Stratified two-phase flows were investigated at different test facilities with horizontal test sections in order to provide an experimental database for the development and validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. These channels were designed with rectangular cross-sections to enable optimal observation conditions for the application of optical measurement techniques. Consequently, the local flow structure was visualised with a high-speed video camera, delivering data with high-resolution in space and time as needed for CFD code validation. Generic investigations were performed at atmospheric pressure and room temperature in two air/water channels made of acrylic glass. Divers preliminary experiments were conducted with various measuring systems in a test section mounted between two separators. The second test facility, the Horizontal Air/Water Channel (HAWAC), is dedicated to co-current flow investigations. The hydraulic jump as the quasi-stationary discontinuous transition between super- and subcritical flow was studied in this closed channel. Moreover, the instable wave growth leading to slug flow was investigated from the test section inlet. For quantitative analysis of the optical measurements, an algorithm was developed to recognise the stratified interface in the camera frames, allowing statistical treatments for comparison with CFD calculation results. The third test apparatus was installed in the pressure chamber of the TOPFLOW test facility in order to be operated at reactor typical conditions under pressure equilibrium with the vessel atmosphere. The test section representing a flat model of the hot leg of the German Konvoi pressurised water reactor (PWR) scaled at 1:3 is equipped with large glass side walls in the region of the elbow and of the steam generator inlet chamber to allow visual observations. The experiments were conducted with air and water at room temperature and maximum pressures of 3 bar as well as with steam and water at boundary conditions of up to 50 bar and 264°C. Four types of experiments were performed, including generic test cases as well as transient validation cases of typical nuclear reactor safety issues. As an example, the co-current flow experiments simulate the two-phase natural circulation in the primary circuit of a PWR. The probability distribution of the water level measured in the reactor pressure vessel simulator was used to characterise the flow in the hot leg. Moreover, the flooding behaviour in this conduit was investigated with dedicated counter-current flow limitation experiments. A comparison of the flooding characteristics with similar experimental data and correlations available in the literature shows that the channel height is the characteristic length to be used in the Wallis parameter for channels with rectangular cross-sections. Furthermore, for the analysis of steam/water experiments, condensation effects had to be taken into account. Finally, the experimental results confirm that the Wallis similarity is appropriate to scale flooding in the hot leg of a PWR over a large range of pressure and temperature conditions. Not least, different examples of comparison between experiment and simulation demonstrate the possibilities offered by the data to support the development and validation of CFD codes. Besides the comparison of qualitative aspects, it is shown exemplarily how to treat the CFD results in order to enable quantitative comparisons with the experiments.

Cette étude concerne la caractérisation des écoulements diphasiques bouillants convectifs à haute pression rencontrés dans les réacteurs à eau sous pression (REP). La simulation de ces écoulements est aujourd'hui identifiée comme une voie possible d'amélioration pouvant conduire à la compréhension des mécanismes physiques menant à la crise d'ébullition en réacteur. La première partie de ce travail présente un modèle bi-dimensionnel quasi-établi capable de prédire de façon indépendante les profils de température et de vitesse dans un écoulement diphasique. Le découplage des équations implique de disposer de paramètres d'entrée (taux de vide, vitesse). Ce modèle est basé sur une approche de type modèle de mélange et sur la fermeture des termes de transport turbulent avec le concept de viscosité turbulente. La seconde partie généralise le modèle au cas bi-dimensionnel non-établi en proposant un outil qui résout de façon couplée toutes les équations de bilan et qui est basé sur l'utilisation d'un modèle original de type modèle homogène local avec relaxation thermodynamique. Une confrontation des résultats du modèle à des résultats expérimentaux fournis par la banque de données DEBORA a révélé que notre approche semblait suffisante pour rendre compte d'une bonne partie des données expérimentales en conditions REP. Mais néanmoins qu'elle présentait quelques limites dans des conditions poches du flux critique. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence les paramètres sensibles du modèle qui sont aujourd'hui bien identifiés à savoir les mécanismes de transport turbulent d'énergie et le choix du temps de relaxation. / This study is a contribution to the modelling of multidimentional high pressure boiling flows relative to PWR. Numerical simulation of such two-phase flows is considered to be an interesting way for the DNB understanding. The first part of this study exposes a two-dimentional steady state twophase flows model abble to predict velocity and temperature profiles in tube. The mixture balanced equations are used with the eddy diffusivity concept to close the turbulent transport terms. The second part is devoted to the development of the model in the general two dimentional case. Contrary to the steady state model, this model is indenpendant of experimental data and implies the use of an original local homogeneous relaxation modèle (HRM). The results obtained from the comparison with the data bank DEBORA reveals that in a mixture approch two submodel are sufficients to obtain a physial good description of turbulent boiling flows. Some limitations appear at conditions close to DNB conditions. The turbulent closures and the relaxation time in the HRM model have been clearly identified as the most important and sensitive parameters in the model.

The Eulerian description of dispersed two-phase flows results in a system of partial differential equations describing characteristics of the flow, namely volume fraction, density and velocity of the two phases, around any point in space over time. When pressure forces are neglected or a same pressure is considered for both phases, the resulting system is weakly hyperbolic and solutions may exhibit vacuum states (regions void of the dispersed phase) or localized unbounded singularities (delta shocks) that are not physically desirable. Therefore, it is crucial to find a physical way for preventing the formation of such undesirable solutions in weakly hyperbolic Eulerian two-phase flow models. This thesis focuses on the mathematical analysis of an Eulerian model for air- droplet flows, here called the Eulerian droplet model. This model can be seen as the sticky particle system with a source term and is successfully used for the prediction of droplet impingement and more recently for the prediction of particle flows in air- ways. However, this model includes only one-way momentum exchange coupling, and develops delta shocks and vacuum states. The main goal of this thesis is to improve this model, especially for the prevention of delta shocks and vacuum states, and the adjunction of two-way momentum exchange coupling. Using a characteristic analysis, the condition for loss of regularity of smooth solutions of the inviscid Burgers equation with a source term is established. The same condition applies to the droplet model. The Riemann problems associated, respectively, to the Burgers equation with a source term and the droplet model are solved. The characteristics are curves that tend asymptotically to straight lines. The existence of an entropic solution to the generalized Rankine-Hugoniot conditions is proven. Next, a way for preventing the formation of delta shocks and vacuum states in the model is identified and a new Eulerian droplet model is proposed. A new hierarchy of two-way coupling Eulerian models is derived. Each model is analyzed and numerical comparisons of the models are carried out. Finally, 2D computations of air-particle flows comparing the new Eulerian droplet model with the standard Eulerian droplet model are presented.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'étude des écoulements diphasiques dispersés turbulents gaz/gouttes et plus particulièrement à la modélisation du phénomène de dépôt de gouttes en canal horizontal, dont la compréhension et la prédiction sont essentielles pour de nombreuses applications industrielles. Les gouttes sont supposées de taille plus petite que les échelles de longueur caractéristiques de l'écoulement de gaz turbulent, avec une masse volumique grande devant celle de la phase continue, les forces qui agissent sur les gouttes se limitent ainsi à la traînée, à la poussée d'Archimède et à la gravité. Le taux de présence de la phase dispersée est suffisamment important pour tenir compte de l'influence des gouttes sur la turbulence du gaz (couplage à deux sens), mais suffisamment faible pour pouvoir négliger les collisions entre les gouttes. En écoulement horizontal, le dépôt des gouttes en paroi est piloté par deux mécanismes principaux qui agissent en parallèle : la gravité et la diffusion turbulente/vol libre. Cette physique du dépôt est déclinée en deux volets, avec une première étude à l'échelle 3D locale et une seconde étude à l'échelle système 1D. Dans chacune de ces approches, un modèle pour la vitesse de dépôt de gouttes en paroi est développé, puis validé par comparaison à des données expérimentales. Le modèle de dépôt local, établi sous l'hypothèse d'un film liquide infiniment mince et absorbant, est implanté dans le code de simulation numérique NEPTUNE_CFD, puis validé par comparaison aux données expérimentales de Namie & Ueda, qui étudient le dépôt des gouttes en canal horizontal. Une analyse des équations de transport des principales grandeurs moyennes de l'écoulement, ainsi que des transferts d'énergies entre phases, est menée afin de mettre en évidence les phénomènes de couplage et leurs influences sur la turbulence de la phase continue. Le modèle unidimensionnel, développé dans le cadre d'un besoin industriel, est implanté dans le code CATHARE-3 et est confronté aux données de l'expérience REGARD du CEA Grenoble. / Droplets dispersion and deposition in turbulent duct flows are important processes, occurring in numerous environmental and industrial applications. This work is devoted to the study of gas-droplets flows and, more particularly, the objective is to improve the droplets deposition modeling in horizontal flows. Droplets are supposed to be smaller than the Kolmogorov scale, with a density large compared to the density of the gas phase. Under these assumptions, the motion of a droplet is considered to be governed by the drag force, the buoyancy force, and the gravity. Dilute incompressible and isothermal gas-droplets flows are studied, so inter-particle collisions are neglected but two-way coupling is retained, which means that modulation of turbulence by the particles is accounted for. In horizontal flow, droplets reach the wall under the actions of the gravitational settling and the turbulent diffusion. Two approaches will be used in developing this deposition physics with a first study at the 3D local scale and a second one at the 1D scale, realized for an industrial need. For each case, a model is developed for the mean deposition velocity of the droplets, with is implemented in a numerical simulation tool and then validated by comparison to experimental data. The local deposition model is established under the assumptions that the liquid film is extremely thin and perfectly absorbing and is implemented in the Neptune_CFD code. The experience carried out by Namie & Ueda, which consist in small droplets deposition from a turbulent dispersed flow in a horizontal rectangular duct, is simulated. An analysis of the interphase transfer terms in the kinetic energy equations shows the interactions between the dispersed phase and the continuous one and the impact of these phenomena on the turbulence of the gas phase is pointed out. The 1D deposition model is developed for the CATHARE-3 code and experimental data from the REGARD facility of the CEA Grenoble are used for validation.

Ce travail a pour thème la simulation numérique d’écoulements diphasiques dans un contexte industriel. En effet, la simulation d’écoulements diphasiques est un domaine qui présente de nombreux défis, en raison de phénomènes complexes qui surviennent, comme la cavitation et autres transferts entre les phases. En outre, ces écoulements se déroulent généralement dans des géométries complexes rendant difficile une résolution efficiente. Les modèles que nous considérons font partie de la catégorie des modèles à interfaces diffuses et permettent de prendre en compte aisément les différents transferts entre les phases. Cette classe de modèles inclut une hiérarchie de sous-modèles pouvant simuler plus ou moins d’interactions entre les phases. Pour mener à bien cette étude nous avons en premier lieu comparé les modèles diphasiques dits à quatre équations et six équations, en incluant les effets de transfert de masse. Nous avons ensuite choisi de nous concentrer sur le modèle à quatre équations. L’objectif majeur de notre travail a alors été d’étendre les méthodes aux résidus distribués à ce modèle. Dans le contexte des méthodes de résolution numérique, il est courant d’utiliser la forme conservative des équations de bilan. En effet, la résolution sous forme non-conservative conduit à une mauvaise résolution du problème. Cependant, résoudre les équations sous forme non-conservative peut s’avérer plus intéressant d’un point de vue industriel. Dans ce but, nous utilisons une approche développée récemment permettant d’assurer la conservation en résolvant un système sous forme non-conservative, à condition que la forme conservative soit connue. Nous validons ensuite notre méthode et l’appliquons à des problèmes en géométries complexes. Finalement, la dernière partie de notre travail est dédiée à étudier la validité des modèles à interfaces diffuses pour des applications à des problèmes industriels réels. On cherche alors, en utilisant des méthodes de quantification d’incertitude, à obtenir les paramètres rendant nos simulations les plus vraisemblables et cibler les éventuels développements pouvant rendre nos simulations plus réalistes. / The topic of this thesis is the numerical simulation of two-phase flows in an industrial framework. Two-phase flows modelling is a challenging domain to explore, mainly because of the complex phenomena involved, such as cavitation and other transfer processes between phases. Furthermore, these flows occur generally in complex geometries, which makes difficult the development of efficient resolution methods. The models that we consider belong to the class of diffuse interface models, and they allow an easy modelling of transfers between phases. The considered class of models includes a hierarchy of sub-models, which take into account different levels of interactions between phases. To pursue our studies, first we have compared the so-called four-equation and six-equation two-phase flow models, including the effects of mass transfer processes. We have then chosen to focus on the four-equation model. One of the main objective of our work has been to extend residual distribution schemes to this model. In the context of numerical solution methods, it is common to use the conservative form of the balance law. In fact, the solution of the equations under a non-conservative form may lead to a wrong solution to the problem. Nonetheless, solving the equations in non-conservative form may be more interesting from an industrial point of view. To this aim, we employ a recent approach, which allows us to ensure conservation while solving a non-conservative system, at the condition of knowing its conservative form. We then validate our method and apply it to problems with complex geometry. Finally, the last part of our work is dedicated to the evaluation of the validity of the considered diffuse interface model for applications to real industrial problems. By using uncertainty quantification methods, the objective is to get parameters that make our simulations the most plausible, and to target the possible extensions that can make our simulations more realistic.

Au cours de l’utilisation de certains systèmes propulsifs, tels que les moteurs fusées cryotechniques ou les moteurs Diesel, le point de fonctionnement peut varier sur une large plage de pressions. Ces variations de pression peuvent conduire à un changement de régime thermodynamique si la pression critique du fluide est franchie, l’injection initialement diphasique devenant alors transcritique. Ce changement modifie la topologie de l’écoulement, ainsi que la dynamique du mélange, ce qui impacte le comportement de la flamme. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthodologie originale capable de traiter au sein du même solveur des écoulements sous-critiques ainsi que supercritiques. Pour cela, une extension du solveur AVBP-RG aux écoulements diphasiques sous-critiques est proposée, basée sur des modèles d’interface diffuse. Les développements nécessaires à l’intégration de ces modèles dans le cadre du solveur aux éléments finis sont effectués. Des simulations numériques multidimensionnelles sont ensuite proposées de manière à confronter le modèle à des données exprérimentales, vis-à-vis desquelles un bon accord est observé. Cesrésultats offrent des perspectives encourageantes vers de futures améliorations du modèle et des applications à des configurations industrielles complexes. / In various industrial combustion devices, such as liquid rocket engines at ignition or Diesel engines during the compression stage, the operating point varies over a wide range of pressures. These pressure variations can lead to a change of thermodynamic regime when the critical pressure is exceeded, switching from two-phase injection to transcritical injection. This change modifies the topology of the flow and the mixing, thereby impacting the flame dynamics. The objective of the present Ph.D thesis is to develop an original methodology able to address both subcritical and supercritical flows within the same solver. To achieve this, an extension of the real gas solver AVBP-RG to subcritical two-phase flows is provided, based on diffuse interface models. The required developments for the integration of such models into the finite-element framework of the solver are provided. Multidimensional numerical simulations are led in order to confront the model with experimental data, with which good agreement is observed. These results offer encouraging perspectives regarding further enhancements of the model and applications to complex industrial cases.

Les méthodes hybrides Moments/PDF sont bien adaptées pour la description des écoulements diphasiques turbulents, polydispersés, hors équilibre thermodynamique. Ces méthodes permettent d'avoir une description assez fine de la polydispersion, de la convection et des termes sources non-linéaires. Cependant, les approximations issues de telles simulations sont bruitées ce qui, dans certaines situations, occasionne un biais. L'approche alternative étudiée dans ce travail consiste à coupler une description Eulerienne des moments avec une description stochastique Lagrangienne à l'intérieur de la phase dispersée, permettant de réduire l'erreur statistique et d'éliminer le biais. La mise en oeuvre de cette méthode nécessite le développement de schémas numériques robustes. Les approches proposées sont basées sur l'utilisation simultanée des techniques de relaxation et de décentrement, et permettent d'obtenir des approximations stables des solutions instationnaires du système d'équations aux dérivées partielles, avec des données peu régulières provenant du couplage avec le modèle stochastique. Une comparaison des résultats de la méthode hybride Moments-Moments/PDF avec ceux issus de la méthode hybride "classique'' est présentée en termes d'analyse des erreurs numériques sur un cas de jet co-courant gaz-particules. / Hybrid Moments/PDF methods have shown to be well suitable for the description of polydispersed turbulent two-phase flows in non-equilibrium which are encountered in some industrial situations involving chemical reactions, combustion or sprays. hey allow to obtain a fine enough physical description of the polydispersity, non-linear source terms and convection phenomena. However, their approximations are noised with the statistical error, which in several situations may be a source of a bias. An alternative hybrid Moments-Moments/PDF approach examined in this work consists in coupling the Moments and the PDF descriptions, within the description of the dispersed phase itself. This hybrid method could reduce the statistical error and remove the bias. However, such a coupling is not straightforward in practice and requires the development of accurate and stable numerical schemes. The approaches introduced in this work rely on the combined use of the upwinding and relaxation-type techniques. They allow to obtain stable unsteady approximations for a system of partial differential equations containing non-smooth external data which are provided by the PDF part of the model. A comparison of the results obtained using the present method with those of the ``classical'' hybrid approach is presented in terms of the numerical errors for a case of a co-current gas-particle wall jet.

De nombreuses applications industrielles mettent en jeu des écoulements gaz-particules, comme les turbines aéronautiques et les réacteurs a lit fluidisé de l'industrie chimique. La prédiction des propriétés de la phase dispersée, est essentielle à l'amélioration et la conception des dispositifs conformément aux nouvelles normes européennes des émissions polluantes. L'objectif de cette these est de développer le formalisme Euler- Lagrange dans un solveur parallèle et non-structuré pour la simulation aux grandes échelles pour ce type d'écoulements. Ce travail est motivé par l'augmentation rapide de la puissance de calcul des machines massivement parallèles qui ouvre une nouvelle voie pour des simulations qui étaient prohibitives il y a une décennie. Une attention particulière a été portée aux structures de données afin de conserver une certaine simplicité et la portabilité du code sur des differentes! architectures. Les développements sont validés pour deux configurations : un cas académique de turbulence homogène isotrope décroissante et un calcul polydisperse d'un jet turbulent recirculant chargé en particules. L'équilibrage de charges de particules est mis en évidence comme une solution prometteuse pour les simulations diphasiques Lagrangiennes afin d'améliorer les performances des calculs lorsque le déséquilibrage est trop important. / Particle-laden flows occur in industrial applications ranging from droplets in gas turbines tofluidized bed in chemical industry. Prediction of the dispersed phase properties such as concentration and dynamics are crucial for the design of more efficient devices that meet the new pollutant regulations of the European community. The objective of this thesis is to develop an Euler-Lagrange formulation on a parallel and unstructured solver for large- eddy simulation. This work is motivated by the rapid increase in computing power which opens a new way for simulations that were prohibitive one decade ago. Special attention is taken to keep data structure simplicity and code portability. Developments are validated in two configurations : an academic test of a decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence and a polydisperse two-phase flow of a confined bluff body. The use of load-balancing capabilities is highlighted as a promising solut! ion in Lagrangian two-phase flow simulations to improve performance when strong imbalance of the dispersed phase is present

Le contexte général de cette thèse est la Simulation Numérique Directe des écoulements diphasiques dilués anisothermes. Un accent particulier est mis sur la détermination précise de la dispersion des particules et du transfert de chaleur entre la phase porteuse et dispersée. Cette dernière est décrite à l’aide d’une approche Eulérienne aux moments : le Formalisme Eulérien Mésoscopique (FEM) [41, 123], récemment étendu aux écoulements anisothermes [78]. Le principal objectif de ce travail est de déterminer si ce formalisme est capable de prendre en compte de manière précise l’inertie dynamique et thermique des particules dans un écoulement turbulent, et particulièrement dans une configuration avec un gradient moyen. Le code de calcul utilisé est AVBP. La simulation numérique d’un spray dilué avec une approche Eulerienne soulève des questions supplémentaires sur les méthodes numériques et les modèles employés. Ainsi, les méthodes numériques spécifiques aux écoulements diphasiques implémentées dans AVBP [69, 103, 109] ont été testées et revisitées. L’objectif est de proposer une stratégie numérique précise et robuste qui résiste aux forts gradients de fraction volumique de particule provoqués par la concentration préférentielle [132], tout en limitant la diffusion numérique. Ces stratégies numériques sont comparées sur une série de cas tests de complexité croissante et des diagnostics pertinents sont proposés. Par exemple, les dissipations dues `a la physique et au numérique sont extraites des simulations et quantifiées. Le cas test du tourbillon en deux dimensions chargé en particules est suggéré comme une configuration simple pour mettre en évidence l’impact de l’inertie des particules sur leur champ de concentration et pour discriminer les stratégies numériques. Une solution analytique est aussi proposée pour ce cas dans la limite des faibles nombres de Stokes. Finalement, la stratégie numérique qui couple le schéma centré d’ordre élevé TTGC et une technique de stabilisation, aussi appelée viscosité artificielle, est celle qui fournit les meilleurs résultats en terme de précision et de robustesse. Les paramètres de viscosité artificielle (c'est-à-dire les senseurs) doivent néanmoins être bien choisis. Ensuite, la question des modèles nécessaires pour d´écrire correctement la dispersion des particules dans une configuration avec un gradient moyen est abordée. Pour ce faire, un des modèles RUM (appel´e AXISY-C), proposé par Masi [78] et implémenté dans AVBP par Sierra [120], est validé avec succès dans deux configurations: un jet plan diphasique anisotherme 2D et 3D. Contrairement aux anciens modèles RUM, les principales statistiques de la phase dispersée sont désormais bien prédites au centre et aux bords du jet. Finalement, l’impact de l’inertie thermique des particules sur leur température est étudié. Les résultats montrent un effet important de cette inertie sur les statistiques mettant en évidence la nécessité pour les approches numériques de prendre en compte ce phénomène. Ainsi, l’extension du FEM aux écoulements anisothermes, c’est-à-dire les flux de chaleur RUM (notés RUM HF), est implémentée dans AVBP. L’impact des RUM HF sur les statistiques de température des particules est ensuite évalué sur les configurations des jets 2D et 3D. Les champs Eulériens sont comparés à des solutions Lagrangiennes de référence calculées par B. Leveugle au CORIA et par E. Masi à l’IMFT pour les jets 2D et 3D, respectivement. Les résultats montrent que les RUM HF améliorent la prédiction des fluctuations de température mésoscopique, et dans une moindre mesure la température moyenne des particules en fonction de la configuration. Les statistiques Lagrangiennes sont retrouvées lorsque les RUM HF sont pris en compte alors que les résultats sont dégradés dans le cas contraire. / This work addresses the Direct Numerical Simulation of non-isothermal turbulent flows laden with solid particles in the dilute regime. The focus is set on the accurate prediction of heat transfer between phases and of particles dispersion. The dispersed phase is described by an Eulerian approach : the Mesoscopic Eulerian Formalism [41, 123], recently extended to non-isothermal flows [78]. The main objective of this work is to assess the ability of this formalism to accurately account for both dynamic and thermal inertia of particles in turbulent sheared flows. The CFD code used in this work is AVBP. The numerical simulation of dilute sprays with an Eulerian approach calls for specific modelling and raises additional numerical issues. First, the numerical methods implemented in AVBP for two-phase flows [69, 103, 109] were tested and revisited. The objective was to propose an accurate and robust numerical strategy that withstands the steep gradients of particle volume fraction due to preferential concentration [132] with a limited numerical diffusion. These numerical strategies have been tested on a series of test cases of increasing complexity and relevant diagnostics were proposed. In particular, the two-dimensional vortex laden with solid particles was suggested as a simple configuration to illustrate the effect of particle inertia on their concentration profile and to test numerical strategies. An analytical solution was also derived in the limit of small inertia. Moreover, dissipations due to numerics and to physical effects were explicitly extracted and quantified. Eventually, the numerical strategy coupling the highorder centered scheme TTGC with a stabilization technique –the so called artificial viscosity– proved to be the most accurate and robust alternative in AVBP if an adequate set-up is used (i.e. sensors). Then, the issue of the accurate prediction of particle dispersion in configurations with a mean shear was adressed. One of the RUM model (denoted AXISY-C), proposed by Masi [78] and implemented by Sierra [120], was successfully validated in a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional non-isothermal jet laden with solid particles. Contrary to the former RUM models [63, 103], the main statistics of the dispersed phase were recovered at both the center and the edges of the jet. Finally, the impact of the thermal inertia of particles on their temperature statistics has been investigated. The results showed a strong dependency of these statistics to thermal inertia, pinpointing the necessity of the numerical approaches to account for this phenomenon. Therefore, the extension of the MEF to non isothermal conditions, i.e. the RUM heat fluxes, has been implemented in AVBP. The impact of the RUM HF terms on the temperature statistics was evaluated in both configurations of 2D and 3D jets. Eulerian solutions were compared with Lagrangian reference computations carried out by B. Leveugle at CORIA and by E. Masi at IMFT for the 2D and 3D jets, respectively. Results showed a strong positive impact of the RUM HF on the fluctuations of mesoscopic temperature, and to a lesser extent on the mean mesoscopic temperature depending of the configuration. Neglecting the RUM HF leads to erroneous results whereas the Lagrangian statistics are recovered when they are accounted for.

A simulação computacional de escoamentos incompressíveis multifásicos tem avançado continuamente e é uma área extremamente importante em Dinâmica de Fluidos Computacional (DFC) por suas várias aplicações na indústria, em medicina e em biologia, apenas para citar alguns exemplos. Apresentamos modelos matemáticos e métodos numéricos tendo em vista simulações computacionais de fluidos bifásicos newtonianos e viscoelásticos (não newtonianos), em seus regimes transiente e estacionário de escoamento. Os ingredientes principais requeridos são o Modelo de Um Fluido e o Método da Fronteira Imersa em malhas adaptativas, usados em conjunto com os métodos da Projeção de Chorin-Temam e de Uzawa. Tais metodologias são obtidas a partir de equações a derivadas parciais simples as quais, naturalmente, são resolvidas em malhas adaptativas empregando métodos multinível-multigrid. Em certas ocasiões, entretanto, para escoamentos modelados pelas equações de Navier-Stokes (e.g. em problemas onde temos altos saltos de massa específica), tem-se problemas de convergência no escopo destes métodos. Além disso, no caso de escoamentos estacionários, resolver as equações de Stokes em sua forma discreta por tais métodos não é uma tarefa fácil. Verificamos que zeros na diagonal do sistema linear resultante impedem que métodos de relaxação usuais sejam empregados. As dificuldades mencionadas acima motivaram-nos a pesquisar por, a propor e a desenvolver alternativas à metodologia multinível-multigrid. No presente trabalho, propomos métodos para obter explicitamente as matrizes que representam os sistemas lineares oriundos da discretização daquelas equações a derivadas parciais simples que são a base dos métodos de Projeção e de Uzawa. Ter em mãos estas representações matriciais é vantajoso pois com elas podemos caracterizar tais sistemas lineares em termos das propriedades de seus raios espectrais, suas definições e simetria. Muito pouco (ou nada) se sabe efetivamente sobre estes sistemas lineares associados a discretizações em malhas compostas bloco-estruturadas. É importante salientarmos que, além disso, ganhamos acesso ao uso de bibliotecas numéricas externas, como o PETSc, com seus pré-condicionadores e métodos numéricos, seriais e paralelos, para resolver sistemas lineares. Infraestrutura para nossos desenvolvimentos foi propiciada pelo código denominado ``AMR2D\'\', um código doméstico para problemas em DFC que vem sendo cuidado ao longo dos anos pelos grupos de pesquisa em DFC do IME-USP e da FEMEC-UFU. Estendemos este código, adicionando módulos para escoamentos viscoelásticos e para escoamentos estacionários modelados pelas equações de Stokes. Além disso, melhoramos de maneira notável as rotinas de cálculo de valores fantasmas. Tais melhorias permitiram a implementação do Método dos Gradientes Bi-Conjugados, baseada em visitas retalho-a-retalho e varreduras da estrutura hierárquica nível-a-nível, essencial à implementação do Método de Uzawa. / Numerical simulation of incompressible multiphase flows has continuously of advanced and is an extremely important area in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) because its several applications in industry, in medicine, and in biology, just to mention a few of them. We present mathematical models and numerical methods having in sight the computational simulation of two-phase Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids (non-Newtonian fluids), in the transient and stationary flow regimes. The main ingredients required are the One-fluid Model and the Immersed Boundary Method on dynamic, adaptive meshes, in concert with Chorin-Temam Projection and the Uzawa methods. These methodologies are built from simple linear partial differential equations which, most naturally, are solved on adaptive grids employing mutilevel-multigrid methods. On certain occasions, however, for transient flows modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations (e.g. in problems where we have high density jumps), one has convergence problems within the scope of these methods. Also, in the case of stationary flows, solving the discrete Stokes equations by those methods represents no straight forward task. It turns out that zeros in the diagonal of the resulting linear systems coming from the discrete equations prevent the usual relaxation methods from being used. Those difficulties, mentioned above, motivated us to search for, to propose, and to develop alternatives to the multilevel-multigrid methodology. In the present work, we propose methods to explicitly obtain the matrices that represent the linear systems arising from the discretization of those simple linear partial differential equations which form the basis of the Projection and Uzawa methods. Possessing these matrix representations is on our advantage to perform a characterization of those linear systems in terms of their spectral, definition, and symmetry properties. Very little is known about those for adaptive mesh discretizations. We highlight also that we gain access to the use of external numerical libraries, such as PETSc, with their preconditioners and numerical methods, both in serial and parallel versions, to solve linear systems. Infrastructure for our developments was offered by the code named ``AMR2D\'\' - an in-house CFD code, nurtured through the years by IME-USP and FEMEC-UFU CFD research groups. We were able to extend that code by adding a viscoelastic and a stationary Stokes solver modules, and improving remarkably the patchwise-based algorithm for computing ghost values. Those improvements proved to be essential to allow for the implementation of a patchwise Bi-Conjugate Gradient Method which ``powers\'\' Uzawa Method.