京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21552号 / 理博第4459号 / 新制||理||1640(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 藤 定義, 教授 佐々 真一, 教授 早川 尚男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes

The asymptotic scaling properties of conservative algorithms for parallel discrete-event simulations (e.g.: for spatially distributed parallel simulations of dynamic Monte Carlo for spin systems) of one-dimensional systems with system size $L$ is studied. The particular case studied here is the case of one or two elements assigned to each processor element. The previously studied case of one element per processor is reviewed, and the two elements per processor case is presented. The key concept is a simulated time horizon which is an evolving non equilibrium surface, specific for the particular algorithm. It is shown that the flat-substrate initial condition is responsible for the existence of an initial non-scaling regime. Various methods to deal with this non-scaling regime are documented, both the final successful method and unsuccessful attempts. The width of this time horizon relates to desynchronization in the system of processors. Universal properties of the conservative time horizon are derived by constructing a distribution of the interface width at saturation.

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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka den påstådda universala naturen av mänskliga rättigheter genom att använda mig av debatten kring asiatiska värderingar, som en kulturrelativistisk teori. De grundläggande argumenten som poängteras av försvarare av asiatiska värderingar är att de asiatiska och västerländska stater tillhör olika kulturer som även skiljer i deras uppfattning av etik och moral, vilket påverkar deras olika uppfattning av mänskliga rättigheter. I argumentationsanalysen kring asiatiska värderingar har jag använt mig utav texter från Xiaorong Li, Amartya Sen, Lee Kuan Yew och Mahathir bin Mohamad, då dessa forskare och politiker representerar åsikterna av de två teorierna jag använder mig utav i argumentationsanalysen, universalism och relativism/kulturelativism. Kopplat till denna debatt diskuterar jag även hur ett större konsensus kring internationella mänskliga rättigheter skulle ske, eller ifall det finns en möjlighet för en nedgång av ett internationellt konsensus. Jag har kommit fram till att argumenten från båda sidor i diskussionen presenterade i denna studie har fört fram viktiga åsikter som är av stor betydelse för framtida samarbete mellan stater. I studien framgår det att ett större konsensus (och därför större respekt för mänskliga rättigheter?), kan skapas ifall vi skapar internationella plattformer för diskussion kring kulturella skillnader. Jag har också kommit till slutsatsen att vi förmodligen inte kommer att se en nedgång av konsensusen kring mänskliga rättigheter utan snarare en utveckling av dem. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the alleged universal nature of human rights by using the Asian values debate as a cultural relativistic theory. The basic arguments emphasized by defenders of Asian values is that Asian and Western states belong to different cultures that also differ in their perceptions of ethics and morality, which affects their different perceptions of human rights. In my argument analysis on Asian values I have used texts by Xiaorong Li, Amartya Sen, Lee Kuan Yew and Mahathir bin Mohamad. Their opinions regarding the debate will come through in the analysis where they represent two different perspectives on human rights, i.e. universalism and relativism/culture relativism. After the analysis I discuss how an even greater consensus on international human rights would develop and if there is a possibility for a decline of an international consensus.I have come to the conclusion that the arguments from both sides of the spectrum have put forward key arguments in this study that are of great importance for the future cooperation between cultures. The study shows that a greater consensus (and therefore greater respect for human rights?) can be created if we develop an international platform for discussion of cultural differences and I have also come to the conclusion that we probably won’t see a decline of the consensus surrounding human rights but rather a development of them.

<p>For hermeneutics, liberal universality—the belief that rights for being humans <em>as such</em> are universally true—is a sort of <em>subjective</em> universality. Subjectivity is just another way of saying that universality is historically situated, and whoever claims universality cannot objectify herself from her own history; accordingly, universality is not universality-as-the-thing-is (a sort of “objective” universality), but universality-for-person P -in-her-historical-situation, even if the claimer is totally unaware of the restrictions imposed by her own tradition and historicity.</p> <p>Subjective universality reveals the fact that the content of universality is affected by the <em>personal dimension</em> of its claimer. That is, the claimer’s personal background, including culture, language, tradition, education, social-economical aspects, even gender and race, are reflected, consciously or unconsciously, explicitly or implicitly, directly or indirectly, in her view of what universality ought to be.</p> <p>How to treat the <em>other­</em>— a political and metaphysical category of existence that is radically different from oneself—reveals the subjective nature of liberal universality. In history, this subjectivity worked negatively, for liberals, to select and exclude some groups e.g. women, the propertyless, and the colonized subjects. But in light of our contemporary understanding of what is truly free and equal, this subjectivity can function positively to assure respect for the other and avoid producing new types of alienated other. The advocated liberal approach is a hermeneutic approach, which asserts the practices of being humble, dialogical, non-violent, and voluntarily self-dislocated, in dealing with the other.</p> / Master of Philosophy (MA)

The present research investigates the universality of design in a transnational marketing context. Specifically, it looks into designers' expertise transfer and knowledge calibration across cultures and explores cross-cultural differences in consumer responses (affect, attitude, and meaning) to design in two studies. With 256 graphic designs created by 16 Chinese designers and 16 U.S. designers, study 1 explores the universality of design by comparing consumer responses in a series of surveys among Chinese and American college students. Study 2 involves 64 product designs created by 8 Chinese designers and 8 U.S. designers and investigates the effect of culture and expertise level on design responses of consumers from China and the U.S. The results suggest that universality of design is a complex, multi-faceted phenomenon. Affect and attitude appear to be universal while meaning of design seems less universal and is difficult to be transferred cross-culturally. The results suggest a mixed effect of culture on design expertise transfer. Design expertise can be transferred to another culture without decrease in order to elicit positive affect among consumers. However, design expertise transfer is moderated by culture with regard to attitude and meaning. Expert designers' designs receive less positive attitudinal responses in a foreign market than in the home market and can convey intended meaning much better in the home market than in a foreign market. When it comes to knowledge calibration, the results indicate that both expert designers and non-expert designers are poorly calibrated and overconfident. The paper also discusses theoretical and managerial implications as well as limitations and future research directions. / Business Administration/Marketing

Analogue quantum simulators have proven to be an extremely versatile tool for the study of strongly-correlated condensed matter systems both near and far from equilibrium. An enticing prospect is the quantum simulation of non- Fermi liquids which lack a quasiparticle description and feature prominently in the study of strange metals, fast scrambling of quantum information, as well as holographic quantum matter. Yet, large-scale laboratory realisations of such systems remain outstanding. In this thesis, we present a proposal for the analogue quantum simulation of one such system, the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) model, using cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED). We discuss recent experimental advances in this pursuit, and perform analysis of this and related models. Through a combination of analytic calculations and numeric simulations, we show how driving a cloud of fermionic atoms trapped in a multi- mode optical cavity, and subjecting it to a spatially disordered AC-Stark shift, can realise an effective model which retrieves the physics of the SYK model, with random all-to-all interactions and fast scrambling. Working towards the SYK model, we present results from a recent proof-of-principle cQED experiment which implemented the disordered light-shift technique to quantum simulate all- to-all interacting spin models with quenched disorder. In this context, we show analytically how disorder-driven localisation can be extracted from spectroscopic probes employed in cQED experiments, despite their lack of spatially resolved information. Further, we numerically investigate the post-quench dynamics of the SYK model, finding a universal, super-exponential equilibration in the disorder-averaged far-from-equilibrium dynamics. These are reproduced analytically through an effective master equation. Our work demonstrates the increasing capabilities of cQED quantum simulators, highlighting how these may be used to study the fascinating physics of holographic quantum matter and other disorder models in the lab.

The aim of this study is to explore the patterns of emotion recognition in Mexican bilin-guals using the JACFEE (Matsumoto & Ekman, 1988). Previous cross cultural research has documented high agreement in judgments of facial expressions of emotion, however, none of the previous studies has included data from Mexican culture. Participants were 229 Mexican college students (mean age 21.79). Results indicate that each of the seven universal emotions: anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise was recognized by the participants above chance levels (p < .001), regardless of the gender or ethnicity of the posers. These findings replicate reported data on the high cross cultural agreement in emotion recognition (Ekman, 1994) and contribute to the increasing body of evidence regardingthe universality of emotions. / Este estudio explora el reconocimiento de la expresión facial de las emociones en bilingües mexicanos mediante el JACFEE (Matsumoto & Ekman, 1988). Investigaciones previas evidencian el alto nivel de acuerdo transcultural en el reconocimiento emocional, sin embargo no se reportan estudios en la cultura mexicana. Participaron 229 estudiantes universitarios, edad promedio 21.79 años. Los resultados indican que las emociones universales: enojo, desprecio, disgusto, temor, felicidad, tristeza y sorpresa fueron reconocidas más allá del azar (p < .01), independientemente del sexo o nacionalidad del modelo. Estos hallazgos coincidencompletamente con los datos transculturales que se tienen sobre el alto nivel de acuerdo en el reconocimiento emocional (Ekman, 1994), contribuyendo así al creciente cuerpo de evidencia sobre la universalidad de las emociones.

本篇論文論證在漢語中動詞以及文獻中所認定的形容詞(putative adjectives)之間的區分是非必要的。本文探討了文獻中區分和辨別漢語形容詞詞類的各項準則，並論證這些準則並無法全面性解釋所有傳統上被視為是形容詞的詞彙，也因此使得漢語語法更加複雜和歧異。文獻中所認定的形容詞在句法上並未呈現出形容詞的特性；相反地，它們無論是從時貌標記來看或就範疇功能(categorial function)等方面而論都與動詞一致。因此，把文獻中所認定的形容詞與動詞歸於一類將可維持漢語語法的簡單性。 此外，我們認為Chomsky (1965)以兩個正負號特徵(±N, ±V)所界定出的四個詞類(名詞、動詞、形容詞以及介係詞)並不是普遍性的(universal)；意即，並非所有語言都需要同時擁有這四個詞類。功能語言學派的看法亦同，他們認為語言中最少只需要兩個詞類來執行語言功能，即動詞與名詞，因此只有這兩個詞類具有普遍性，而另兩個詞類的語意功能可藉由它們來執行。對此，我們引用了缺乏形容詞(如：韓語(cf. Kim 2002a, 2002b))及介係詞(如：賽德克語(cf. Huang 1998))語言的語料來佐證只有動詞與名詞具有普遍性的看法。最後，本文採用Bhat (1994)在觀察跨語言間形容詞詞類的行為表現後所提出的形容詞鑑定標準，來證明漢語中並沒有一個獨立的形容詞詞類。 / This thesis argues that the verb-adjective distinction in Mandarin Chinese is unnecessary. The criteria for identifying a distinct adjectival category have been proposed by many linguists, e.g., Zhu (1982), Yin (2003), Huang et al (2008); however, they fail to accommodate all putative adjectives as a category. A distinct adjective category requires stipulations to account for the verb-adjective distinction and thus complicates the grammar. Descriptively, putative adjectives in Mandarin Chinese do not exhibit adjectival characteristics; rather, they are unmarked predicates and thus behave similarly as verbs in terms of aspectual marking, N’-ellipsis, and reduplication. Putative adjectives should thus be conflated with verbs to maintain the simplicity of the grammar. From a typological perspective, some languages have been argued to lack adjectives (e.g., Korean (cf. Kim 2002)) and others, prepositions (e.g., Seediq (cf. Huang 1998)). Therefore, Chomsky’s (1965) four categories defined by two universal feature specifications [±N] and [±V] do not seem to be ubiquitous. Functionalist linguists also assert that only Noun and Verb are universal, for they represent the elementary and central concepts at two extremes of the world while Adjective and Preposition may not be syntactically realized and their semantic concepts are thus associated with either Noun or Verb. Finally, Chinese putative adjectives are further examined with the cross-linguistic criteria proposed in Bhat (1994). The only logical conclusion is that Mandarin Chinese does not distinguish adjectives as a distinct category.