Orientador: Paulo Sergio Fracalanza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:54:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luz_ManuelRamonSouza_M.pdf: 901583 bytes, checksum: 1c945f17b13d8d33ce1cadb3467d1c34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta dissertação procura apresentar uma abordagem evolucionária para as ciências econômicas, seguindo os princípios darwinianos, - como uma alternativa factível e consistente à visão essencialista do pensamento neoclássico. A partir de uma perspectiva fundada na história das idéias evolucionárias, este trabalho procura compreender como os desenvolvimentos destas idéias influenciaram o debate econômico em determinados períodos. Denominados período de fundação, especificação e disseminação, procura-se evidenciar as repercussões desses três importantes momentos da história do pensamento evolucionário sobre o desenvolvimento das idéias econômicas. Assim, o trabalho centra seus esforços, num primeiro momento, em verificar a influência da concepção evolucionária de Charles Darwin sobre a perspectiva institucionalista de Thorstein Veblen; num segundo momento, o trabalho acompanha como os desenvolvimentos da biologia evolucionária de meados do século XX, repercutiram sobre as idéias geradas a partir de debates específicos dentro da controvérsia marginalista; e, finalmente, num terceiro momento pretende-se avaliar a recente proposta de generalização dos princípios darwinianos para a economia, seguindo a perspectiva evolucionária do trabalho de Geoffrey Hodgson. / Abstract: This dissertation presents an evolutionary approach to economics, following the darwinian principles, - as a consistent and feasible alternative to the essentialist stand point of neoclassical economics. Departing from a specific perspective founded on the history of evolutionary thought, this dissertation seeks to understand how the developments of these ideas affected the economic debate in certain moments. Named as period of foundation, specification and dissemination, this work tries to highlight how the impact of these three crucial moments in the history of evolutionary thought affected the history of economic ideas. Therefore, this dissertation concentrate its efforts, firstly, to verify the influence of Charles Darwin's evolutionary conception on Thorstein Veblen institutionalist perspective; after that, this work seeks to understand how the developments in evolutionary biology from the mid-twentieth century affected some ideas generated within the marginalist controversy; and, finally, a third instance aims to evaluate the recent proposal for the generalization of Darwinian principles to the economy, following the evolutionary perspective of Geoffrey Hodgson work. / Mestrado / Teoria Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

This paper tries to explain how the regulation of the telecommunications’ activity abandoned the traditional system of State’s public service and evolved to the establishment of a new legal framework that encourages competition among all the economic agents operating in the sector, who must provide all telecommunications services, and, in case that delivery of basic services to all users cannot be done within the framework of the competition, then exceptionally the State as guarantor must impose obligations to ensure the user’s satisfaction in their communication needs. / El presente trabajo trata de explicar cómo la regulación de la actividad de las telecomunicaciones abandonó el tradicional régimen de servicio público de titularidad estatal, dando paso al establecimiento del nuevo marco jurídico que fomenta la libre competencia entre los agentes económicos que operan en el sector. Dichos agentes deben prestar todos los servicios de telecomunicaciones; sin embargo, en caso de que la prestación de los servicios básicos a todos los usuarios no pueda realizarse en el marco de la concurrencia, entonces, excepcionalmente, el Estado, como garante, deberá acudir a la técnica de la imposición de obligaciones de servicio universal, para asegurar la satisfacción de los usuarios en sus necesidades comunicacionales.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-24T13:11:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) dissertação_GERDNA_2017.pdf: 3085732 bytes, checksum: 8699e86d5c3fb4cfbf12ddd6e572a599 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T13:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) dissertação_GERDNA_2017.pdf: 3085732 bytes, checksum: 8699e86d5c3fb4cfbf12ddd6e572a599 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / CAPES / Esta pesquisa busca aplicar uma abordagem do ensino de leitura no intuito de contribuir na formação do leitor literário, através de estratégias metacognitivas de leitura que auxiliem os alunos a se tornarem leitores ativos e reconhecerem no conto o discurso universal inerente ao texto literário. Nosso embasamento teórico associa Estética da Recepção com Jauss (1979), Teoria do Efeito Estético, representada por Iser (1979), ensino de Literatura com Bordini &Aguiar (1993), Zilberman (2014) e Cosson (2014) à interação com o uso das estratégias de leitura, respaldado em Flavell (1976), Baker & Brown (1980), Solé (1998), Duke & Pearson (2002) e Kleiman (2007). Sendo assim, os teóricos da teoria da literatura e da psicolinguística dialogam para justificar a nossa proposta de entrelaçamento dessas áreas, visando um ensino de Literatura que respeite os aspectos literários e utilize os conhecimentos linguísticos para construção de significados do texto. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa. Participaram da pesquisa 30 voluntários, estudantes do 9º ano de uma escola pública. As fases de aplicação das atividades para a coleta de dados foram divididas em diagnóstica, ensino de leitura e teste/avaliação. As atividades foram produzidas com base nos contos (O Crime do Professor da Matemática, de Clarice Lispector; O Conto se Apresenta, de Moacyr Scliar; O Gato Preto, de Edgar Allan Poe) lidos em cada fase, sendo elas o Questionário Avaliativo de uso de Estratégias Metacognitivas de Leitura e o Questionário de Compreensão do Conto, em todas as fases e o Guia de Leitura, nas duas últimas fases. O corpus foi constituído por 234 fichas de atividades (questionários e guias de leitura). Os resultados indicam que é possível a percepção do discurso universal, quando o estudante é capaz de transubstanciar a ficção inerente ao texto literário. / The present study aims to apply a teaching Reading approach in order to contribute to the literary reader formation through metacognitive reading strategies that help students become active readers and recognize in the short story the universal discourse inherent in the literary text. Our theoretical basis associated Aesthetics of Reception with Jauss (1979), Theory of Aesthetic Response, represented by Iser (1979), literature teaching with Bordini & Aguiar (1993), Zilberman (2014) and Cosson (2014) to the interaction with the use of reading strategies, represented by Flavell (1976), Baker and Brown (1980), Solé (1998), Duke and Pearson (2002) and Kleiman (2007). Thus, literary theory and psycholinguistics dialogue to justify our proposal of interweaving these areas, seeking a literature teaching that respects the literary aspects and use the language skills to build text meanings. The methodology is qualitative. The participants were 30 volunteers, students from 9th grade in a State School. The implementation stages for the data collection were divided into diagnostic, teaching of reading and test/evaluation. The activities were produced based on the short stories (O crime do Professor de Matemática by Clarice Lispector; O Conto se Apresenta by Moacyr Scliar; O Gato Preto by Edgar Allan Poe) read at each stage, they were the Assessment Questionnaire on the use of Metacognitive Reading Strategies, Short Story Comprehension Questionnaire, at all stages and the Reading Guide in the last two stages. The corpus consisted of 234 activities sheets (questionnaires and reading guides). The results indicate that the universal discourse perception is possible, when the student is able to transubstantiate fiction inherent in the literary text.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-07T16:30:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciapereiraquinelato.pdf: 49276824 bytes, checksum: c3c6c053f7a658ffbb3f06ccdde82961 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-07T21:41:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciapereiraquinelato.pdf: 49276824 bytes, checksum: c3c6c053f7a658ffbb3f06ccdde82961 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T21:41:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciapereiraquinelato.pdf: 49276824 bytes, checksum: c3c6c053f7a658ffbb3f06ccdde82961 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-06 / As pessoas com deficiência foram discriminadas desde a antiguidade. Apesar desta situação ter mudado bastante nos últimos séculos, principalmente nas últimas décadas, ainda é possível perceber a existência de barreiras físicas e comportamentais no seu convívio em sociedade. Esta dissertação aborda a acessibilidade e visa realizar um estudo de caso através de uma avaliação na edificação da Reitoria, no centro do campus da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, utilizando o método “Graduação da Acessibilidade” desenvolvido por Marcelo Pinto Guimarães. Os objetivos específicos são identificar os pontos com melhor e pior acessibilidade; além de propor modificações nos espaços avaliados, de forma a alcançarem um maior acesso-grau e melhorarem a avaliação final. A revisão bibliográfica aborda a história da pessoa com deficiência e sua relação com a comunidade na qual está inserida e apresenta os conceitos de exclusão, segregação, integração e inclusão conforme o entendimento de Romeu Kazumi Sassaki. É apresentado o contexto atual da acessibilidade na União Européia, nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil. Em seguida, é estudado o Desenho Universal e seus sete princípios. A metodologia apresenta o método de avaliação “The Enabler”, desenvolvido por Steinfeld et al, que deu origem ao método de avaliação “Graduação da Acessibilidade”, além de introduzir a Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para contextualização do local do estudo. A análise da acessibilidade foi composta por dois pavimentos do prédio da Reitoria, além do estacionamento e dos acessos do anel viário. A análise foi realizada através de visitas da pesquisadora ao local e consiste em descrição da situação encontrada, registro fotográfico e compilação dos dados em gráficos. Nas considerações finais são apresentados a análise final, com os acessos-grau mais presentes na avaliação geral e nas parciais, seus desdobramentos, os pontos fortes e fracos do método utilizado, bem como as dificuldades encontradas. As propostas de melhoria são apresentadas em forma de um quadro com a descrição dos problemas encontrados, os itens da NBR 9050/04 da ABNT que tratam do assunto, as melhorias propostas e os benefícios esperados. / Persons with disabilities were discriminated against since ancient times. Despite this situation has changed considerably in recent centuries, especially in recent decades, it is still possible to perceive the existence of physical and behavioral barriers in their life in society. This dissertation deals with accessibility and aims to conduct a case study by assessing the building of the Rectory , in the center of the campus of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, using the method "Graduation of Accessibility" developed by Marcelo Pinto Guimarães. The specific objectives are to identify the best and worst accessibility points; as well as to propose changes in the evaluated areas in order to achieve greater access-grade and improve the final evaluation. The literature review covers the history of the person with disabilities and their relationship with the community in which it operates; and presents the concepts of exclusion, segregation, integration and inclusion as understands Romeu Kazumi Sassaki. Is presented the current context of accessibility in the European Union, the United States and Brazil. Then Universal Design is studied, as well as its seven principles. The methodology presents the evaluation method "The Enabler", developed by Steinfeld et al, which led to the evaluation method "Graduation of Accessibility" and introduces the Federal University of Juiz de Fora to contextualize the study site. The accessibility analysis consisted of two floors of the building of the Rectory, in addition to parking lot and the ring road access. The analysis was conducted by a researcher at site visits and consists of description of the situation found, photographic records and compiling the data in graphs. In the final considerations are presented the final analysis, with the access-grade more present at the general and partial assessments, its unfoldings, the strengths and weaknesses of the method used and the difficulties found. The improvement proposals are presented in the form of a table with an overview of the problems encountered, the items of NBR 9050/04 ABNT dealing with the matter, the proposed improvements and the expected benefits.

An n-dimensional integral quadratic form over Z is a polynomial of the form f = f(x1, … ,xn) =∑_(1≤i,j ≤n)▒a_ij x_i x_j, where a_ij=a_ji in Z. An integral quadratic form is called positive definite if f(α_1, …,α_n) > 0 whenever (0, … , 0) ≠(α_1, …,α_n) in Z^n. A positive definite integral quadratic form is said to be almost (primitively) universal if it (primitively) represents all but at most finitely many positive integers. In general, almost primitive universality is a stronger property than almost universality. Main results of this study are: every primitively universal form non-trivially represents zero over every ring Z_p of p-adic integers, and every almost universal form in five or more variables is almost primitively universal. With use of these results and improving a result of G. Pall from 1946, we then provide criteria to determine whether a given integral quadratic lattice over a ring Z_p of p-adic integers is Z_p-universal or primitively Z_p-universal. The criteria are stated explicitly in terms of a Jordan splitting of the lattice. As an application of the local criteria, we complete the determination of the universal positive definite classically integral quaternary quadratic forms that are almost primitively universal, which was initiated in work of N. Budarina in 2010. Finally, with the use of these local results, we identify 28 positive definite classically integral primitively universal quaternary quadratic forms which were not known previously, introducing a conjecture obtained by a numerical approach, which could possibly be the primitive counterpart to the Fifteen Theorem proved by J.H. Conway and W.A. Schneeberger in 1993.

In this thesis, we study universal hypergraphs. What are these? Let us start with defining a universal graph as a graph on n vertices that contains each of the many possible graphs of a smaller size k < n as an induced subgraph. A hypergraph is a discrete structure on n vertices in which edges can be of any size, unlike graphs, where the edge size is always two. If all edges are of size three, then the hypergraph is said to be 3-uniform. If a 3-uniform hypergraph can have edges colored one of a colors, then it is called a 3-uniform hypergraph with a colors. Analogously with universal graphs, a universal, induced, 3-uniform, k-hypergraph, with a possible edge colors is then defined to be a 3-uniform a-colored hypergraph on n vertices that contains each of the many possible 3-uniform a-colored hypergraphs on k vertices, k < n. In this thesis, we study conditions for the existence of a such a universal hypergraph, and address the question of how large n must be, given a fixed k, so that hypergraphs on n vertices are universal with high probability. This extends the work of Alon, [2] who studied the case of a = 2, and that too for graphs (not hypergraphs).

[pt] Os codificadores universais via recorrência de padrões surgiram nos anos 70, quando foram propostos os codificadores lz77 e lz78. Devido a baixa complexidade computacional e ao bom desempenho, quando aplicados na compressão de arquivos de dados, estes codificadores se tornaram extremamente populares. Embora estes codificadores sejam universais, i.e., possuam taxas de compressão que convergem para entropia, recentemente foi mostrado que as taxas de compressão não convergem da forma mais rápida possível, nem mesmo para a classe de fontes sem memória. A redundância de um codificador universal C, dada por R, mede a rapidez com que a taxa de compressão converge para a entropia. Para fontes com número de estados finito, enquanto os melhores resultados de codificadores universais via recorrência de padrões apresentam uma redundância da ordem de 1/{log n}, existem codificadores que atingem uma redundancia de {log n} /n. Portanto, os codificadores via recorrência de padrões não são ótimos. Embora seja conhecido codificadores ótimos segundo o critério da redundância, tais codificadores possuem uma alta complexidade computacional e são pouco úteis na prática. Dentre os codificadores via recorrência de padrões, o codificador lz78 possui uma das mais baixas redundâncias para a classe de fontes com número de estados finito. De fato, não existe outro codificador desta classe, tal que a redundância seja melhor que a do lz78. Tomando como base o lz78, este trabalho propõe novas técnicas para acelerar a convergência da taxa de compressão (diminuir a redundância) dos codificadores universais via recorrência de padrões, para fontes com número de estados finito. Estas técnicas dão origem a novas versões do lz78. As redundâncias das novas versões são estabelecidas, considerando a classe de fontes com número de estados finito. Estas versões são aplicadas na compressão de arquivos de dados, e os resultados obtidos são comparados com os resultados de versões anteriores. / [en] The string matching encoders were proposed about 20 years ago, when the lz77 and lz78 were introduced. They became extremely popular because of the relationship between their low complexity and their good performance. Although these encoders are universal, that is, their compression rates converge to the source entropy, it was shown, recently, that those rates do not converge as fast as possible, even for the class of memoryless source. The redundancy of an unversal encoder C, denoted by Rc, measures how fast the compression rate converge to the entropy. In the class of Finite State Machine (FSM) source, while the best result of the string matching encoders is O 1/ {log n}, there are encoders which achieve a redundancy of O {log n}/n. Therefore, the string matching encoders are not optimal. Even though optimal encoders are known, in general, those encoders have a high complexity and are not useful in practice. Considering the class of string matching encoders, the lz78 has one of the best results over the class of FSM source. In fact, there is no encoder based on the string matching, which archives a better redundancy. This work makes use of the lz78 encoder to propose new techniques to improve the performance of sting matching encoders over the class of FSM. These techniques bring up new versions of the lz78. For the class of FSM, the redundancies of this versions are stablished. These versions are used to compress data files, and their perfoermances are compared to the performances of older versions.

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This dissertation includes four papers— two conceptual and two empirical— on universal health coverage introduced in global health as a policy concept to improve access to health care. The conceptual papers review the selection process for the Sustainable Development Goal indicator on universal health coverage and propose parameters to guide an evaluation framework for universal health coverage. The first two papers show that including participants from as many sections of the health sector and policy community is recommended in policy formulation and evaluation, and recognize that decision-making might be slower as a result. While the first two papers focus on the third Sustainable Development Goal to achieve universal health coverage, the following two empirical papers focus on the sixth Millennium Development Goal which committed to provide universal access to treatment and care for people living with HIV. The first empirical paper shows how physicians in six Eastern Caribbean countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) cope with the lack of resources for treatment and care. Access was implemented broadly emphasizing the availability of HIV treatment and care while ensuring that everyone who needed antiretrovirals did not incur out-of-pocket costs. In most cases, this meant receiving care in the public system which was mostly centralized and where people living with HIV had concerns about their privacy being compromised in societies where HIV stigma was prevalent. The second empirical paper shows that in St. Lucia, third-line antiretrovirals could be unaffordable to as much as 98 % of the population, depending on how affordability is measured. The papers collectively demonstrate how the Millennium Development Goals provided an opportunity for policy learning by comparing the implementation of universal access for HIV treatment and care with universal health coverage in the Sustainable Development Goals. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The dissertation recognizes the challenges with defining and measuring universal health coverage and with providing access to treatment and care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Eastern Caribbean. The first conceptual paper documents the process of selecting indicators for universal health coverage in the Sustainable Development Goals. The second conceptual paper advances recommendations for evaluating universal health coverage. The following two studies then empirically assess the challenges with access to health care for people living with HIV in the Eastern Caribbean. The third paper shows how physicians cope with the lack of appropriate resources and highlights the issue of privacy for patients. The fourth paper uses data from St. Lucia to assess the affordability of antiretrovirals and highlights the difficulties of measuring financial affordability.