Les déplacements de personnes et de marchandises sont responsables d’une part importante des impacts environnementaux à l’échelle de la ville. Cette thèse part des hypothèses que, les impacts environnementaux des phases situées en amont ou en aval de la phase d’usage ne sont pas négligeables et que l’étude différenciée des besoins de mobilité peut apporter un éclairage nouveau aux méthodes traditionnelles d’évaluation. La façon de répondre à chaque besoin induit, a priori, des impacts environnementaux différents. Ces derniers sont calculés à l’aide de la méthode d’Analyse de Cycle de Vie. La méthodologie a été développée sur un cas d’application : les émissions de GES de l’Agglomération de Saint-Etienne afin de se confronter à la réalité du terrain et de se procurer des données spécifiques. Ce cas d’application a donné une première série de résultats, confirmant à la fois la part non négligeable d’impacts hors phase d’usage et la disparité des émissions pour une personne.kilomètre selon le besoin de déplacement. Ensuite, une proposition de typologies urbaines a été faite en réalisant une Analyse en Composantes Principales, couplée à une Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique, sur les grandes aires urbaines de France, sur des variables influentes pour la mobilité. Trois classes d’aires urbaines ont été étudiées. La méthodologie a été appliquée aux données des Enquêtes Ménages Déplacements de Bordeaux, Toulon et Valenciennes. Des disparités sont observées pour certains motifs et il est possible de calculer des marges de progression pour chaque agglomération. Enfin, l’utilisation de l’ACV, multicritère a également révélé la nécessité de travailler avec plusieurs indicateurs. / Transportation of goods and people is known as a key environmental impact contributor in a city. However, traditional impact assessment methodologies don’t consider environmental issues all over the life cycle. The cause of a trip is also rarely taken into account in an environmental assessment. This thesis aims at proposing a new impact assessment methodology that considers the influence of indirect emissions (using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology) and causes of trips on the environmental footprint. Two main hypotheses are settled at the beginning: the environmental impacts of mobility do not only occur during the use phase (the trip by itself) but all over its life cycle. Also the trip purposes may change the choice of way to travel and consequently affect environmental impacts. The global Functional Unit (FU) is “transport people and good in a French urban area during a year” and is divided in intermediate FU referring to each trip purposes, such as “allow commuter trips in a French urban area during a year”. The methodology was developed, tested and validated through a real case: the agglomeration of Saint-Etienne (France). During this phase, mobility territorial actors were met and real data provided that allows facing methodology to possible field limitations. This application case shows first results. First, it confirms importance to consider impacts all over the life cycle (17% of GHG emissions occur out of the use phase). Second, it shows significant differences of emissions by person.kilometer between trip purposes categories. Then a typology of urban area was proposed based on literature about travel determinants. Principal Component Analysis used on French big urban areas (more than 250 000 inhabitants) identified 5 classes. The methodology was applied to three of them (Bordeaux, Toulon and Valenciennes) using data from a standardized survey on households and mobility in order to compare them. It shows disparities on global results partly due to total annual travel distances. The trip purposes differentiation also shows important differences between urban areas. For each cause trip category and emission reduction potentials were calculated for each urban area by extrapolating differences for a pkm to the total annual distance for the trip. This can provide helpful information to deciders. Finally, the need to provide a multicriteria evaluation that is provided by LCA was committed. However methodological improvement would be necessary to better reflect local and regional impacts in LCA.

Elevated railway structures (ERS) has for more than a century been evolving as an urban archetype. Present in various forms in cities across the globe, to transport the increasing number of citizens, ERS are urban infrastructures that perform a vital role in curbing congestion and pollution that plague cities so often. In spite of their sustainable transport benefits, ERS are often viewed negatively as noisy, ugly and severing urban form, amongst other problems which will be elaborated on - problematising ERS. A theorisation of these problems follows, looking at ERS as an urban type, an infrastructural typeand other typologies. 39 types of ERS interventions are described as the result of a global literary and experiential search of various instances of ERS and projects that seek their urban integration. It is a search for the potentials of ERS to contribute to urban life and urban form, beyond their main transport function - potentializing ERS.

No description available.

В данном диссертационном исследовании анализируется опыт использования переводческих трансформаций в пособии Кэмерона Адэйра по выходу из игровой зависимости “Respawn”, впервые переведённого на русский язык, с позиции двух выбранных для сопоставления трансформационных типологий: Ж.-П. Вине и Ж. Дарбельне и Л. С. Бархударова. Актуальность исследования обуславливается общественным интересом к текстам и переводам, связанным с феноменом высокоскоростного интернета, к видеоиграм, а также необходимостью систематизации теорий переводческих трансформаций. / This master’s thesis analyzes the use of translation transformations in the first-time translated Cameron Adair’s “Respawn” manual on how to quit videogames. The analysis is conducted from the standpoint of two translation theories: J.-P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet’s and L. S. Barkhudarov’s. The importance of the study is determined by the social interest for texts and translations related to high-speed Internet and videogames, as well as by the necessity for translation transformation theories systematization.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis deals primarily with teaching styles - a topic that has not been greatly discussed in Czech pedagogical literature so far. Based on both Czech and foreign sources, this paper identifies and describes in detail various aspects of teaching styles and presents several approaches to study them. Moreover, it puts the above-mentioned topic in a context of other related concepts, such as teaching method, teachers' beliefs etc. It provides an overview of several teaching styles typologies designed by mostly American authors. The empirical part introduces an original research based on both quantitative and qualitative approach. It presents a detailed study of six selected teachers of the English language and based on their responses identifies certain aspects of different teaching styles. The thesis also reveals some of their views and opinions of their profession.

O trabalho aborda a trajetória da produção de habitação coletiva econômica em altura, nas cidades de Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul, e Montevidéu, no Uruguai, no período de 1985 a 2010. Procura identificar os principais eventos que reverberavam em um movimento de intenso debate sobre o papel da arquitetura para o cenário de abertura política para muitos países latino-americanos. Demonstra a importância desse período, ao mesmo tempo rico de possibilidades, mas também repleto de fortes impactos econômicos, políticos e sociais, que resultaram do enfraquecimento do Estado Providência, do desmantelamento da União Soviética e da hegemonia do neoliberalismo. Aponta as experiências para a recomposição da arquitetura como disciplina que constrói a cidade, especialmente pelas propostas que, emanadas dos principais polos de difusão da arquitetura no Brasil e no Uruguai, expuseram em projetos e obras inspiradas nos aportes teóricos e nas experimentações críticas ao Movimento Moderno advindas da Europa, como aquelas realizadas pela IBA-87, em Berlim. Busca, nas raízes das transformações morfológicas por que passaram essas cidades, entender como cada uma assimilou os pressupostos da modernidade, de forma breve em relação aos aspectos econômicos, sociais e políticos e, de forma mais detida, com relação às influências do Movimento Moderno sobre a arquitetura e a cidade, especialmente sobre suas normativas institucionais e a produção de habitação. A partir dos resultados obtidos da análise dos parâmetros de urbanidade e de habitabilidade, aplicados sobre os quatro exemplares dos conjuntos de habitação coletiva econômica em altura, selecionados em cada cidade, procura- se avaliar as contribuições das políticas públicas e dos agentes envolvidos, incluindo-se o protagonismo dos arquitetos, especialmente no momento em que as cooperativas habitacionais passam a ser reintegradas nas políticas de financiamento e de ordenamento territorial, no caso de Montevidéu, e da implantação do programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, no caso do Brasil, rebatido à especificidade da cidade de Porto Alegre. Por último, procura-se ressaltar a importância dos parâmetros de urbanidade e de habitabilidade como indicativos de qualidade projetual, especialmente para o ensino de projeto de habitação de interesse social. / This work approaches the trajectory of the production of collective economic housing in height, in the cities of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and Montevideo, Uruguay, between 1985 and 2010. It looks forward to identify the major events which reverberated in a intense movement of discussion about the role of architecture for the political opening for many latin- american countries. It proves us the importance of this period of time, at the same time full of possibilities, but also with lots of rough economic, political and social impacts, which resulted from the weakening of Providence State, the Soviet Union dismantling and the neoliberalism hegemony. It points out the experiences for the recomposition of architecture as a city builder discipline, notably by the purposes which poured from the main poles of architecture diffusion on Brazil and Uruguay, exposed in projects and jobs inspired by the theoretical contribution and critical experiments to the Modern Movement coming from Europe, such as the ones realized by the IBA-87, in Berlin. It searches, in the roots of morphological transformations which happened in those cities, to understand how each one of these assimilated the assumptions of modern times, in a detained way, in a relation with the Modern Movement influences about architecture and the city, specially about its institutional regulations and the housing production. By the results obtained from the housing and urbanity parameter analysis, applied upon those four examples of housing aggregation buildings, pointed on each belonging city, it tries to evaluate the public policy and involved agents contribution, including the architects protagonism, specially in the moment when habitational cooperatives turn to be reintegrated into the financial and territorial order policies, on Montevideo's case, and the program "Minha Casa Minha Vida" , on Brazil's case, specifically in the city of Porto Alegre. At last, it looks forward to emphasize the urbanity and habitability parameters' importance as project quality indicatives, especially for the project of social interest habitation teaching.

[pt] Esse estudo objetiva pesquisar, identificar e analisar como as estratégias competitivas afetam o desempenho das empresas na indústria de prestação de serviços de telecomunicações. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica do arcabouço teórico que embasa a pesquisa para identificação das variáveis estratégicas, de desempenho e ambientais, além de modelos e tipologias. Para uma amostra de 30 empresas listadas na bolsa de valores de Nova York, foram coletados dados nos documentos contábeis publicados pelas empresas, complementados por survey no período de cinco anos compreendido entre 2004 e 2009. Tais dados foram analisados por meio de estatística multivariada, possibilitando a identificação e composição de grupos estratégicos (clusters). Em seguida, foi verificada a aderência dos clusters à tipologia estratégica escolhida e examinadas as diferenças de desempenho entre os diversos clusters, destacando-se o estudo das relações entre posicionamentos estratégicos e desempenhos. Os resultados da análise indicam aderência à tipologia exercitada, comprovando empiricamente os pressupostos iniciais da pesquisa. / [en] This study aims to investigate, identify and analyze how the competitive strategies affect companies’ performances in the telecommunications services providers industry. We first performed a revision of the theoretical framework that underpins the research to identify the strategic variables, environmental performances and models and typologies. For a sample set containing 30 companies listed on New York Stock Exchange, data were collected in accounting documents published by companies and supplemented by survey, considering five years between 2004 and 2009. These data were analyzed using multivariate statistics which allowed the identification and composition of the strategic groups (clusters). Next, we checked the adherence among the strategic typology and clusters chosen and examined the performance differences between the various clusters, emphasizing the study of the relationship between strategic positioning and performance. The test results suggested an alignment between the used typology and statistical results confirming the initial assumptions of the empirical research.

La diffusion d'une information de gestion (IG) de qualité améliore-t-elle la relation avec l'actionnaire ? Définies par les autorités de régulation comptable, les qualités attendues sont plus à même d'être atteintes par l'IG dans son champ large. Par ailleurs, le cadre théorique de la gouvernance fournit les déterminants de la diffusion d'informations et la mesure de son impact. Une étude qualitative est menée afin d'élaborer une méthode de mesure de la qualité. A partir d'une liste d'items appréhendant la qualité, trois indices sont élaborés dont la validité est ensuite testée sur un échantillon de 55 entreprises françaises cotées. Enfin, des interactions entre qualité de l'IG, diffusion et utilité pour l'actionnaire sont révélées, puis confirmées sur ce même échantillon de 55 entreprises par des tests boursiers. Un impact positif de la diffusion d'une IG de qualité apparaît, tandis que la volatilité montre l'incertitude des investisseurs lors d'une diffusion de moindre qualité.

The EU Directive for building energy performance requires all member states to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the existing building stock. A key instrument in achieving this is using building stock modelling as a tool for planning and development of policies. But since the building stock as a whole is a complex element to study, new interdisciplinary methods are required to facilitate a sustainable management of the built heritage. Moreover, as the goal of energy conservation is brought into a supposed conflict with the built heritage, the field of integrated conservation has a responsibility to be a part of the development of such methods. This thesis accordingly investigates state-of-the-art building stock models from several disciplines with the aim of developing a new method for categorising historic building stocks. The historic buildings in the case study of World Heritage Site Visby, Sweden, were surveyed and triangulated using e.g. on-site inspections, digital cadastre maps, the national EPC database and existing inventories, ultimately leading to 1048 buildings from before 1945 being included in a new inventory. This inventory, along with tools acquired from previous buildings stock models, enabled an iterative process to develop and validate the new categorisation method. The proposed method itself is based on the principal idea of categorisation where the building stock is represented by a limited number of categories which allow for further typology investigations, e.g. energy modelling, and extrapolation back to district level. The results show that the building stock can be represented by nine physical categories covering 86 % of the total number of buildings, and 70 % of the entire building volume. To encompass aspects regarding cultural heritage significance, the respective historic character of the buildings are assessed and described by combining statistical information and the Conservation plan of Visby. In all, the method shows to provide a supportive platform for investigations of a trade-off between energy conservation on one hand and building conservation on the other. / EFFESUS / Spara och Bevara