The EU Directive for building energy performance requires all member states to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the existing building stock. A key instrument in achieving this is using building stock modelling as a tool for planning and development of policies. But since the building stock as a whole is a complex element to study, new interdisciplinary methods are required to facilitate a sustainable management of the built heritage. Moreover, as the goal of energy conservation is brought into a supposed conflict with the built heritage, the field of integrated conservation has a responsibility to be a part of the development of such methods. This thesis accordingly investigates state-of-the-art building stock models from several disciplines with the aim of developing a new method for categorising historic building stocks. The historic buildings in the case study of World Heritage Site Visby, Sweden, were surveyed and triangulated using e.g. on-site inspections, digital cadastre maps, the national EPC database and existing inventories, ultimately leading to 1048 buildings from before 1945 being included in a new inventory. This inventory, along with tools acquired from previous buildings stock models, enabled an iterative process to develop and validate the new categorisation method. The proposed method itself is based on the principal idea of categorisation where the building stock is represented by a limited number of categories which allow for further typology investigations, e.g. energy modelling, and extrapolation back to district level. The results show that the building stock can be represented by nine physical categories covering 86 % of the total number of buildings, and 70 % of the entire building volume. To encompass aspects regarding cultural heritage significance, the respective historic character of the buildings are assessed and described by combining statistical information and the Conservation plan of Visby. In all, the method shows to provide a supportive platform for investigations of a trade-off between energy conservation on one hand and building conservation on the other. / EFFESUS / Spara och Bevara

O trabalho aborda a trajetória da produção de habitação coletiva econômica em altura, nas cidades de Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul, e Montevidéu, no Uruguai, no período de 1985 a 2010. Procura identificar os principais eventos que reverberavam em um movimento de intenso debate sobre o papel da arquitetura para o cenário de abertura política para muitos países latino-americanos. Demonstra a importância desse período, ao mesmo tempo rico de possibilidades, mas também repleto de fortes impactos econômicos, políticos e sociais, que resultaram do enfraquecimento do Estado Providência, do desmantelamento da União Soviética e da hegemonia do neoliberalismo. Aponta as experiências para a recomposição da arquitetura como disciplina que constrói a cidade, especialmente pelas propostas que, emanadas dos principais polos de difusão da arquitetura no Brasil e no Uruguai, expuseram em projetos e obras inspiradas nos aportes teóricos e nas experimentações críticas ao Movimento Moderno advindas da Europa, como aquelas realizadas pela IBA-87, em Berlim. Busca, nas raízes das transformações morfológicas por que passaram essas cidades, entender como cada uma assimilou os pressupostos da modernidade, de forma breve em relação aos aspectos econômicos, sociais e políticos e, de forma mais detida, com relação às influências do Movimento Moderno sobre a arquitetura e a cidade, especialmente sobre suas normativas institucionais e a produção de habitação. A partir dos resultados obtidos da análise dos parâmetros de urbanidade e de habitabilidade, aplicados sobre os quatro exemplares dos conjuntos de habitação coletiva econômica em altura, selecionados em cada cidade, procura- se avaliar as contribuições das políticas públicas e dos agentes envolvidos, incluindo-se o protagonismo dos arquitetos, especialmente no momento em que as cooperativas habitacionais passam a ser reintegradas nas políticas de financiamento e de ordenamento territorial, no caso de Montevidéu, e da implantação do programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, no caso do Brasil, rebatido à especificidade da cidade de Porto Alegre. Por último, procura-se ressaltar a importância dos parâmetros de urbanidade e de habitabilidade como indicativos de qualidade projetual, especialmente para o ensino de projeto de habitação de interesse social. / This work approaches the trajectory of the production of collective economic housing in height, in the cities of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and Montevideo, Uruguay, between 1985 and 2010. It looks forward to identify the major events which reverberated in a intense movement of discussion about the role of architecture for the political opening for many latin- american countries. It proves us the importance of this period of time, at the same time full of possibilities, but also with lots of rough economic, political and social impacts, which resulted from the weakening of Providence State, the Soviet Union dismantling and the neoliberalism hegemony. It points out the experiences for the recomposition of architecture as a city builder discipline, notably by the purposes which poured from the main poles of architecture diffusion on Brazil and Uruguay, exposed in projects and jobs inspired by the theoretical contribution and critical experiments to the Modern Movement coming from Europe, such as the ones realized by the IBA-87, in Berlin. It searches, in the roots of morphological transformations which happened in those cities, to understand how each one of these assimilated the assumptions of modern times, in a detained way, in a relation with the Modern Movement influences about architecture and the city, specially about its institutional regulations and the housing production. By the results obtained from the housing and urbanity parameter analysis, applied upon those four examples of housing aggregation buildings, pointed on each belonging city, it tries to evaluate the public policy and involved agents contribution, including the architects protagonism, specially in the moment when habitational cooperatives turn to be reintegrated into the financial and territorial order policies, on Montevideo's case, and the program "Minha Casa Minha Vida" , on Brazil's case, specifically in the city of Porto Alegre. At last, it looks forward to emphasize the urbanity and habitability parameters' importance as project quality indicatives, especially for the project of social interest habitation teaching.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaMM_cap1_cap5.pdf: 5537131 bytes, checksum: 02fbf19992b55864367640039cddacc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-12 / The goal of the research was to investigate the energy performance of residential vertical buildings envelope in the hot and humid climate of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte, based in the Technical Regulation of Quality for Energy Efficiency Level in Residential Buildings (RTQ -R), launched in 2010. The study pretends to contribute to the development of design strategies appropriate to the specific local climate and the increasing of energy efficiency level of the envelope. The methodological procedures included the survey in 22 (twenty two) residential buildings, the formulation of representative prototypes based on typological and constructives characters researched and the classification of the level of energy efficiency in the envelopment of these prototypes, using as a tool the prescriptive method of the RTQ-R and the parametric analyzes from assigning different values of the following variables: shape of the pavement type; distribution of housing compartments; orientation of the building; area and shading of openings; thermal transmittance, and solar absorptance of opaque materials of the frontage in order to evaluate the influence of these on the envelopment performance. The main results accomplished with this work includes the qualification of vertical residential buildings in Natal/RN; the verification of the adequacy of these buildings to local climate based from the diagnosis of the thermal energy of the envelopment performance, the identification of variables with more significant influence on the prescriptive methodology of RTQ-R and design solutions more favorable to obtain higher levels energy efficiency by this method. Finally, it was verified, that some of these solutions proved contradictory in relation to the recommendations contained in the theoretical approaches regarding environmental comfort in hot and humid weather, which indicates the need for improvement of the prescriptive method RTQ-R and further research on efficient design solutions / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o desempenho energ?tico da envolt?ria de edif?cios residenciais verticais no clima quente e ?mido de Natal, capital do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, ? luz do Regulamento T?cnico de Qualidade para o N?vel de Efici?ncia Energ?tica de Edifica??es Residenciais (RTQ-R), lan?ado em 2010. O trabalho procura contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estrat?gias projetuais adequadas ?s especificidades clim?ticas locais e ao aumento do n?vel de efici?ncia energ?tica da envolt?ria. Os procedimentos metodol?gicos inclu?ram o levantamento em 22 (vinte e dois) edif?cios residenciais, a formula??o de prot?tipos representativos com base em caracter?sticas tipol?gicas e construtivas levantadas e a classifica??o do n?vel de efici?ncia energ?tica (etiquetagem) da envolt?ria destes prot?tipos, utilizando como ferramenta o m?todo prescritivo do RTQ-R e an?lises param?tricas a partir da atribui??o de diferentes valores ?s seguintes vari?veis: forma do pavimento tipo; distribui??o dos ambientes na habita??o; orienta??o da edifica??o; ?rea e sombreamento das aberturas; transmit?ncia t?rmica; e, absort?ncia solar dos materiais opacos da fachada, a fim de avaliar a influ?ncia destes no desempenho da envolt?ria. Os principais resultados alcan?ados com a realiza??o deste trabalho compreenderam a qualifica??o dos edif?cios residenciais verticais em Natal/RN; a verifica??o da adequa??o destes edif?cios ? realidade clim?tica local a partir do diagn?stico do desempenho termo-energ?tico da envolt?ria; a identifica??o das vari?veis com influ?ncia mais significativa sobre a metodologia prescritiva do RTQ-R e de solu??es projetuais mais favor?veis ? obten??o de n?veis mais altos de efici?ncia energ?tica segundo este m?todo. Verificou-se, finalmente, que algumas destas solu??es mostraram-se contradit?rias em rela??o ?s recomenda??es consagradas nas abordagens te?ricas relativas ao conforto ambiental no clima quente e ?mido, o que indica a necessidade de aperfei?oamento do m?todo prescritivo do RTQ-R e o aprofundamento em pesquisas sobre solu??es projetuais eficientes

O trabalho aborda a trajetória da produção de habitação coletiva econômica em altura, nas cidades de Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul, e Montevidéu, no Uruguai, no período de 1985 a 2010. Procura identificar os principais eventos que reverberavam em um movimento de intenso debate sobre o papel da arquitetura para o cenário de abertura política para muitos países latino-americanos. Demonstra a importância desse período, ao mesmo tempo rico de possibilidades, mas também repleto de fortes impactos econômicos, políticos e sociais, que resultaram do enfraquecimento do Estado Providência, do desmantelamento da União Soviética e da hegemonia do neoliberalismo. Aponta as experiências para a recomposição da arquitetura como disciplina que constrói a cidade, especialmente pelas propostas que, emanadas dos principais polos de difusão da arquitetura no Brasil e no Uruguai, expuseram em projetos e obras inspiradas nos aportes teóricos e nas experimentações críticas ao Movimento Moderno advindas da Europa, como aquelas realizadas pela IBA-87, em Berlim. Busca, nas raízes das transformações morfológicas por que passaram essas cidades, entender como cada uma assimilou os pressupostos da modernidade, de forma breve em relação aos aspectos econômicos, sociais e políticos e, de forma mais detida, com relação às influências do Movimento Moderno sobre a arquitetura e a cidade, especialmente sobre suas normativas institucionais e a produção de habitação. A partir dos resultados obtidos da análise dos parâmetros de urbanidade e de habitabilidade, aplicados sobre os quatro exemplares dos conjuntos de habitação coletiva econômica em altura, selecionados em cada cidade, procura- se avaliar as contribuições das políticas públicas e dos agentes envolvidos, incluindo-se o protagonismo dos arquitetos, especialmente no momento em que as cooperativas habitacionais passam a ser reintegradas nas políticas de financiamento e de ordenamento territorial, no caso de Montevidéu, e da implantação do programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, no caso do Brasil, rebatido à especificidade da cidade de Porto Alegre. Por último, procura-se ressaltar a importância dos parâmetros de urbanidade e de habitabilidade como indicativos de qualidade projetual, especialmente para o ensino de projeto de habitação de interesse social. / This work approaches the trajectory of the production of collective economic housing in height, in the cities of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and Montevideo, Uruguay, between 1985 and 2010. It looks forward to identify the major events which reverberated in a intense movement of discussion about the role of architecture for the political opening for many latin- american countries. It proves us the importance of this period of time, at the same time full of possibilities, but also with lots of rough economic, political and social impacts, which resulted from the weakening of Providence State, the Soviet Union dismantling and the neoliberalism hegemony. It points out the experiences for the recomposition of architecture as a city builder discipline, notably by the purposes which poured from the main poles of architecture diffusion on Brazil and Uruguay, exposed in projects and jobs inspired by the theoretical contribution and critical experiments to the Modern Movement coming from Europe, such as the ones realized by the IBA-87, in Berlin. It searches, in the roots of morphological transformations which happened in those cities, to understand how each one of these assimilated the assumptions of modern times, in a detained way, in a relation with the Modern Movement influences about architecture and the city, specially about its institutional regulations and the housing production. By the results obtained from the housing and urbanity parameter analysis, applied upon those four examples of housing aggregation buildings, pointed on each belonging city, it tries to evaluate the public policy and involved agents contribution, including the architects protagonism, specially in the moment when habitational cooperatives turn to be reintegrated into the financial and territorial order policies, on Montevideo's case, and the program "Minha Casa Minha Vida" , on Brazil's case, specifically in the city of Porto Alegre. At last, it looks forward to emphasize the urbanity and habitability parameters' importance as project quality indicatives, especially for the project of social interest habitation teaching.

PhD (Business Management) / Department of Business Management / The questions of what constitutes entrepreneurship and, in turn, who an entrepreneur is, have dominated entrepreneurship discourse in recent times. Over the years, a multiplicity of definitions of entrepreneurship has been proffered. However, most of these definitions to be either Eurocentric or Western-oriented and largely devoid of (South) African socio-economic imperatives. Naturally, the manner in which entrepreneurship in South Africa is conceptualised derives from the former definitions. Furthermore, the classification of entrepreneurship ventures in the country is also problematic. A Eurocentric classification regime is, on the one hand, too simplistic; and, on the other hand, it fails to fully capture the true essence of entrepreneurial activity within the South African economy. It is, therefore, not surprising that entrepreneurship development policies and interventions are not successful in stimulating entrepreneurship. This problem, this study argues, is a result of the lack of localised research aimed at understanding entrepreneurship classification dynamics in South Africa. This constitutes a research gap, which this study seeks to address. It is against this background that the aim of this study is to develop a taxonomy of entrepreneurial ventures in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. To achieve this purpose, which is pre-paradigmatic, the proposed study was designed along the dictates of a qualitatively grounded theory research. This facilitated the application of multiple methods of data collection. The study sampled 5 entrepreneurs in the Limpopo Province who were interviewed using an in-depth format. The value of this work is among the first in seeking to propose a framework (i.e. taxonomy) for classifying entrepreneurship ventures within the South African context. The implication of the study is that it potentially provides policymakers with valuable tools to understand South African entrepreneurship and the channels of intervention for small business ventures. / NRF

This study deals with the typologies and the development of municipal orders in Europe. The theoretical basis of the work is important typologies of individual authors dealing with municipal orders of different countries. These typologies are exploring mostly European countries and looking for similarities across municipal systems of individual countries on the basis of some criteria and in relations between central and local levels and through relations between the institutions of local government with each other. Ten chosen European countries which are used in the typologies form empirical part of work. Countries are studied based on criterion development of municipal structures, especially in terms of amalgamation of municipalities and based on the criterion of executive models, especially in terms of direct election of mayors. For each country is studied the development and present situation of these criteria on the basis of which are determined the aims of this study. It is about finding out topicality of typologies and their comparison with the time of their origin to the present state of municipal orders of individual countries. Another aim is points to trends in local politics and gives an indication of possible future trends in terms of municipal orders in Europe.

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Xhosa / Consumers are an important part of business and understanding their behaviour, wants, and needs plays a vital role in the success of any business. This study focussed on the health and fitness industry in South Africa and the consumers making use of their services, as well as the non-users of these services. The primary objective of this study is to develop a consumer typology for health and fitness centres, based on the consumer behaviour of its members. Non-gym member responses were also solicited. A questionnaire was developed and sent out via email and Facebook, using convenience and snowball sampling to gather quantitative data. In total, 209 responses were received of which 98 were gym members and 111 not. Various statistical analyses were conducted on the data. A factor analysis was done to create a more manageable number of variables, while a cluster analysis was done to indicate whether certain profiles existed within the data. Cross-tabulations were carried out on the profiles to identify any significant differences in terms of their consumer behaviour. A T-test was performed to determine whether any differences existed regarding the choice of a specific health and fitness centre, while two binary logistical regressions were done to identify which factors could predict gym membership. The results indicated that two distinct gym member profiles, and two non-gym member profiles, could be identified. / Verbruikers is ʼn belangrike deel van besigheid en ʼn deeglike begrip van hul gedrag, begeertes en behoeftes speel ʼn deurslaggewende rol in die sukses van enige sakeonderneming. Hierdie studie fokus op die gesondheid- en fiksheidbedryf in Suid-Afrika, die verbruikers wat van hierdie dienste gebruik maak, asook dié wat nie daarvan gebruik maak nie. Die hoofoogmerk van hierdie studie is om ʼn verbruikertipologie vir gesondheid- en fiksheidsentrums te ontwikkel op grond van die verbruikersgedrag van die lede. Niegimnasiumlede is ook aangemoedig om deel te neem. ʼn Vraelys is ontwikkel en via e-pos en Facebook versprei. Gerieflikheid- en sneeubalsteekproefneming is gebruik om kwantitatiewe data in te samel. Altesaam 209 response is ontvang, waarvan 98 gimnasiumlede is en 111 nie gimnasiumlede is nie. Verskeie statistiese ontledings van die data is uitgevoer. ʼn Faktorontleding is gedoen om ʼn meer hanteerbare aantal veranderlikes te kry, terwyl trosontleding gebruik is om te bepaal of daar sekere profiele in die data bestaan. Kruistabellerings is op die profiele uitgevoer om enige noemenswaardige verskille ten opsigte van hul verbruikersgedrag te identifiseer. ʼn T-toets is gedoen om te bepaal of daar enige verskille rakende die keuse van ʼn spesifieke gesondheid- en fiksheidsentrum is, terwyl twee binêre logistieke regressies gedoen is om te identifiseer watter faktore gimansiumlidmaatskap kan voorspel. Die resultate het getoon dat twee afsonderlike gimnasiumlidprofiele, en twee nielidprofiele, geïdentifiseer kan word. / Badiriši ke karolo ye bohlokwa ya kgwebo gomme go kwešiša maitshwaro a bona, dihlokwa le dinyakwa go bapala karolo ye bohlokwa katlegong ya kgwebo efe le efe. Nyakišišo ye e lebantše go intasteri ya maphelo le tša boitekanelo ka Afrika Borwa, badiriši bao ba šomišago ditirelo tša yona, le bona bao ba sa šomišego ditirelo tše. Maikemišetšomagolo a nyakišišo ye ke go bopa thaepolotši ya badiriši ba disenthara tša maphelo le tša boitekanelo, go ya ka maitshwaro a badiriši ba maloko a tšona. Dikarabo tša maloko a go se šomiše lefelo la boithobollelo le tšona di kgopetšwe. Lenaneopotšišo le dirilwe gomme le rometšwe ka imeili le Facebook, go šomišwa sešupo sa boiketlo le sa koketšo go kgoboketša datha ya khwalitheithifi. Ka moka, go amogetšwe dikarabo tše 209 tšeo 98 ya tšona e lego ya maloko a lefelo la boithobollelo gomme tše 111 ga se tša maloko. Ditshekatsheko tša go fapana tša dipalopalo di dirilwe godimo ga datha. Tshekatsheko ya dintlha e dirilwe go bopa palo ye e laolegago bonolo ya dintlha, mola tshekatsheko ya sehlopha e dirilwe go laetša ge eba diprofaele tše itšeng di gona ka gare ga datha. Mekgwatshekatsheko ya go fapana e dirilwe godimo ga diprofaele go hlaola diphapano dife le dife tše bohlokwa go ya ka maitshwaro a bona a bodiriši. Teko-T e dirilwe go laetša ge eba go bile le phapano efe le efe mabapi le kgetho ye itšeng ya senthara ya maphelo le boitekanelo, mola dikakanyo tša lotšistiki tša go menagana gabedi di dirilwe go hlaola ntlha yeo e kago bonelapele boleloko bja lefelo la boithobollelo. Dipoelo di laeditše gore diprofaele tše pedi tša go fapana tša maloko a lefelo la boithobollelo, le diprofaele tše pedi tše e sego tša maloko a lefelo la boithobollelo, di ka hlaolwago. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

No description available.

Urbanization is increasing uncontrollably with accelerating speed and the problems this is causing can be seen at the symptoms they produce. Gentrification, sprawl, slums, ecological disasters, psychological effects on people are some of many problems having to do with cities. Majority of the problems appeared after industrialization and most have not been dealt with and many more are emerging. As this situation continues, urbanism is gaining a lot of attention from theorists, scholars, and people around the world, as the field that studies the phenomenon of urbanization and the urban environment. However, urbanism, as a concept, is not clearly determined and as developed as the pace in which urbanization grows and the theories seem to lack awareness of the size of the issue. Urbanism remains passive to the contemporary problems that are appearing, because by the time a theory is providing strategies to solve existing problems, new ones are emerging. Adding to this, what urbanism is and how it is implemented are still vague questions with even more vague answers. Through my research, I did not find a clear, and acceptable by all, definition of urbanism and that shows the complexity of the subject. This is an issue that has contributed, together with the magnificent speed that cities have grown with, to the borders between urban and rural disappearing. The result is a situation that cannot be described yet, but must become a source of research within urbanism, in the upcoming decades. This research first tackles the questions of what urban and urbanism is, to later proceed to what urbanism is concerned with. The goal is to orient oneself to the making of urbanism. A detailed cataloging of all the theories that have emerged through the years in a historical and thematic context shows what the trend has been through the decades and which problems urbanism as a broad term has decided to work with. The hope is that there will appear a pattern that can teach all new urbanists about the history of the profession and the mistakes that have been made, so that in the future the discourse about urbanism can be made on more solid grounds and on pragmatic problem solution rather than futuristic hopes and assumptions. This research will reach contemporary years so that it can be understood where the field is headed to. Successively, it is an insight into where cities might be headed, if solution finding tackles problems that appeared in the past, up to contemporary ones and the possible ones that might appear in the future. Urbanism is a field of research and is in constant movement and in evolution. Therefore, this research is aware that by the time of its publication it will already be outdated. Nevertheless, the goal for this research is to provide a stepping stone to further research within the field.

In the years following the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden was still recovering from the loss of Finland in 1809. The country had set on a path to rebuild itself and reshape its national identity, but the new geopolitical circumstances had not yet established any far-reaching thoughts on neutrality. There is not much information about what Swedish officers thought of Sweden's new position. However, there exists several speeches and texts by officers at the time, preserved in the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences' documentations, which reveal their thoughts on the concept of war and its significance for the Swedish nation. This material could provide an insight into the perceptions of high-ranking Swedish officers and members of the academy about the concept of war, along with their own views on post-Napoleonic Sweden. The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the Swedish officer corps’ perceptions of war from 1815 to 1845. The research question it seeks to answer is what perceptions of war Swedish officers had in the years following the Napoleonic Wars, which will be answered with the premise that attitudes to war among European militaries changed after the wars. The dissertation will apply theoretical frameworks about belief systems and typologies that classify attitudes to war and peace, in addition to using text analysis as a methodological tool, to analyze and interpret the source material. The results reveal that Swedish officers seemed to have a mainly defense-oriented attitude towards war during this period, where they wanted Sweden to avoid war, but not take its peace for granted. They called for certain actions, such as prioritizing the national defense, reforming the defense system, and making Sweden as a nation more ready for war. These results correspond to previous research and show that Swedish officers immediately adopted the war-skeptical attitudes shared by their European counterparts after the Napoleonic Wars.