On December 26th, 2004, 280,000 people lost their lives. A massive earthquake struck Indonesia, triggering a tsunami that affected several countries, including Thailand. The disaster had important implications for health status of Thai citizens, as well as health system planning, and thus underscores the need to study its long-term effect. This dissertation examined the patterns, determinants, and spatial analysis of health service utilization following the tsunami in Thailand. The primary aim was to determine whether tsunami-affected status (personal injury or property loss) and distance to a health facility (public health center or hospital) influenced health service utilization. The study population included Thai citizens (aged 14+), living in the tsunami-affected Thai provinces: Phuket, Phang Nga, Krabi, and Ranong. Study participants were randomly selected from the ‘affected’ and ‘unaffected’ populations. One and two years after the tsunami, participants were interviewed in-person on demographic and socio-economic factors, disaster impact, health status, and health service utilization. Five types of health services were examined: outpatient services, inpatient services, home visits, medications, and informal (unpaid) care. Distance to a health facility was calculated using Geographic Information System’s Network Analyst. The Grossman model of the demand for health care and a distance decay concept provided the foundation for this study. A propensity score method and a two-part model were used to examine the study objectives. There were 1,889 participants. One year after the tsunami, individuals affected by property loss were more likely to use medications than unaffected participants. Two years after the tsunami, individuals with personal injury were more likely to use outpatient services, medications, and informal care than unaffected participants. Distance to a health facility was associated with the use of medications and informal care. The results confirmed the long-term effect of a tsunami. This dissertation may assist the decision- and policy-makers in the identification of those most likely to use health services and in the request of health resources to the affected areas. The patterns, determinants, and spatial analysis of health service utilization found in this study may not be specific to a tsunami and may provide insights on post-disaster contexts of other natural disasters.

On December 26th, 2004, 280,000 people lost their lives. A massive earthquake struck Indonesia, triggering a tsunami that affected several countries, including Thailand. The disaster had important implications for health status of Thai citizens, as well as health system planning, and thus underscores the need to study its long-term effect. This dissertation examined the patterns, determinants, and spatial analysis of health service utilization following the tsunami in Thailand. The primary aim was to determine whether tsunami-affected status (personal injury or property loss) and distance to a health facility (public health center or hospital) influenced health service utilization. The study population included Thai citizens (aged 14+), living in the tsunami-affected Thai provinces: Phuket, Phang Nga, Krabi, and Ranong. Study participants were randomly selected from the ‘affected’ and ‘unaffected’ populations. One and two years after the tsunami, participants were interviewed in-person on demographic and socio-economic factors, disaster impact, health status, and health service utilization. Five types of health services were examined: outpatient services, inpatient services, home visits, medications, and informal (unpaid) care. Distance to a health facility was calculated using Geographic Information System’s Network Analyst. The Grossman model of the demand for health care and a distance decay concept provided the foundation for this study. A propensity score method and a two-part model were used to examine the study objectives. There were 1,889 participants. One year after the tsunami, individuals affected by property loss were more likely to use medications than unaffected participants. Two years after the tsunami, individuals with personal injury were more likely to use outpatient services, medications, and informal care than unaffected participants. Distance to a health facility was associated with the use of medications and informal care. The results confirmed the long-term effect of a tsunami. This dissertation may assist the decision- and policy-makers in the identification of those most likely to use health services and in the request of health resources to the affected areas. The patterns, determinants, and spatial analysis of health service utilization found in this study may not be specific to a tsunami and may provide insights on post-disaster contexts of other natural disasters.

<p>This study intends to examine why the Swedish children’s programme Bolibompa is produced the way it is during a larger catastrophe. Our intention was to find out how the editorial staff, in the children’s department in the public service television of Sweden (SVT),was handling the Estonia disaster, the September 11 attacks and the Asian Tsunami. To accomplish that, we first had to find out how the children’s programme looked during these catastrophes and also understand how the editorial staff was working with children’s programme during ordinary days.</p><p>To achieve our purpose we have been interviewing five persons from SVT, who was involved in producing the children’s programme during these three catastrophes. The method we used was qualitative research interview and theories of socialisation, media effects, social responsibility and theories of rhetoric mass media guided our study.</p><p>We found out that the editorial staff was producing the children’s programme differently during each catastrophe. When the Estonia disaster occurred, the children’s programme was delayed because of extended news. Next to the children’s programme a host was talking directly to the children trying to explain the accident. The day after the September 11 attacks the host of the children’s programme was discussing the catastrophe with invited guests in the TV studio. The editorial staff thought that many children were frightened at the time and that explains why they decided to keep a conversation. During the Asian Tsunami, SVT was broadcasting a Christmas special, and the children’s programmes weren’t changed at all,mostly because a break in the Christmas series would cause a lot of problems.</p>

When the Tsunami occurred on Boxing Day 2004 it caused a major stress upon the governmental agencies in not only the affected areas but also in states that had a large number of citizens in the affected area. The governmental agencies were not prepared for the demands from the citizenry in these countries to deal with rescue and crisis management in areas situated halfway around the globe. This thesis main purpose is to research what the causal mechanisms of Sweden’s and Finland’s crisis management were through the method of process tracing. Taking its theoretical stance in Allison’s &amp; Zelikow’s three models of decision making, the thesis compares the course of events of the first two critical days in Sweden and Finland to establish what mistakes were made during this critical period. The main findings of the essay show that none of the theories is on its own capable of explaining the chain of events, but a combination of the organisational model and the governmental politics model do prove the necessity of trained crisis personnel as decision-makers early on in crisis management as well as the need for an organisational structure with a linear and clear chain of command.

Since the 1960s, international aid organizations and governments have invested millions of dollars in promoting aquaculture as a way to stimulate local economies and improve food security. India is one such country, incorporating aquaculture research and extension programs as part of their development plans as early as 1971. India’s aquaculture promotion efforts gained momentum in 2004, following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004. The government sees aquaculture as a post-disaster development tool and a method to increase community resilience in rural areas of India. Aquaculture currently constitutes nearly half of global seafood production today. Due to this importance, and the attention such practices receive through funding and extension, many scholars have focused on the social impacts that aquaculture practices have on rural communities. In particular, scholars have investigated the effects of aquaculture on environmental conditions, food security, livelihoods, gender relations, and social conflict. However, more scholarship is needed concerning the historical legacies that have contributed to how aquaculture is promoted and practiced, particularly connections to the Green Revolution. Furthermore, there needs to be more research about commercial aquaculture as a post-disaster development strategy. My research – based on 9 months of ethnographic fieldwork and archival analysis in Tamil Nadu, India – contributes to this body of literature. I synthesized post-development theory with that of environmental risk and vulnerability, building upon the work of scholars such as James Ferguson, Tania Li, and Piers Blaikie. My analysis uncovers large disparities between the goals of aquaculture development programs and actual aquaculture outcomes. I attribute this to the technocratic governance structure of the aquaculture industry, which leads to a lack of engagement and participation between aquaculture managers, researchers, and practitioners. This lack of engagement ultimately makes the communities in which aquaculture is being practiced more vulnerable to anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Additionally, I found that aquaculture practices in the study site are causing significant changes to local agrarian structures, particularly through changes to labor. These changes have implications for social stratification and disempowerment of women. Overall, these findings contribute to the anthropological study of aquaculture as well as to theories of post-development.

The main objective of this study was to investigate and quantify the impact of extreme hydrodynamic forces, similar to those generated by tsunami-induced inundation, on structural elements. As part of a comprehensive experimental program and analytical study, pressures, base shear forces, and base overturning moments generated by hydraulic bores on structural models of various shapes were studied. In addition, the impact force induced by waterborne wooden debris of different shapes and masses on the structural models was also investigated. Two structural models, one with circular and the other with square cross-section, were installed individually downstream of a dam-break wave in a high-discharge flume. Three impounding water heights (550, 850 and 1150 mm) were used to produce dam-break waves, which have been shown to be analogous to tsunami-induced coastal inundation in the form of highly turbulent hydraulic bores. Time-history responses of the structural models were recorded, including: pressures, base shear forces, base overturning moments, lateral displacements, and accelerations. In addition, the flow depth-time histories were recorded at various locations along the length of the flume. Regular and high-speed video cameras were used to monitor the bore-structure interaction. The effect of initial flume bed condition (“wet” or “dry” bed) on the forces and pressures exerted on the structural models were also investigated. Moreover, the vertical distribution of pressure around the models was captured. Simple low-height walls with various geometries were installed upstream from the structural models to investigate their efficiency as tsunami mitigation measures. The experimentally recorded data were compared with those estimated from currently available formulations. The results and analysis of the simulated tsunami-induced bore presented in this study will be of significant use to better estimate forces exerted on structures by tsunami-induced turbulent bores. It is expected that this work will contribute to the new ASCE7 Chapter 6 - Tsunami Loads and Effects in which two of this author’s academic supervisors, Drs. Ioan Nistor and Dan Palermo, are members.

During the years 1994 and 2004, Sweden suffered two major international crisis that affected and challenged the crisis management in Sweden. This essay is based on Swedish crisis management of two national crises: the Estonia disaster 1994 and the Tsunami disaster in Southeast Asia 2004. The main question of the essay concerns the Swedish government´s crisis management during major crises and how the crisis management changed between and after 1994 and 2009. The main question is divided into three subqueries that leads the analysis. The questions are (1) What shortcomings were identified in the government´s crisis management work in connection with the two disasters? (2) What changes were made to crisis management policy after the two disasters? and (3) How can the crisis-inducing learning after the two disasters be interpreted/understood? The purpose of this essay is to find out the policy changes that took places after the two disasters, to find out if these crises have changed the work around crisis in Sweden or if the criticism levelled at the government after the Estonia disaster was the same after the tsunami disaster. The essay is based on a qualitative method that involves making a comparison between the two crises, by analysing material through state public investigations (SOU) and from the National Audit Office in Sweden. The conclusion from this essay is that the crisis management after the Estonia disaster did not result in any radical changes to improve the clear shortcomings of the crisis management. However, we were able to see that the changes the Swedish government talked about needed another major crisis, namely the tsunami disaster before the establishment of a crisis organization. Crisis management is constantly changing, albeit slowly. It is not possible for the Swedish government to wait for a new crisis to occur before the policy changes are implemented in crisis management.

Tsunami est une des pires catastrophes naturelles de la planète, particulièrement pour les villes côtières et bondées. Une question importante dans le domaine est comment trouver une meilleure procédure d’évacuation qui permet de minimiser le nombre de victimes. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au problème des simulations grande échelle pour évacuer des piétons sur un réseau routier d'une ville. Tout d'abord, les modèles base d'équations (EBM) ont l'avantage de résoudre les grands problèmes dans un délai de temps acceptable. Par conséquent, nous choisissons EBM pour optimiser le système de signe de placement. Nous avons appelé Minimisation du Temps Moyen d'Evacuation (MAET). En outre, nous utilisons le modèle Lighthill, Whitham et Richards des flux de piétons sur un réseau routier. Cependant, il est difficile de considérer le problème en détail avec différents facteurs réalistes. Pour examiner le problème en détail, les modèles multi-agents sont l'approche. Les modèles multi-agents (ABM) prennent en compte l'hétérogénéité des comportements des piétons. Cependant, le coût de calcul était énorme lorsqu'il est appliqué avec un grand nombre de personnes évacuées et un milieu dynamique, large. Le résultat de la simulation nécessite d'énormes expérimentations, donc la vitesse de la simulation est un problème que nous voulons Étudier. Nous considérons un modèle hybride qui combine les avantages des deux ABM et EBM. Troisièmement, le problème d'accélération d’un très grand environnement dans les ABMs, tels que ceux utilisés dans la simulation de foule est la clé pour soutenir les systèmes d'aide à la décision réalistes. L'idée principale est d'exploiter les avantages à la fois de la macro et de la micro modélisation. Les résultats que nous obtenons dans la thèse sont : a) Formulation du problème de l'Évacuation ; b) Formulation optimal du système de signes d'alerte ; c) Description de la répartition de la population initiale; d) Simulation de l’évacuation de Tsunami sur le réseau de routier de Nha Trang; e) Construction du modèle hybride pour accélérer la simulation; f) Intégration de ABM et MAET pour un meilleur résultat pour le système alerte de signe optimal. / One of the world's worst natural disasters is tsunami, in particularly when they hit a crowded coastal city. Coastal cities need to be prepared for such disasters in order to mitigate losses. One major problem would be to find the best evacuation procedure in evacuating a coastal city so as to minimize the number of casualties. In this thesis, we address the problems which involved scaling up simulations for evacuating of pedestrians in a city. Firstly, EBMs have the advantage of solving the big problems in acceptable time. Therefore, EBMs are chosen for optimizing sign placement system by Minimization of Average Evacuation Time (MAET). In addition, we use Lighthill, Whitham and Richards model (LRW) of pedestrian flow on a road network. However, they are difficult to consider the problem in detail with different realistic factors. While Agent-based models (ABMs) take into account the heterogeneity of pedestrians' behaviors and the unspecified road network conditions. However, the computational cost was huge when applied for larger number of evacuees and large dynamic environment. The result of simulation using ABM requires huge experiments, so the speed of simulation is a problem that we want to investigate. We consider a Hybrid-based model (HBM) combining the advantages of both ABM and EBM. Thirdly, the problem of speeding up very large environment in ABMs such as the ones used in crowd simulation is key to support realistic Decision Support Systems. The key idea is to exploit the advantages from both macro and micro modeling. Last but not least, the results achieved in the thesis are: (i) Formulating the problem of evacuation; (ii) Formulating the optimal alert signs system; (iii) Describing the initial population distribution (iv) Simulating Tsunami evacuation on road network of Nha Trang city; (v) Building the Hybrid-Based Model to speed up simulation; (vi) Integrating ABM and MAET to make the results better for the optimal alert signs system.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19677号 / 工博第4132号 / 新制||工||1638(附属図書館) / 32713 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 五十嵐 晃, 准教授 米山 望, 准教授 森 信人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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