abstract: Stress responses play a central role in the development of psychopathology. Coping efforts, one subset of stress responses, have been shown to influence the relations between stress and adjustment. Although the relations between youths' coping and emotional and behavioral outcomes are well-documented, less is known about the factors that predict youths' coping. Given their importance for adaptation, understanding influences on youths' coping has important implications for developmental theories and preventive interventions. The current study examined the main and interactive effects of positive parenting and youths' temperament on youths' coping efforts and coping efficacy one year later in a sample of 192 youth aged 9-15 years when assessed initially. Data used were from the first and third waves of a four-wave, prospective, longitudinal study of families where one or both parents recently became unemployed. Positive parenting was measured with a combination of mother-report, child-report, and observational measures. Temperament was assessed with mother-report, child-report, and/or teacher-report measures. Children reported on their coping. It was hypothesized that positive parenting, effortful control, and surgency would be positively associated with active coping and coping efficacy, and negatively associated with avoidant coping. Further, it was hypothesized that the relations between positive parenting and youths' coping would be stronger for youths low in effortful control or surgency. Structural equation modeling with latent variables revealed no significant main effects of positive parenting, effortful control, or surgency on youths' coping efforts or coping efficacy. Path analyses revealed no significant positive parenting by temperament interactions in the prediction of youths' coping efforts or coping efficacy. Several significant correlations between measures of positive parenting or surgency and youths' coping emerged. The pattern of correlations provided some support for the hypothesized relations. For example, aspects of positive parenting (e.g., maternal acceptance) and youth surgency were associated with more adaptive coping both concurrently and longitudinally, whereas an aspect of negative parenting (i.e., maternal rejection) was associated with less adaptive coping both concurrently and over time. Potential explanations of the unexpected findings and future directions for understanding the role of parenting and youths' temperament in youths' coping efforts and coping efficacy are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Psychology 2010

The apartheid Johannesburg was built on spatial divisions, uneven development was undertaken literally to ensure that whites and blacks were to live apart from each other. In the post-apartheid Johannesburg, uneven development persists, though no longer solely based on racial differences. These spatial divisions, as they did under apartheid, reinforce existing structures of the privileged, which mutually reinforce the system of spatial, economic and social exclusion, particularly for the unemployed poor. In the light of the continuation of this urban form, the study aimed to show that people are not unemployed only because there are no jobs generally available to people lacking marketable skills, as primarily argued by most researchers; but also because there is a strong correlation between unemployment and the spatial distribution of employment opportunities within the Johannesburg city. The study also aimed to test the applicability of various theories imported from USA and Europe, which are generally used to explain urban problems in South Africa, through identification of possible areas of contention. In attempt to explain the continuation of the apartheid urban form by the current government policy, the study adopted qualitative data collection techniques focusing on literature studies, documentary, personal observation and the design of a theoretical framework Based on the theoretical framework, the study came to the conclusion that the preoccupation with compact city development to eradicate the effects of uneven development and urban unemployment in Johannesburg is misdirected. It has revealed the need for the government to explore how best to improve the circumstances of low-income households in condition of urban sprawl. The outcome of the study in relation to uneven development is that, although Johannesburg exhibits apartheid patterns of racial oppression and exploitation, in post-apartheid South Africa, Johannesburg is characterized by structural inequality driven by two income gaps: between an increasingly multiracial middle class and the rest; and between the African urban working class and the African unemployed and marginalized poor. In this context, uneven development in Johannesburg can no longer be explained solely by race. High levels of intra-racial inequality, especially among the African population, mean that there are other social forces at work. The study also found that there has been the steady relocation of economic activities to the southern part of Johannesburg, particularly in Soweto. And that the vast majority of new households in Johannesburg are settling in and on the edges of existing townships, most often on the outer edges, mainly because of the informal housing and government's subsidised housing. Nonetheless, these developments continue to perpetuate the apartheid legacy of uneven development. According to the conclusion of the study there is evidence to suggest that employment accessibility within different population groups is largely caused by spatial factors, such as employment decentralisation and residential segregation. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

This thesis is comprised of three essays relating to long term unemployment in Spain. The first chapter is methodological analysis of the main dataset that is used throughout the thesis. The second and third chapter provide two applications of the dataset for the study of long term unemployment. The methodology in these chapters can be easily adapted to study unemployment in other countries. Chapter 1. On the use of administrative data for the study of unemployment Social security administrative data are increasingly becoming available in many countries. These are very attractive data as they have a long panel structure (large N, large T) and allow to measure many different variables with higher precision. Because of their nature they can capture aspects that are usually hidden due to design or timing of survey data. However, administrative data are not ready to be used for labour market research, especially studies involving unemployment. The main reason is that administrative data only capture those registered unemployed, and in some cases only those receiving unemployment benefits. The gap between total unemployment and registered unemployment is not constant neither across workers characteristics nor time. In this paper I augment Spanish Social Security administrative data by adding missing unemployment spells using information from the institutional framework. I compare the resulting unemployment rate to that of the Labour Force Survey, showing that both are comparable and thus the administrative dataset is useful for labour market research. I also explore how the administrative data can be used to study some important aspects of the labour market that the Labour Force survey can’t capture. Administrative data can also be used to overcome some of the problems of the Labour Force survey such as changes in the structure of the survey. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive guide on how to adapt administrative datasets to make them useful for studying unemployment. Chapter 2. Unemployment Duration Variance Decomposition `a la ABS: Evidence from Spain Existing studies of unemployment duration typically use self-reported information from labour force surveys. We revisit this question using precise information on spells from administrative data. We follow the recent method proposed by Alvarez, Borovickova and Shimer (2015) for estimating the different components of the duration of unemployment using administrative data and have applied it to Austria. In this paper we apply the same method (the ABS method hereafter) to Spain using Spanish Social Security data. Administrative data have many advantages compared to Labour Force Survey data, but we note that there are some incompleteness that need to be enhanced in order to use the data for unemployment analysis (e.g., unemployed workers that run out of unemployment insurance have no labour market status in the data). The degree and nature of such incompleteness is country-specific and are particularly important in Spain. Following Chapter 1, we deal with these data issues in a systematic way by using information from the Spanish LFS data as well as institutional information. We hope that our approach will provide a useful way to apply the ABS method in other countries. Our findings are: (i) the unemployment decomposition is quite similar in Austria and Spain, specially when minimizing the effect of fixed-term contracts in Spain. (ii) the constant component is the most important one; while (total) heterogeneity and duration dependence are roughly comparable. (iii) also, we do not find big differences in the contribution of the different components along the business cycle. Chapter 3. Search Capital and Unemployment Duration I propose a novel mechanism called search capital to explain long term unemployment patters across different ages: workers who have been successful in finding jobs in the recent past become more efficient at finding jobs in the present. Search ability increases with search experience and depreciates with tenure if workers do not search often enough. This leaves young (who have not gained enough search experience) and older workers in a disadvantaged position, making them more likely to suffer long term unemployment. I focus on the case of Spain, as its dual labour market structure favours the identification of search capital. I provide empirical evidence that search capital affects unemployment duration and wages at the individual level. Then I propose a search model with search capital and calibrate it using Spanish administrative data. The addition of search capital helps the model match the dynamics of unemployment and job finding rates in the data, especially for younger workers.

The following study is concerned with the problems posed by contemporary unemployment--especially the U.S. but also globally to some extent. The most immediate problem is the dominance of neoclassical models, which routinely neglect the deeper issues raised by contemporary mass unemployment. To go beyond these inadequacies, the study also assesses the performance of sociological interpretations. One key finding is that sociological analyses also largely fail to provide a compelling theory of unemployment and, moreover, that most perspectives implicitly adopt problematic assumptions from neoclassical economics. This highlights the dual nature of the problems posed by unemployment: on one hand, it is an urgent social issue; and, on the other hand, it exemplifies significant weakness within most sociological paradigms. In order to address the challenges posed by unemployment, the narrative centers on the resolution of three key anomalies of unemployment: 1) persistent unemployment; 2) so-called "jobless recoveries;" and 3) the rise of worker precariousness. The anomalies are taken as evidence of paradigmatic contradictions within neoclassical economics and, to some extent, sociology. The main theoretical contribution of the study is a careful reconstruction of Marx's classical theory of the reserve army of labor (part of "The General Law of Accumulation"), which has inspired all critical sociological perspectives on labor markets to date. The investigation highlights distinctive characteristics of "political-economic sociology," a term that refers to economic sociologists who draw heavily on notions of class and power reminiscent of classical political economy and classical sociology, forming an important bridge with heterodox economic approaches. The theory of the reserve army is in need of "renewal," however, because even political-economic sociologist have failed to carry the analysis forward and build upon the firm foundation provided by Marx. The study's conclusion is that the reserve army framework has enormous potential to strengthen existing work within political-economic sociology.

The aim of the thesis was to describe the impacts of economic crisis on municipalities of the Microregion Horní Vltava Boubínsko.

abstract: Although much has been done to examine the relationship between unemployment and crime, little consideration has been given to the impact neighborhood-level factors such as informal social control may have on the strength of unemployment as a predictor of crime. The present study seeks to fill this gap by assessing whether the declining crime rates over a period of surging unemployment under the financial crisis are due to unchanged levels of informal social control. To examine these relationships, the present study utilizes data from Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), calls for service to the police, and the United States Census and American Community Survey. These data are longitudinal in nature covering the period 2007-2011 and are all related to Glendale, Arizona. The results indicate that the financial crisis predicts lower rates of property crimes as well as lower rates of calls for service relative to UCR crimes. Additionally, the present study finds that unemployment is a significant predictor of increases in UCR property crime, UCR violent crime, and engagement in each of my measures of informal social control. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2016

Orientation: The high unemployment level in South Africa has caused even graduates to be unemployed and yet they hold university degrees. This has increased pressure on the job seeking students to develop factors that influence employability, hence the study seeks to identify whether personality and self-esteem act as predictors of employability among final year university students. Research purpose: The objectives of this investigation were to examine whether personality, as is typically found in personality type research tool such as the, (Myers Briggs personality indicator) and self-esteem positively predict employability among final year university students. Secondly, to determine the personality types that significantly predict employability among final year university students. The last objective was to determine whether self-esteem significantly predicts employability among final year university students. Motivation for the study: This investigation is particularly important because it looks at the non-academic attributes that make job-seeking students able to attain a job and also sustain that job. The 21st century workplace is ever changing, and students are required to build proactive personalities that help them increase their employability level and stand a higher chance of getting employed. Research design, approach and method: A quantitative survey research design was used and a questionnaire was self-administered to a stratified simple random sample consisting of 238 Management and Commerce final year students at the university of Fort Hare. The study used quantitative approach and a positivism paradigm. To measure personality, TIPI scale was used and had 10 items. Employability was measured using the student self-perceived employability scale and self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Main findings: The results of this study showed a similarity with others obtained in prior studies. The results drawn from the statistical analysis of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between personality types such as perceiving, extraversion and feeling with employability among final year management and commerce students at the university of Fort Hare. However, the results showed that there is no positive relationship that exists between self-esteem and employability among final year job-seeking students. Practical implications: The research findings provided evidence that personality had a positive relationship with employability in an academic context. This makes it clear that student career exploration process can only be successful when special attention is given to developing individual’s human capital skills and proactive personalities. Institutions of higher learning should take advantage of some career experts in their countries and in their universities to provide students with employability lessons and guidelines. Contribution: The most important contribution of this study is that it helps to extend knowledge and understanding on the issues concerning the relationship between personality, self-esteem and employability in an academic setting. The research magnified the frame of information in the area personality in relation to employability in academic contexts. It makes available more literature that looks into these two variables (personality and self-esteem) in an African context.

The main goal of my thesis is to assess the psychological infuence of losing employment. In the first part of my thesis are processed theoretical knowledges regarding unemployment and carrer counselling. In the second part of my thesis I performed a questionnaire research in employment agency in České Budějovice and Písek and analysed unemployment and its impact on people who are fifty and more years old.

Dois foram os objetivos deste trabalho: estruturar, a partir de um enfoque psicanalítico, um enquadre de atendimento clínico com trabalhadores desempregados e suas famílias numa instituição pública de saúde, e investigar, através do atendimento clínico, o impacto do desemprego na vida de homens e mulheres que atravessam essa situação. Desta forma, propusemo-nos a realizar a dupla função do método psicanalítico: a de ser, a um só tempo, instrumento de intervenção e investigação. Apresentamos e discutimos a elaboração conjunta, com a equipe técnica de um Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador da cidade de São Paulo, de nossa proposta de atendimento, as tentativas de contato e as primeiras entrevistas com as famílias e as dificuldades que encontramos para acompanhá-las por um período de tempo mais prolongado. A seguir, apresentamos o material clínico advindo dos atendimentos que realizamos: as transcrições de seis sessões de um grupo de trabalhadores desempregados, seguidas, cada uma delas, de uma análise que visa acompanhar o passo a passo do suceder grupal; a análise do processo de atendimento de um trabalhador desempregado e sua família, que tem como foco central o modo de funcionamento psíquico dele em família diante da situação de desemprego; e o atendimento de um casal, do qual transcrevemos e analisamos uma sessão referente ao final do processo de atendimento. A parte teórica inicia-se com uma reflexão sobre o campo de estudos e pesquisas da Psicologia Social, para nele situar nossa investigação. Segue-se uma discussão sobre o sistema econômico de mercado e seu impacto na vida social, que tem como uma de suas conseqüências o desemprego de uma parcela significativa da população, e algumas reflexões sobre as relações entre a cultura de massas e a cultura popular que dão suporte tanto ao material que pudemos obter como à nossa maneira de compreendê-lo. A discussão dos elementos encontrados sugere que, para os trabalhadores desempregados, a família é o núcleo central de elaboração, o território que resta para uma re-organização pessoal da nova realidade situacional que o desemprego vem a gerar, embora não possa atender as demandas materiais e emocionais supridas anteriormente, ainda que de forma precária, pela inserção no mundo do trabalho.O trabalho finaliza-se com uma avaliação sobre a experiência clínica realizada, seus limites e possibilidades, e aponta, a partir dos dados encontrados em nossa experiência, para a necessidade de dar continuidade à estruturação de um serviço psicoterapêutico para desempregados em instituições públicas de saúde. / The present work had two objectives: to structure, based on a psychoanalytical focus, a clinical treatment frame involving unemployed workers and their families at a public health institution, and to investigate, through clinical treatment, the impact of unemployment on the lives of men and women who are in this situation. Thus, we aimed to perform the double function of the psychoanalytical method: being, at the same time, an instrument of intervention and investigation. First, we present and discuss the joint elaboration of our treatment proposal, conducted together with the technical team of a Reference Center in Worker’s Health in the city of São Paulo, the attempts to contact the families and the first interviews carried out with them, as well as the difficulties we faced to follow them closely over a long period of time. Then, we present the clinical material resulting from the treatment services we rendered: the transcriptions of six sessions of a group of unemployed workers, followed, each one of them, by an analysis that aims at following closely the step-by-step development of the group; the analysis of the treatment process of an unemployed worker and his family, which focuses on his mode of psychic functioning when he is with his family, facing the unemployment situation; and the treatment of one couple, of which we transcribed and analyzed one session referring to the end of the treatment process. The theoretical part begins with a reflection on the field of studies and research of Social Psychology, in which we situate our investigation. This is followed by a discussion on the market economy system and its impact on social life, which has as one of its consequences the unemployment of a significant portion of the population. Then, we provide some reflections on the relationships between mass culture and popular culture, which support both the material we could obtain and our way of understanding it. Results discussion suggests that, to the unemployed workers, the family is the central nucleus of elaboration, the remaining territory for a personal re-organization of the new situational reality that unemployment generates, although it cannot meet the material and emotional demands that were previously supplied, even though precariously, by insertion in the work world. The work is concluded with an evaluation of the clinical experience that was carried out, its limits and possibilities. Based on the data collected in our research study, it shows the need to continue structuring a psychotherapeutic service for the unemployed in public health institutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:36:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Santiago Lima.pdf: 2028347 bytes, checksum: 6a5a4723179c53aa042a614414e11de3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-23 / The Productive Inclusion is a program that has as its legal basis the Social Assistance Law (LOAS) and certified by the National Social Assistance (PNAS) in order to meet the workers unemployed, stimulating the creation of jobs and income so that they can support themselves from their own work. This research aims to analyze the possibilities and limits of Inclusion Program for Productive to add in users of Social Policy in Vitoria s - ES city the labor market. Highlights that unemployment is not a fault with the system, but it is something functional to the capitalist mode of production. Discusses the concept of "social exclusion", which considers that the subjects are not out, but are within an unequal system that does not absorb inside the dynamics all employees availables, where the access to services is insufficient to ensure decent living standards for workers who are part of the Industrial Reserve Army. Presents the objectives, the legal framework, the public priority and action strategies with analysis of Productive Inclusion of experience in the Department of Social Services of the municipality of Vitória-ES during the period 2009-2011. Appreciates the dialectical method, the literature review and documentary research as guides to illuminate the analysis. Demonstrates that the limits of the program, from an analysis of the totality, not combat unemployment, giving rise to a dribble, a detour and establishing itself as the initiatives palliatives not salaried. At the same time, with the possibilities, it becomes an alternative relief of the poor living conditions, allowing gains subjective and objective of improving the standard of living, confidence, self-esteem and decision-making for workers in situations unemployment PNAS served by the municipality of Vitoria-ES / A Inclusão Produtiva é um Programa que tem como base legal a Lei Orgânica da Assistência Social (LOAS) e materializada pela Política Nacional de Assistência Social (PNAS) possui como finalidade atender aos trabalhadores em situação de desemprego, estimulando a geração de trabalho e de renda para que estes possam se sustentar a partir de seu trabalho. A pesquisa objetiva analisar quais as possibilidades e os limites do Programa de Inclusão Produtiva em incluir os usuários da Assistência Social em Vitória-ES no mercado de trabalho. Destaca que o desemprego não se constitui com uma falha do sistema, e sim, é algo funcional ao modo de produção capitalista. Problematiza o conceito de exclusão social , o qual considera que os sujeitos não estão fora, mas estão dentro de um sistema desigual que não absorve todos no centro de sua dinâmica, onde o acesso aos bens e aos serviços é insuficiente para o estabelecimento de uma vida digna aos trabalhadores que fazem parte do Exército Industrial de Reserva. Apresenta os objetivos, o marco legal, o público prioritário e as estratégias de ação da Inclusão Produtiva com análise da experiência vivida na Secretaria de Assistência Social do município de Vitória-ES durante o período de 2009 a 2011. Valoriza o método dialético, a revisão bibliográfica e a pesquisa documental como norteadores para iluminar a análise do objetivo proposto. Demonstra que os limites do Programa, a partir de uma análise da totalidade, não combate o desemprego, passando a compor um drible, um desvio e constituindo-se como iniciativas amenizadoras do não assalariamento. Ao mesmo tempo, diante das possibilidades, torna-se uma alternativa de alívio das condições precárias de vida, possibilitando ganhos objetivos e subjetivos de melhorar os níveis de vida, de confiança, de auto-estima e de tomada de decisões para os trabalhadores em situação de desemprego atendidos pela PNAS no município de Vitória-ES