Background. This article presents prospective longitudinal findings on prevalence, incidence, patterns of change and stability of depressive disorders in a community sample of 1228 adolescents. Methods. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up (20 months later) in a representative population sample of 1228 adolescents, aged 14–17 at baseline. Diagnostic assessment was based on the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Results. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of any depressive condition was 20·0% (major depressive disorder (MDD), 12·2%; dysthymia, 3·5%; subthreshold MDD, 6·3%), of which about one-third were incident depressions in the period between baseline and follow-up. Depressive disorders rarely started before the age of 13. Females were about twice as likely as males to develop a depressive disorder. Overall, the 20-month outcome of baseline depression was unfavourable. Dysthymia had the poorest outcome of all, with a complete remission rate of only 33% versus 43% for MDD and 54% for subthreshold MDD. Dysthymia also had the highest number of depressive episodes, and most psychosocial impairment and suicidal behavioural during follow-up. Treatment rates were low (8–23%). Subthreshold MDD associated with considerable impairment had an almost identical course and outcome as threshold MDD. Conclusions. DSM-IV MDD and dysthymia are rare before the age of 13, but frequent during adolescence, with an estimated lifetime cumulative incidence of 14%. Only a minority of these disorders in adolescence is treated, and more than half of them persist or remit only partly.

Background. This article presents prospective longitudinal findings on prevalence, incidence, patterns of change and stability of depressive disorders in a community sample of 1228 adolescents. Methods. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up (20 months later) in a representative population sample of 1228 adolescents, aged 14–17 at baseline. Diagnostic assessment was based on the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Results. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of any depressive condition was 20·0% (major depressive disorder (MDD), 12·2%; dysthymia, 3·5%; subthreshold MDD, 6·3%), of which about one-third were incident depressions in the period between baseline and follow-up. Depressive disorders rarely started before the age of 13. Females were about twice as likely as males to develop a depressive disorder. Overall, the 20-month outcome of baseline depression was unfavourable. Dysthymia had the poorest outcome of all, with a complete remission rate of only 33% versus 43% for MDD and 54% for subthreshold MDD. Dysthymia also had the highest number of depressive episodes, and most psychosocial impairment and suicidal behavioural during follow-up. Treatment rates were low (8–23%). Subthreshold MDD associated with considerable impairment had an almost identical course and outcome as threshold MDD. Conclusions. DSM-IV MDD and dysthymia are rare before the age of 13, but frequent during adolescence, with an estimated lifetime cumulative incidence of 14%. Only a minority of these disorders in adolescence is treated, and more than half of them persist or remit only partly.

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Hintergrund: Die Befundlage zum Zusammenhang von Persönlichkeitsstörungen (PS) und dem Behandlungserfolg bei Depressionen ist heterogen. Methode: 168 Patienten mit unipolarer Depression wurden vor und nach einer stationären Depressionsbehandlung sowie ein Jahr später untersucht. Die Depressivität wurde mit der HAMD und dem BDI, die psychische Gesamtbelastung mit dem BSI und die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität mit dem SF-12 erfasst. Ergebnisse: Sowohl Patienten mit als auch ohne PS zeigten während des Klinikaufenthaltes eine signifikante Symptomreduktion. Im post-stationären Jahr wiesen Patienten mit PS im Gegensatz zu Patienten ohne PS eine leichte Symptomzunahme auf. Auch Patienten mit zwanghafter, selbstunsicherer und/oder dependenter bzw. Cluster B PS profitierten von der Behandlung. Ein Jahr nach dem Klinikaufenthalt wiesen Patienten mit Cluster B PS eine moderate Symptomzunahme auf. Patienten mit selbstunsicherer/dependenter PS zeigten im Katamneseintervall keine Symptomzunahme, wiesen jedoch aufgrund ihrer höheren Symptombelastung nach dem Klinikaufenthalt zum Katamnesezeitpunkt eine stärkere Symptomatik auf als Patienten ohne PS. Patienten mit zwanghafter PS zeigten einen mit Patienten ohne PS weitgehend vergleichbaren Behandlungserfolg. Der Zusammenhang einer dimensionalen Beurteilung der diagnostischen Konstrukte des DSM-IV mit dem Behandlungserfolg war inkonsistent. Diskussion: Patienten mit PS profitierten kurzfristig in gleichem Maße von der Depressionsbehandlung wie Patienten ohne PS. Sie wiesen jedoch einen ungünstigeren längerfristigen Krankheitsverlauf auf. Vor allem Patienten mit Cluster B PS konnten ihren Behandlungserfolg nicht aufrechterhalten. Für diese Patienten sollten spezifische Maßnahmen zur Rückfallprophylaxe und eine störungsspezifische Psychotherapie in Betracht gezogen werden. Die Ausprägungsgrade von Persönlichkeitsfaktoren des DSM-IV hatten keine stärkere Vorhersagekraft für den Behandlungserfolg als die kategorialen PS-Diagnosen. / Background: Empirical findings regarding the relationship of personality disorders (PD) and outcome of treatment for depression are inconclusive. Method: 168 inpatients with unipolar depression were assessed at admission, discharge and one-year follow-up using HRSD and BDI to assess depression severity, BSI to measure symptom distress and SF-12 to assess subjective health. Results: Patients without PD as well as with at least one PD showed a significant intake-to-discharge symptom reduction. In contrary to patients without PD, patients with PD showed a slight increase in symptom severity at one-year follow-up. Furthermore, patients with ‘pure’ obsessive-compulsive, avoidant/dependent or Cluster B PD benefited from the inpatient treatment of depression. One year after discharge, patients with ‘pure’ Cluster B PD could not sustain their treatment outcome. Patients with ‘pure’ avoidant and/or dependent PD did not show an increase in symptom severity in the follow-up year. Nevertheless, they scored higher in HRSD and BSI at follow-up, compared to patients without PD, due to their higher symptom level at discharge. Patients with ‘pure’ obsessive-compulsive PD showed a short- and longer-term treatment outcome that was largely comparable to that of patients without PD. Moreover, the findings regarding the relationship of treatment outcome with a dimensional representation of DSM-IV PDs were inconsistent. Discussion: Patients with PD benefited from an inpatient treatment for depression as much as patients without PD. Nevertheless, in the first year follow-up patients with PD, especially with Cluster B PD, could not sustain their treatment outcome. Therefore, measures to prevent relapses and disorder-specific psychotherapy for these patients should be taken into account. Moreover, our results indicate that a dimensional model of personality pathology that is closely connected to the categorical assessment of PDs does not improve prediction of treatment outcome.

Ziele: Mittels absolutquantifizierender Protonen-Magnet-Resonanz-Spektroskopie (1H-MRS) wollten wir das Ergebnis einer Vorstudie bestätigen, die im Frontallappen einen reduzierten Quotienten von myo-Inositol/Gesamtcreatin (mI/tCr) bei Depressiven fand. Darüber hinaus testeten wir den antidepressiven Effekt von Inositol als Add-on-Therapie. Methodik: Wir untersuchten Einzelvoxel (2 x 2 x 2 cm3) in der weißen Substanz der rechten und linken Präfrontalregion mit Hilfe eines 3-Tesla Bruker Medspec Systems (STEAM Sequenz, TR/TE/TM = 6000/20/30 ms). Die einzelnen Metabolite wurden anhand des cerebralen Wassers als internem Standard quantifiziert (nach dem LCModell). Es wurden 24 unmedizierte Patienten mit unipolaren depressiven Episoden mit 24 alters- und geschlechtsgematchten gesunden Kontrollen verglichen. In doppelblindem, Plazebo-kontrollierten Parallelgruppen-Design erhielten die Patienten täglich 18 Gramm Inositol oder Plazebo zusätzlich zu Citalopram über vier Wochen. Ergebnisse: An der Baseline unterschieden sich die mI-, Cholin- und N-Acetyl-Aspartat-Konzentrationen der Patienten nicht von jenen der Kontrollen. Es fanden sich keine sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Inositol- und Plazebo-Gruppe. Überraschenderweise zeigten die depressiven Patienten an der Baseline gegenüber den Kontrollen signifikant höhere tCr-Konzentrationen (mmol/kg) links (5,57 ± 0,96 vs. 4,87 ± 0,63; + 15 %, p < 0,01) und rechts präfrontal (5,29 ± 0,92 vs. 4,46 ± 0,41; + 17 %, p < 0,01). Nach der Behandlung ergab sich eine Reduktion der tCr-Konzentration links- (Tag 28: 5,05 ± 1,16; – 12 %, p = 0,08) und rechtsfrontal (Tag 28: 4,61 ± 1,07; – 9 %, p = 0,09). Die tCr-Konzentrationen der Patienten am Tag 28 unterschieden sich nicht mehr von jenen der Kontrollen. Zusammenfassung: Wir zeigten eine reversible Steigerung der tCr-Konzentration der Patienten im Vergleich zu Kontrollen, die auf Veränderungen des Creatin-Transports oder der ATP-Synthese bei unmedizierter unipolarer Depression hinweisen könnte. / Objectives: By means of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) with absolute quantification we wanted to confirm our previous finding of decreased ratios of the metabolites myo-Inositol/total creatine (mI/tCr) in the right frontal brain of depressives. Moreover, we tested the antidepressive effect of oral Inositol ingestion as add-on-therapy. We measured concentrations (mmol/kg ww) of mI, tCr (= Creatine + Phosphocreatine), Choline (Cho) and N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) in the frontal brain. Methods: Single voxels (2x2x2 cm3) in the white matter of the left and right prefrontal region were examined in a three Tesla Bruker Medspec System (STEAM sequence, TR/TE/TM = 6000/20/30 ms). Metabolites were quantified using the LCModel. At baseline, 24 drug-free patients with unipolar depressive episodes were compared to 24 age and sex matched healthy controls. In a double blind, placebo controlled parallel-group design patients received daily 18 grams Inositol or placebo as an add on therapy to Citalopram over four weeks. Results: At baseline, mI, Cho and NAA concentrations showed no significant differences between patients and controls. The treatment with Inositol did not result in any significant differences to the treatment with placebo. Surprisingly the patients showed significant higher tCr concentrations in the left (5.57 ± 0.96 vs. 4.87 ± 0.63; + 15 %, p < 0.01) as well as in the right prefrontal region (5.29 ± 0.92 vs. 4.46 ± 0.41; + 17 %, p < 0.01) compared to controls. The treatment caused a trend towards a decrease of tCr in the left (day 28: 5.05 ± 1.16; – 12 %, p = 0.08) and in the right frontal hemisphere (day 28: 4.61 ± 1.07; – 9 %, p = 0.09) compared to baseline. The differences between the patients’ tCr at day 28 and the tCr of controls were no more significant. Conclusion: We have found a state dependent increase of tCr concentration indicating bifrontal deviations in Creatine transport or ATP synthesis in drug free unipolar depressives.