，其具體作法與實際成效在於維繫歐盟「文明權力」之可信度。時值國際金融海嘯衝擊，而歐洲債信仍危機四伏之際，歐盟能否持續推動發展援助政策，已然成為新時期歐盟全球戰略之迫切問題。爰此，本研究旨在探討歐盟發展援助政策，希冀經由對此一政策形成、推動、發展與演進之分析，輔以亞洲地區援助計畫個案討論，全面檢視當代歐盟發展援助政策之實踐與展望。首先透過文獻資料蒐集與整理，系統地回顧歐盟發展援助政策之沿革，並就其相關法理基礎進行初步檢視與探索。其次探討歐盟對亞洲發展援助之架構與策略，闡述歐盟自1994年啟動《邁向亞洲新策略》以來歐亞關係之演進與變遷。最後則以南海海嘯作為分析個案，評估歐盟對亞洲發展援助政策之實踐與現況，進而分析該政策對我國影響與啟示。 / As being the essential approach for EU global influence, European development policy has maintained the credibility of EU “civil power” by its real measures and effects. After the impact of the global financial crisis and the European debt crisis, to maintain the development policy became an imminent challenge for EU global strategy in this new era. In order to explore the regional cooperation and development policy in Asia, there is a need to systematically review the background and legal basis of EU development policy, then to analyze the framework and strategy of EU development policy in Asia and the inner EU-Asia relations since 1994 “Towards A New Asian Strategy”. After all, understand the actual performance of development policy in Asia by evaluating the case study of 2004 South Asian Tsunami, which can also be infer as the policy implication for Taiwan.

Depending on their nature and severity, disasters can create large volumes of debris and waste. Waste volumes from a single event can be the equivalent of many times the annual waste generation rate of the affected community. These volumes can overwhelm existing solid waste management facilities and personnel. Mismanagement of disaster waste can affect both the response and long term recovery of a disaster affected area. Previous research into disaster waste management has been either context specific or event specific, making it difficult to transfer lessons from one disaster event to another. The aim of this research is to develop a systems understanding of disaster waste management and in turn develop context- and disaster-transferrable decision-making guidance for emergency and waste managers. To research this complex and multi-disciplinary problem, a multi-hazard, multi-context, multi-case study approach was adopted. The research focussed on five major disaster events: 2011 Christchurch earthquake, 2009 Victorian Bushfires, 2009 Samoan tsunami, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake and 2005 Hurricane Katrina. The first stage of the analysis involved the development of a set of ‘disaster & disaster waste’ impact indicators. The indicators demonstrate a method by which disaster managers, planners and researchers can simplify the very large spectra of possible disaster impacts, into some key decision-drivers which will likely influence post-disaster management requirements. The second stage of the research was to develop a set of criteria to represent the desirable environmental, economic, social and recovery effects of a successful disaster waste management system. These criteria were used to assess the effectiveness of the disaster waste management approaches for the case studies. The third stage of the research was the cross-case analysis. Six main elements of disaster waste management systems were identified and analysed. These were: strategic management, funding mechanisms, operational management, environmental and human health risk management, and legislation and regulation. Within each of these system elements, key decision-making guidance (linked to the ‘disaster & disaster waste’ indicators) and management principles were developed. The ‘disaster & disaster waste’ impact indicators, the effects assessment criteria and management principles have all been developed so that they can be practically applied to disaster waste management planning and response in the future.

世界各國人口結構持續改變，高齡化社會正逐漸成形，退休金制度的良窳已成為一國人口未來福利是否受到保障的最關鍵因素。各國政府勞退制度之改革最普遍的就是推動以「確定給付制」改為「確定提撥制」。我國勞工退休金政策亦於2005年7月正式實施勞工退休金新制，以「個人退休金專戶」為中心的「確定提撥制」逐漸取代「確定給付制」之勞退舊制。惟與其他國家最大不同是我國退休基金的管理與運用乃由政府統籌辦理，屬於集中管理模式；反觀先進國家勞工退休金其會員則可依個人風險承擔程度自由選擇投資不同類型退休基金，故自我國勞退新制實施以來，勞工是否傾向自行決定退休金運用方式就值得探討。然2008年金融海嘯發生，勞退基金首次發生虧損，勞工退休金開放自行選擇投資組合是否依然可行？ 本研究之研究方法包括文獻分析法，藉由世界主要國家退休金制度的變革，了解國際間對於勞工自行選擇退休金運用方式之概況與趨勢發展，並比較主要各國運用方式，發現目前國際間採用確定提撥制的國家已多數可由勞工自行選擇退休基金方案；另外採行問卷調查，針對全國總工會之勞工代表與幹部以問卷方式調查其對勞工退休基金運用的看法，發現大部分工會代表在金融海嘯前後均傾向選擇自選，而在教育程度與年齡等變項發現達到顯著性之水準。爰依本研究結論，建議勞工主管單位，應研擬逐步開放的方式推行，且儘速使勞工依個人風險承擔程度，自由選擇不同類型退休基金，並適時給予所需之教育訓練。 / The structure of the world population continues to change; an aging society is gradually taking shape. The virtue of the pension system has become the most critical factor in the future welfare of a country's population. The most of the world‘s governments labor pension system of reform is to promote the "defined benefit" to "defined contribution" system. The new labor pension policy in Taiwan was implemented in July 2005. The individual pension accounts "defined benefit" system was gradually replaced by "defined contribution". But the Taiwan's pension fund management belonging to the centralized management model; which was different with the other countries. On the other hand, other advanced countries, labor pension of its members can choose to invest in different types of pension funds according to personal risk degree of freedom. So the Taiwan’s labor whether the tendency to decide pension use since the implementation of the new labor fun system is worth exploring. In this study, literature analysis was used. We find the international workers to choose the pension use of profiles and the trends by reviewing change of the world's major national pension system. We also found that using defined contribution system in the world the pension fund program was chosen freely by the majority workers. In addition, by using the questionnaire survey of labor representatives and cadres of the China Federation of Trade Unions, we found that the majority of union representatives tend to select the optional before and after the financial tsunami. The level of education and age variables to reach a significant level. In accordance with these conclusions, we recommended that the labor unit in charge opening the way to implement should be developed gradually. To bear the degree of labor as soon as possible according to individual risk, freedom to choose different types of pension funds, and timely given the required training.

<p>This essay is the result of a field study in Ko Lanta in Thailand, during October-December 2009. The purpose of the study was to document the traditional religion of Urak Lawoi and to analyze in what way their life and beliefs have changed during the last 20 years.</p><p>Urak Lawoi is the name of one of the sea nomadic ethnic groups who lives along the shores of Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia. They are spread on many of the islands in the Andaman Sea archipelago and Ko Lanta is the main settlement. Ural Lawoi is regarded as the indigenous people of the island and they live there as a minority with Muslims and Thai-Chinese.</p><p>The traditional religion of Urak Lawoi is built upon the animistic belief of their ancestors. The religious leader and link between the spirit world and the humans is the To Maw. The family bonds are strong in the Urak Lawoi community and the elders play an important role in life and after death, when they can keep on watching out for their offspring. For the living it is important to do the rituals and ceremonies in the right way to obtain good luck and avoid bad luck.</p><p>In the last 20 years Ko Lanta has experienced a tremendous process of change caused by the increasing tourism. The conditions of the Urak Lawoi and their way of life have dramatically changed. The modern society with money economy, new technical solutions and a rationalized large-scale fishing has rapidly changed their way of life. The tsunami catastrophe, and the following attention from help organizations and missionary activities, has escalated the process. The traditional religion and culture of the Urak Lawoi is still present on the island but it is declining and changing under the influence of the constant pressure from other interests.</p>

Il presente elaborato descrive tre dimensioni quali lo stile d'attaccamento (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980; Ainsworth e coll., 1978), la competenza emotiva (Frijda, 1990; Goleman, 1996, 1998; Grazzani Gavazzi, 2004) e la resilienza (Cyrulnik, 2002), analizzata partendo da un excursus storico del concetto di trauma, dalle prime teorie psicoanalitiche fino a giungere alla categoria diagnostica del DPTS disturbo post traumatico da stress. Viene quindi riportata una ricerca condotta in Sri Lanka su un campione di 70 bambine tra gli 8 e i 10 anni, che hanno avuto esperienza dello tsunami che ha colpito il sud est asiatico nel dicembre 2004. Lo studio ha previsto l'utilizzo del SAT (Separation Anxiety Test) (Attili, 2001) per individuare gli stili di attaccamento dei bambini; il disegno a tema, analizzato attraverso la griglia interpretativa ideata da Bombi e Pinto (1993, 2000) per individuare il grado di competenza emotiva e il test della memoria a breve termine della figura complessa di Rey (1967), volto ad indagare le capacità attentive, di concentrazione e di memoria a breve termine dei bambini. Le variabili prese in considerazione sono state quindi analizzate sia singolarmente sia in relazione tra loro. / This work describes three dimensions: the attachment style (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980; Ainsworth e coll., 1978), the emotional competence (Frijda, 1990; Goleman, 1996, 1998; Grazzani Gavazzi, 2004) and the resilience (Cyrulnik, 2002), analyzed through the history of the trauma's concept, since the first psychoanalytic theory until the category of PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Therefore, it is described a research in Sri Lanka about a sample of 70 female children between 8 and 10 years old, who had experience of Tsunami of December 2004 in the South East Asia. The research included the use of SAT (Separation Anxiety Test) (Attili, 2001) to find out the attachment styles of the children; the thematic painting, analyzed through the interpretative grate of Bombi e Pinto (1993, 2000) to analyze the grade of emotional competence and the Test of short-term memory of Complex Figure of Rey (1967), to describe the capability of attention, concentration and short-term memory of the children. The variables had been analyzed individually and in relation one to one.

This essay is the result of a field study in Ko Lanta in Thailand, during October-December 2009. The purpose of the study was to document the traditional religion of Urak Lawoi and to analyze in what way their life and beliefs have changed during the last 20 years. Urak Lawoi is the name of one of the sea nomadic ethnic groups who lives along the shores of Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia. They are spread on many of the islands in the Andaman Sea archipelago and Ko Lanta is the main settlement. Ural Lawoi is regarded as the indigenous people of the island and they live there as a minority with Muslims and Thai-Chinese. The traditional religion of Urak Lawoi is built upon the animistic belief of their ancestors. The religious leader and link between the spirit world and the humans is the To Maw. The family bonds are strong in the Urak Lawoi community and the elders play an important role in life and after death, when they can keep on watching out for their offspring. For the living it is important to do the rituals and ceremonies in the right way to obtain good luck and avoid bad luck. In the last 20 years Ko Lanta has experienced a tremendous process of change caused by the increasing tourism. The conditions of the Urak Lawoi and their way of life have dramatically changed. The modern society with money economy, new technical solutions and a rationalized large-scale fishing has rapidly changed their way of life. The tsunami catastrophe, and the following attention from help organizations and missionary activities, has escalated the process. The traditional religion and culture of the Urak Lawoi is still present on the island but it is declining and changing under the influence of the constant pressure from other interests.