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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第23668号 / 経博第651号 / 新制||経||300(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐々木 啓明, 教授 柴田 章久, 准教授 高橋 修平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

<p>A common assumption of in literature regarding unemployment insurance (UI) take-up is unemployed individuals will claim UI benefits immediately after job loss. Using SIPP 2008 panel, I find that this assumption about immediate unemployment insurance take-up can not be supported in the data. I constructed a revised McCall search model to provide a mechanism to explain the delay of UI take-up found in the data. This dissertation contains three chapters. In Chapter 1, I provide evidence that UI application delay is significant. Many people delay at least one week -- 87\% of unemployed individuals delay at least one week, 37\% delay at least 4 weeks and 27\% individuals delay at least 12 weeks. The average delay is large -- unemployed individuals on average have 12.99 weeks of delay before claiming UI benefits after job loss. I also analyze factors that correlate with application delay. I find a lower age, being disabled, being female, facing good economic conditions and fewer experienced number of job separations make delay more likely and increase length of delay. In Chapter 2 , I provide a job search and separation model to explain the findings from the data in Chapter 1. I find that the application costs are large compared to benefits received. Counterfactual analysis show that reducing hassle of aplying for UI can have large impacts on delay of application. In Chapter 3 , I extend the methodology to study the effect of availability of other welfare programs such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) on the application delay of UI for people who have reported disability. I find that the availability of other welfare programs such as SSI is a contributing factor that make delay more likely and longer for people with disability. </p>

The unemployment rate is one of the most important indicators of economic growth. Reducing unemployment is crucial to ensuring inclusive growth in a country. This paper analyses the relationship between the unemployment rate and other macroeconomic variables in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The purpose of the study is to compare and understand the observed unemployment disparities between southernmost and the rest of the SADC countries. It draws on the theoretical framework of the Phillips curve and Okun's law and uses static panel data and fully modified ordinary least squares techniques (FM-OLS) to estimate the empirical model. Annual data for the period 1991 to 2020 are used. Analyses are conducted both at the aggregate SADC data level and at the subgroup level, i.e. at the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and non-SACU country levels. Diagnostic tests are conducted to ensure the robustness of the models. The empirical results of this study show that labour productivity, external debt and population have significant effects on unemployment across the SADC region. Inflation, labour productivity and population have significant effects in SACU, while external debt, labour productivity and population have significant effects in non-SACU countries. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth and foreign direct investment (FDI) have mixed but insignificant effects on the unemployment rate, indicating a low employment elasticity of growth in the region.

This dissertation consists of three chapters investigating labor market trends, specifically of young workers (ages 18-24). In the United States, young workers decreased their labor market participation by more than 8\% from 1994-2014 and the first chapter of this research considers changing demographics and educational decisions to account for this decline. Using connected monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) data, an alternative definition of labor market attachment is considered, which accounts for attached, marginally attached, and not attached workers. Additionally, attending college is considered as a weak form of labor market participation. Accounting for demographic changes and varying levels of attachment by demographics, the decrease in the participation rate is decomposed into genuine and demographic changes. The finding is a genuine decrease of 1.5\% young workers out of the labor force over the twenty year period studied. A calculation of the impact of college major choice on participation is estimated by extending the decomposition, as well as estimating a logit model on participation by college major. For males certain majors (Agriculture and English and Foreign Language) correlate with lower labor force attachment, while others (Engineering, Mathematics, and Visual and Performing Arts) correspond with higher attachment. For females, graduate degrees are the strongest indicator of attachment to the labor force and being married correlates with non-attachment to the labor force. The second chapter of this research investigates the movement of young workers between labor market statuses. Rather than consider the stocks and percentages of workers in each state (i.e. charting the unemployment or participation rate), this paper analyzes the flows between statuses. A contribution of this research is to consider how labor market flows are impacted by education decisions by including schooling as a labor market status. Additionally, this chapter estimates the impact that labor market movements by young workers have on fluctuations of their unemployment rate; flows between unemployment and not-in-the-labor-force, account for over forty percent of the variation in unemployment for young workers. As young workers decide whether to participate in the labor force or continue their education, they must decide whether to forgo ``on-the-job” training and experience or attend college to acquire human capital through formal education. Following the work of John Robst (2007), the third chapter of this research considers three questions: To what extent do college graduates work in fields unrelated to their most recent degree field? Which degree fields lead to greater mismatch? What is the relationship between working outside a degree field and wages? This research first provides updated answers to these questions using data from the 2013 National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG). Additionally, this work includes new specifications of the wage penalty using parental education level, which was unavailable in Robst's data. The result indicates a wage correlation of complete mismatch between job and college major that is more than three times that of a partial mismatch. An important contribution of this paper is to address changes over time by comparing results from the NSCG data in 1993, 2003, 2010, and 2013. A significant result is that the negative association between mismatch and wages has increased by a factor of three for men and over four times for women from 1993 to 2013. The conclusions in this research describe both structural and cyclical trends in the young worker labor market. Despite the significant proportion of young workers in the labor force, little research has been conducted using data from individuals under the age of twenty-five. This dissertation focuses on young workers because of the importance they play in the labor market, but also to motivate future research. The decisions young people make impact the labor market as well as drive individual future labor market outcomes; policy should be informed by the structural and cyclical trends presented throughout this research. / Economics

This paper aims to explain how new technology impacts the labor market and to what extent it substitutes for labor. In addition, the relationship between new technology and income distribution will be examined. The analysis is based on an extensive literature survey and an empirical analysis covering 10 OECD countries over an eight year period. Advanced economies were chosen because according to recent research, they are likely to be most affected by rapid technological development. By implementing panel data and a fixed effect estimation technique, it is shown that ICT-investments are positively correlated with unemployment while no effect was found with regard to inequality.

The overall purpose of this study was to provide information concerning the comparative and competitive abilities of industries and regions within the State and to aid in understanding the changing levels and location of economic activity. Ninety-six counties of Virginia were clustered into eight homogeneous sub-regions by use of clustering analysis and stepwise multiple discriminant analysis. Growth rate differential analysis was performed for each of the eight study sub-regions. Industrial location patterns of the sub-regions of Virginia were examined in terms of location quotients and coefficients of specialization. It was found that the natural resources oriented industries such as agriculture, mining, food production, lumber production, and stone and clay production were highly represented in the rural sub-regions. Manufacturing as a whole was highly represented in the rural industrialized sub-regions; however, the weighted shares of the state total manufacturing employment in these sub-regions were not as great as that of the urban sub-region delineated in the study which showed relatively low representation of manufacturing. There was strong evidence that the manufacturing in the rural sub-regions was in general the rural-oriented manufacturing industries such as food, textile, apparel, stone and clay products, and furniture products. Urban oriented industries such as trade, transportation, contracted construction, services, finance and insurance and government were highly represented in the urbanized subregion. The opposite was true of the rural sub-regions. In the State of Virginia, most of the urban oriented industries were growing faster than the natural resources oriented industries such as agriculture, mining, lumber products, and food products. Unemployment was also declining in terms of percentage change during the 1960-1970 decade. At the sub-regional level, only the urbanized sub-region showed higher than State average growth in both employment and earnings. The other regions showed relative declines in both employment and earnings when compared to the State. Seven of the eight sub-regions of Virginia suffered comparative disadvantages in terms of industrial mixes showing declines in both employment and earnings. The urbanized region benefited from increases in employment and earnings due to both favorable industrial mix and wage structure. Urban oriented industries in general showed comparative abilities in urban areas, while the rural-oriented industries suffered comparative disadvantage in both urban and rural areas. Manufacturing, in general, enjoyed greater comparative abilities in rural areas than in urban areas. Performances of the sub-regions also showed similar trends as the comparative abilities of the regions. All of the sub-regions except the urban sub-region suffered relative declines in their shares of total state employment and earnings. Both rural and urban oriented industries in the urban sub-region showed successful performances, while most of the rural oriented industries suffered competitive disabilities in the rural regions expressed in terms of growth of employment and earnings. The employment projection for the year of 1980 showed that unless the present regional industrial mix for each of the regions is altered, the regional variation in employment growth would be greater during the 1970-1980 decade than in the 1960-1970 decade. / Ph. D.

Unemployed people consistently report worse health than employed people do. However, different support measures can potentially buffer the impact of unemployment on health. The aim of this study is to assess to what extent two such measures –unemployment insurance (UI) and individual social relationships – relates to self-rated ill health among unemployed people in Europe, and if unemployment insurance is a more important health resource for those with weak social relationships. The study uses cross-sectional individual-level data from European Social Survey (round 6-9) in 26 European countries combined with measures of different aspects of unemployment insurance policy from the SPIN database. The sample was restricted to unemployed individuals in the ages 18-65 years. Multilevel linear probability models were used to assess the probability of having poor health. The results showed that having weak social relationships was related to a slightly higher probability of having poor health but did not find unemployment insurance to be related to health, regardless of the type of unemployment insurance measure studied. However, when excluding one outlier country, unemployment insurance generosity was associated with a small decreased probability of having poor health in the least generous countries. Furthermore, UI coverage moderated the relation between social relationships and ill health – increasing UI coverage was more important for the health of those with weak social relationships compared to those with more comprehensive relationships. However, because the results were sensitive to the variable operationalization of social relationships as well as the included countries, the main takeaway is that the present study found very limited evidence of unemployment insurance generosity being related to ill health among the unemployed in Europe.

This is a qualitative study with a hermeneutic and partially inductive approach. The study’s purpose is to enhance the understanding of young adults experiences of unemployment and the importance of being employed. In this study, eight young adults participate in the project Framtid Kronoberg. The youths are 19-25 years of age. A coach from the project was also involved and gave us his view of the project, its goals and objectives. Through all the interviewees statements regarding unemployment, it was confirmed that work has a significant impact on the identity of the elaboration and socialization. Knowing the community, to be useful to society and to earn their own money, are some of the important factors that can be accomplished by a employment. Young people experience work and activities as positive and developing. Being unemployed affects how individuals perceive themselves and their living situations. Young people who fall outside of the labor market has found difficulties to reengage themselves into work and society, and thus risking a life of alienation with bad economy and poor living conditions as a result.