This paper will explore how explicit and implicit conceptions of tyranny contributed to common languages of legitimacy spoken far beyond fifteenth-century Florence’s typical sphere of influence. As previous scholars have noted, Florentines dressed their past and present in regal and/or Ancient Roman garments to legitimate their state, its actions, and refute accusations of tyranny. But beyond writing for the Florentines themselves, humanist texts by writers like Leonardo Bruni, Giannozzo Manetti, and Matteo Palmieri reveal attempts to reach a broad geographical audience, a move that suggests that this Florentine dichotomy between legitimacy and tyranny participated in a pan-European discourse. Whether a Renaissance Europe, a medieval Europe, a premodern Europe, or an early modern Europe, it was, in this sense, a connected Europe.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos governos tirânicos siracusanos na reestruturação urbanística desta cidade, fundada pelos gregos em meados do século VII a.C. Para tanto, vamos explorar em fontes escritas autores que relatam aspectos importantes da Sicília, são eles : Diodoro Sículo, principal referência para Siracusa, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro e Pausânias. Trabalhamos com o levantamento dos dados arqueológicos nas áreas importantes da pólis (ásty e khóra), bem como nas suas sub-colônias, com a finalidade de compreender o seu espaço urbano, seu dinamismo de expansão desde a fundação até o século V a.C e sua monumentalidade. O confronto entre o documento escrito e o documento material, metodologia do trabalho, será a base para que compreendamos melhor as relações políticas, sociais, econômicas e espaciais. Os remanejamentos compulsórios de populações promovidos pelos tiranos são analisados no contexto das mudanças observadas no espaço da pólis siracusana. / This research has the objective to analyse the influence of the tyrannical governments of Syracuse in the urbanistic restructuration of this city, founded by Greeks in the middle of VII century B.C. For so, we are going to explore the written sources for writers who tells important aspects of Sicily. They are: Diodoro Sículo, first reference for Siracuse, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro and Pausânias. We\'ve been working with the archeological data at the very important areas in the \"polis\" (ásty and khora), and the sub-colonies, with the objective of understanding the urban space, its dynamism of expansion since the foundation until the V century B.C. and its monumentality. The confrontation between the written and the material source, methodology of work, will be the base for better understanding the political, social, economic and spacial relations. The compulsory populational reallocations made by the tyrants are analysed in the context of the changes observed at the syracusean \"polis\".

A tirania é um dos elementos mais marcantes das Histórias e da escrita da história das Histórias. Dentre as várias vertentes de estudo que debatem este aspecto da obra do autor de Halicarnasso, há uma querela específica que discute se ele tinha uma visão pejorativa ou neutra em relação à tirania. A partir, em especial, de meados do século XX, as novas tendências da historiografia passaram a valorizar aspectos marginalizados da história até então, e os estudos herodotianos passaram a ser (re)vistos em conformidade com essas mudanças. À luz desta tendência atual, que entende o texto herodotiano como unidade textual, proponho uma leitura desta controvérsia pelo viés da ambigüidade e da tragédia. Dentro desta perspectiva, reis e tiranos têm um importante papel na narrativa ao compor a forma através da qual Heródoto expressa seu pensamento político na obra, pensamento este relacionado com suas preocupações em torno do exercício do poder. / Tyranny is one of the most remarkable elements of the Histories and of Histories\' historiography. Among many academic approaches which discuss this aspect concerning the narrative of this Halicarnassos author, there is a specific discussion about the possibility of a pejorative or a neutral vision of tyranny. From the middle of the twentieth century on, the new historiographical tendencies have valued marginal aspects of history, so, the herodotean studies started to be reviewed according to these changes. In the light of this current tendency, that understands the herodotean text as a textual unity, I propose a reading of this controversy through the perspective of ambiguity and tragedy. In this perspective, kings and tyrants have an important role in the narrative by composing the form through which Herodotus expresses his political thought in his work, a thought related to his concerns with the exercise of power.

A tirania é um dos elementos mais marcantes das Histórias e da escrita da história das Histórias. Dentre as várias vertentes de estudo que debatem este aspecto da obra do autor de Halicarnasso, há uma querela específica que discute se ele tinha uma visão pejorativa ou neutra em relação à tirania. A partir, em especial, de meados do século XX, as novas tendências da historiografia passaram a valorizar aspectos marginalizados da história até então, e os estudos herodotianos passaram a ser (re)vistos em conformidade com essas mudanças. À luz desta tendência atual, que entende o texto herodotiano como unidade textual, proponho uma leitura desta controvérsia pelo viés da ambigüidade e da tragédia. Dentro desta perspectiva, reis e tiranos têm um importante papel na narrativa ao compor a forma através da qual Heródoto expressa seu pensamento político na obra, pensamento este relacionado com suas preocupações em torno do exercício do poder. / Tyranny is one of the most remarkable elements of the Histories and of Histories\' historiography. Among many academic approaches which discuss this aspect concerning the narrative of this Halicarnassos author, there is a specific discussion about the possibility of a pejorative or a neutral vision of tyranny. From the middle of the twentieth century on, the new historiographical tendencies have valued marginal aspects of history, so, the herodotean studies started to be reviewed according to these changes. In the light of this current tendency, that understands the herodotean text as a textual unity, I propose a reading of this controversy through the perspective of ambiguity and tragedy. In this perspective, kings and tyrants have an important role in the narrative by composing the form through which Herodotus expresses his political thought in his work, a thought related to his concerns with the exercise of power.

This dissertation offers a new reading of Athenian democracy, focusing on the connection between the politics of accountability and the dynamics of political advice. I analyze Athenian institutions, norms, and practices comparatively, alongside their autocratic counterparts. I show how Greek thinkers relied on a common conceptual apparatus to understand, defend, and criticize patterns of accountability and unaccountability across regimes. I explore how powerful, unaccountable political actors – whether autocratic rulers or democratic assemblies – could solicit and secure good advice, and how accountable advisers could advise them effectively and safely. In stressing similarities between counsel across regime types, I challenge the characterization of Athens as a deliberative democracy. The sumboulos (adviser) was an important figure in Greek conceptions of both democratic and autocratic politics. Athenian orators are best understood – and understood themselves – as the accountable sumbouloi of the Athenian demos. This identification casts them not as co-deliberators with their fellow citizens but rather as participants in a common Greek tradition of advising powerful figures, a tradition that found expression across political contexts. The important role of sumbouloi in both democracies and autocracies follows from the structural similarity between the two regime types. The Athenian demos, gathered together in the Assembly and in the Popular Courts, was understood to have competencies and powers akin to those of an autocratic ruler. In particular, both the demos and the autocrat were recognized as unaccountable rulers able to hold others – including their advisers – to account. Given the power imbalances structuring relationships between sumbouloi and decision makers in both democracies and autocracies, both practicing orators and theoretically inclined observers came to see that the problems and opportunities associated with having (or choosing) to speak to the powerful were comparable across regimes. The issues at stake in the demos-adviser relationship could fruitfully be compared to those at stake in the autocrat-adviser relationship. Questions such as how the powerful could recognize good advice and good advisers and what the possibilities and limitations of frank advice were under conditions of risk were not regime-specific. Insofar as ancient Greeks had a theory of political counsel, it was a strikingly portable one. / Government

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos governos tirânicos siracusanos na reestruturação urbanística desta cidade, fundada pelos gregos em meados do século VII a.C. Para tanto, vamos explorar em fontes escritas autores que relatam aspectos importantes da Sicília, são eles : Diodoro Sículo, principal referência para Siracusa, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro e Pausânias. Trabalhamos com o levantamento dos dados arqueológicos nas áreas importantes da pólis (ásty e khóra), bem como nas suas sub-colônias, com a finalidade de compreender o seu espaço urbano, seu dinamismo de expansão desde a fundação até o século V a.C e sua monumentalidade. O confronto entre o documento escrito e o documento material, metodologia do trabalho, será a base para que compreendamos melhor as relações políticas, sociais, econômicas e espaciais. Os remanejamentos compulsórios de populações promovidos pelos tiranos são analisados no contexto das mudanças observadas no espaço da pólis siracusana. / This research has the objective to analyse the influence of the tyrannical governments of Syracuse in the urbanistic restructuration of this city, founded by Greeks in the middle of VII century B.C. For so, we are going to explore the written sources for writers who tells important aspects of Sicily. They are: Diodoro Sículo, first reference for Siracuse, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro and Pausânias. We\'ve been working with the archeological data at the very important areas in the \"polis\" (ásty and khora), and the sub-colonies, with the objective of understanding the urban space, its dynamism of expansion since the foundation until the V century B.C. and its monumentality. The confrontation between the written and the material source, methodology of work, will be the base for better understanding the political, social, economic and spacial relations. The compulsory populational reallocations made by the tyrants are analysed in the context of the changes observed at the syracusean \"polis\".

No description available.

No / Participatory techniques have established themselves in both project implementation in developing countries and community interventions in industrial countries. Recently, participation has been fashionably dismissed as more rhetoric than substance, and subject to manipulation by agents pursuing their own agendas under cover of community consent. In this important new volume, development and other social policy scholars and practitioners seek to rebut this simplistic conclusion. They show how participation can help produce genuine transformation for marginalized communities. This volume is the first comprehensive attempt to evaluate the state of participatory approaches in the aftermath of the "Tyranny" critique. It captures the recent convergence between participatory development and participatory governance. It revisits the question of popular agency, as well as spanning the range of institutional actors involved--the state, civil society and donor agencies. The volume embeds participation within contemporary advances in development theory.

L’étude de l’iconoclasme byzantin, cette crise théologique ayant pour cause l’essor du culte associé aux images religieuses, a été un exercice ardu pour les historiens. En effet, les maigres sources disponibles pour cette période sont toutes favorables au culte des images. Bien qu’écrite par un iconodoule convaincu et hostile aux empereurs iconoclastes, la Chronographie de Théophane le Confesseur ne mérite pourtant pas ses étiquettes contemporaines de pro-iconophile et d’anti-iconoclaste. Le présent mémoire propose donc de revoir et de nuancer les écrits de Théophane en ce qui a trait au pouvoir impérial. Il s’agira de démontrer que la place des empereurs sur l’échiquier théologique n’a aucune influence sur la représentation du pouvoir, voire et de ceux qui l’exercent, dans la Chronographie. En effet, une analyse rigoureuse des empereurs de la période iconoclaste (717-780) et de la période iconodoule (780-815) prouvera que pour Théophane, rien n’est absolu : les iconoclastes ne sont pas dépourvus de vertu et les iconodoules peuvent agir de façon tyrannique. La Chronographie propose ainsi une image complexe du pouvoir impérial, qui oblige à reconsidérer les frontières entre légitimité impériale et tyrannie. -- The study of Byzantine iconoclasm, a theological crisis caused by the emergence of religious practices centered on divine images, has proven to be a difficult endeavor for historians. Indeed, the few available sources which discuss this period are clearly favorable to this cult of images. Despite having been written by a convinced iconodule who was also hostile to iconoclastic emperors, the Chronicle by Theophanes the Confessor should not be labelled as purely pro-iconophile and anti-iconoclastic. As such, the present thesis will seek to review and relativize the writings of Theophanes with regards to imperial power. This will attempt to demonstrate that in the Chronicle, the place of emperors on the theological playing field has no impact on the representations of power or those who exert it. In fact, a rigorous analysis of emperors from the iconoclastic period (717-780) as well as the iconodule period (780-815) will show that inTheophanes’ mind nothing is absolute: iconoclasts are not devoid of virtue and iconodules can be tyrannical. Hence, the Chronicle presents a complex image of imperial power, one which demands a reconsideration of the boundaries between imperial legitimacy and tyranny.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar os templos dedicados a Zeus Olímpico, chamados de Olimpiéia, construídos entre os séculos VI e V a.C., época arcaica e clássica. Nossa intenção é compreender em que medida o santuário de Olímpia na Grécia continental foi responsável pela origem e difusão do culto de Zeus Olímpico no restante do mundo grego. É nossa intenção também compreender o caráter assumido por este culto nas várias partes do mundo grego. Interessa-nos, sobretudo, aprofundar o estudo das relações deste culto com o poder político em época arcaica e clássica no que diz respeito principalmente à sua eventual manipulação política. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento das cidades que consagraram templos a esta divindade a fim de mapearmos o seu culto e, trabalhando os dados arqueológicos contextualizados em associação com as fontes textuais, pretendemos discutir temas como: 1-) a utilização do epíteto Olympios e do nome Olympiéion; 2-) a configuração espacial dos santuários de Zeus Olímpico e a relação do espaço sagrado com a sociedade; 3-) a relação entre o culto e o governo tirânico; 4-) e o papel do culto na construção da identidade grega. / This research aims to study the temples dedicated to Olympian Zeus, also known as Olympieia, built between the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., during the Archaic and Classical periods. Our intention is to provide an account of the importance of the sanctuary of Olympia played in the origin and diffusion of the Zeus Olympios\' cult, as well as the character assumed by this cult in other parts of the Greek world. In particular, we intend to deepen the comprehension of the connections the political power established with this cult during the Archaic and Classical epochs, especially regarding its casual political manipulation. In order to reach a sharper appraisal of the cult and meet the other purposes set forth herewith, the research will develop a detailed survey of those cities with temples consecrated to this divinity and, associating textual sources with contextualized archaeological data, suggest some themes to discussion as: 1. The use of both the epithet Olympios and the name Olympiéion; 2. The spatial configuration of the Zeus Olympios sanctuaries and the relationship between society and the sacred place; 3. The tyrannical government in relation with the cult; 4. The role played by the cult in the making of the Greek identity.