Les multiples voyages que réalise Potocki tout au long de sa vie lui permettent de faire l'expérience d'un monde relatif, dont la compréhension appelle, au-delà de la raison, d'autres moyens de connaissance. La variété des normes, des croyances et des valeurs qu'il enregistre témoigne d'une infinie diversité des hommes. Parallèlement à ses récits de voyage, l'auteur revendique pourtant, dans ses écrits historiques, politiques, et dans ses aphorismes, un universel humain, appréhendé à l'aune de la liberté. La thèse met en lumière comment l'auteur tente de faire coïncider cet absolu, posé de manière théorique, avec un très grand relativisme normatif, perçu de manière empirique, et dont il entend rendre compte par une éthique de voyageur, à laquelle il n'est pas toujours fidèle. Précisément l'analyse de cet écart, entre sa manière d'appréhender l'Autre et la démarche qu'il s'était imposée, est riche de sens et dessine des éléments de réponse qui déplacent la question sur l'articulation entre diversité et unité humaines. Celle-ci ne se fait pas sans heurts à l'échelle des Œuvres, mais elle trouve sa pleine expression dans la synthèse proposée par le Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse. Ce constat amène à réfléchir aux possibilités heuristiques offertes par la fiction. Potocki se sert du roman comme d'un laboratoire pour soumettre l'homme à l'expérience de la philosophie du « comme si », et pour mettre à l'épreuve sa nature ontologique. Cette enquête, extrêmement féconde pour comprendre comment l'universel humain favorise paradoxalement la plus grande diversité des peuples et la singularité des individus, soulève néanmoins le problème du relativisme cognitif. L'être et le monde n'existent-ils, pour Potocki, qu'à travers un discours, une représentation ? / Built on a life-long series of travels, Jan Potocki's experience of a relative world calls, beyond the notion of reason, for the unveiling of new paths to knowledge. The wide variety of norms, beliefs and values he has recorded demonstrate the endless diversity of men. Yet, alongside his travel memoirs, the author has also depicted, in his historical, political works, as well as in his aphorisms, a universal humankind in its rapport to freedom. This thesis highlights the writer's attempt to match his search for the Absolute, as defined in theoretical terms, with a compelling normative relativism in its empirical perception. Thus Potocki sought to outline the ethos of the wanderer - without necessarily being true to it himself. The discrepancy between the way he related to his fellow men and the approach he had initially devised for himself is precisely where the analysis becomes meaningful, suggesting in its findings that the contention might in fact revolve around the junctures between the diversity of men and their notional oneness. While research may prove strewn with obstacles in Œuvres, it is most significant and highly relevant in the synoptic Manuscript Found in Saragossa, leading us to reflect upon the heuristic potential of fiction writing. Potocki uses the novel as a laboratory in which he subjects man to the philosophical experiment of the ‘as if', and puts his ontological nature to the test. However fruitful the investigation might be when it comes to understanding the paradox of how universality in men breeds growing diversity and individuality, it also raises the issue of cognitive relativism. Do humankind and the world only exist, according to Potocki, through verbal and mental representations ?

Cette thèse adresse les problèmes d'universalité et de complétude computationelle pour plusieurs modèles de calcul inspirés par la biologie. Il s'agit principalement des systèmes d'insertion/effacement, réseaux de processeurs évolutionnaires, ainsi que des systèmes de réécriture de multi-ensembles. Les résultats décrits se classent dans deux catégories majeures : l'étude de la puissance de calcul des opérations d'insertion et d'effacement avec ou sans mécanismes de contrôle, et la construction des systèmes de réécriture de multi-ensembles universels de petite taille. Les opérations d'insertion et d'effacement consistent à rajouter ou supprimer une sous-chaîne dans une chaîne de caractères dans un contexte donné. La motivation pour l'étude de ces opérations vient de la biologie, ainsi que de la linguistique et de la théorie des langages formels. Dans la première partie de ce manuscrit nous examinons des systèmes d'insertion/effacement correspondant à l'édition de l'ARN, un processus qui insère ou supprime des fragments de ces molécules. Une particularité importante de l'édition de l'ARN est que le endroit auquel se font les modifications est déterminé par des séquences de nucléotides se trouvant toujours du même côté du site de modification. En termes d'insertion et d'effacement, ce phénomène se modéliserait par des règles possédant le contexte uniquement d'un seul côté. Nous montrons qu'avec un contexte gauche de deux caractères il est possible d'engendrer tous les langages rationnels. D'autre part, nous prouvons que des contextes plus longs n'augmentent pas la puissance de calcul du modèle. Nous examinons aussi les systèmes d’insertion/effacement utilisant des mécanismes de contrôle d’application des règles et nous montrons l'augmentation de la puissance d'expression. Les opérations d'insertion et d'effacement apparaissent naturellement dans le domaine de la sécurité informatique. Comme exemple on peut donner le modèle des grammaires gauchistes (leftist grammar), qui ont été introduites pour l'étude des systèmes critiques. Dans cette thèse nous proposons un nouvel instrument graphique d'analyse du comportement dynamique de ces grammaires. La deuxième partie du manuscrit s'intéresse au problème d'universalité qui consiste à trouver un élément concret capable de simuler le travail de n'importe quel autre dispositif de calcul. Nous commençons par le modèle de réseaux de processeurs évolutionnaires, qui abstrait le traitement de l'information génétique. Nous construisons des réseaux universels ayant un petit nombre de règles. Nous nous concentrons ensuite sur les systèmes de réécriture des multi-ensembles, un modèle qui peut être vu comme une abstraction des réactions biochimiques. Pour des raisons historiques, nous formulons nos résultats en termes de réseaux de Petri. Nous construisons des réseaux de Petri universels et décrivons des techniques de réduction du nombre de places, de transitions et d'arcs inhibiteurs, ainsi que du degré maximal des transitions. Une bonne partie de ces techniques repose sur une généralisation des machines à registres introduite dans cette thèse et qui permet d'effectuer plusieurs tests et opérations en un seul changement d'état / The present thesis considers the problems of computational completeness and universality for several biologically-inspired models of computation: insertion-deletion systems, networks of evolutionary processors, and multiset rewriting systems. The presented results fall into two major categories: study of expressive power of the operations of insertion and deletion with and without control, and construction of universal multiset rewriting systems of low descriptional complexity. Insertion and deletion operations consist in adding or removing a subword from a given string if this subword is surrounded by some given contexts. The motivation for studying these operations comes from biology, as well as from linguistics and the theory of formal languages. In the first part of the present work we focus on insertion-deletion systems closely related to RNA editing, which essentially consists in inserting or deleting fragments of RNA molecules. An important feature of RNA editing is the fact that the locus the operations are carried at is determined by certain sequences of nucleotides, which are always situated to the same side of the editing site. In terms of formal insertion and deletion, this phenomenon is modelled by rules which can only check their context on one side and not on the other. We show that allowing one-symbol insertion and deletion rules to check a two-symbol left context enables them to generate all regular languages. Moreover, we prove that allowing longer insertion and deletion contexts does not increase the computational power. We further consider insertion-deletion systems with additional control over rule applications and show that the computational completeness can be achieved by systems with very small rules. The motivation for studying insertion-deletion systems also comes from the domain of computer security, for the purposes of which a special kind of insertion-deletion systems called leftist grammars was introduced. In this work we propose a novel graphical instrument for visual analysis of the dynamics of such systems. The second part of the present thesis is concerned with the universality problem, which consists in finding a fixed element able to simulate the work any other computing device. We start by considering networks of evolutionary processors (NEPs), a computational model inspired by the way genetic information is processed in the living cell, and construct universal NEPs with very few rules. We then focus on multiset rewriting systems, which model the chemical processes running in the biological cell. For historical reasons, we formulate our results in terms of Petri nets. We construct a series of universal Petri nets and give several techniques for reducing the numbers of places, transitions, inhibitor arcs, and the maximal transition degree. Some of these techniques rely on a generalisation of conventional register machines, proposed in this thesis, which allows multiple register checks and operations to be performed in a single state transition

A tese parte da hipótese central de que existe uma antinomia fundamental no pensamento político ocidental contemporâneo entre os Direitos Humanos e a Soberania. Observamos tal antinomia em dois campos distintos, porém interconectados: no campo propriamente teórico, no qual chegamos à antinomia do projeto universal-cosmopolita dos Direitos Humanos em relação ao Estadoemuralhado- nacional, e no campo do direito internacional, no qual a antinomia se faz presente em alguns instrumentos jurídicos internacionais do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ao final da pesquisa, a hipótese central se confirmou, o que mostrou, portanto, a vigência de uma dupla matriz teórico-prática no pensamento político (duas filosofias) presentes no mundo contemporâneo. De um lado, os Direitos Humanos levados às últimas consequências (em sua extremidade lógica), remetem a um mundo sem fronteiras e o defendem: o do kosmopolites (cidadão do mundo). Por outro lado, a Soberania, de igual forma, em sua extremidade lógica, remete às fronteiras territoriais, aos territórios fechados e de jurisdição exclusiva. Vista por esse viés, a Soberania atém-se à lógica da muralha, da distinção e polaridade do eu e do outro enquanto o cidadão-nacional versus o estrangeiro. / This thesis argues from the central hypothesis that there is an essential antinomy in the contemporary Western political thought between human rights and Sovereignty. This antagonism can be observed in two fields (although interconnected): in the theorethical field itself, in which we arrive at a universal-cosmopolitan project antagonistic to the State-enclosed-national terrritory; and in the field of international law, where we encounter this paradox in some of the international post-Second World War legal instruments. At the end of the research, the hypothesis was confirmed, thus revealing the existence of a double theoretical-practical matrix in the political thought (two philosophies) of the contemporary world. On the one hand, human rights are taken to the very end (in its logical extreme), correlate and defend a world without borders, of the kosmopolites (world citizen). On the other hand, Sovereignty, equally taken in this logical extreme, refers back to territories frontiers, to the closed territories, and its exclusive jurisdiction. Seen from this point of view, Sovereignty ties itself to the logic of the wall, the distinction and polarity of I and the other, as the national-citizen versus the foreigner.

博士（社会学） / 甲第628号 / 105p / 一橋大学

The topic of this thesis is an examination of the issue of the justification of human rights from the perspective of three Czech thinkers: Božena Komárková, Jakub S. Trojan and Ladislav Hejdánek. While Komárková and Trojan choose a theological approach, Hejdánek prefers a purely philosophical method. With regards to their differing perspectives, the thesis asks several key questions: To what extent did Christianity affect human rights? Are human rights natural? How and how narrow is the interconnection between the conceptions of human rights, freedom, truth, justice and responsibility? The answers to these questions come mainly from a comparison of the concepts of the chosen thinkers. Although each of them chose a different method and held different views, they, interestingly, more or less agree in their answers to the questions asked. All three thinkers agreed that Christianity is an integral part of the origin and the development of the idea of human rights. In the same way, they all agreed on a critical attitude towards natural rights - although different considerations led them to this conclusion. Special attention is dedicated to how the given authors understood the concept of truth and how they included it in their conceptions of human rights and their justification. There is a parallel...

Human Rights: Universality vs. Regionalism Jalal Naji Abstract The basic idea of the existence of certain rights that human beings are entitled to has been present, in some form or another, throughout the history of mankind long before their universal recognition and codification in 1948. The revolutionary work of the United Nations in adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 was the coronation and completion of all the earlier attempts of mankind in identifying the safeguards of humanity. Of course, the current shape, structure and context of international modern-day human rights never existed on the international sphere before 1948 as all the earlier efforts to identify human rights can be characterized as sporadic, localized, flawed, incomprehensive and even discriminatory as they only recognised certain rights to particular categories of people, such as ascribing rights only for citizens, for believers of a religion, or only for freemen and aristocrats. Conversely, UDHR's human rights standards are ascribed to everyone without discrimination. The foundation of international human rights is premised on the universality concept which indicates that all human beings are equal and that human rights are universally enjoyed by all mankind without discrimination. However, this majestic...

Sokol, as one of the traditional mass special - interest organizations in the Czech republic relates on the tradition from the point of its foundation in 1862. Despite the fact that this organization proved to overcome several prohibitions its activities and to re-established, the modern period and its life style could be fatal for it. Especially the traditional program - universality is not as popular as so - called special sports among public neither donors. Because of that the thesis describes an attitude of selected groups of Sokol club's Písek stakeholders, and its opinions about the universality, the reference to a community, the strenght of communication, the real and potencial Sokol's benefit for a community, etc. The output of the thesis is proposing of the strategy for the work with particular members of community.

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[pt] O Sl 96, objeto de estudo da presente pesquisa, é uma poesia hebraica caracterizada como um louvor descritivo, enriquecido com o tema do reinado de YHWH. Em contraste com os três primeiros livros do Saltério (cf. Sl 3–89), o livro IV (cf. Sl 90–106) abre nova perspectiva, com um ideal teocrático, avultando a ação soberana de YHWH que age sem um regente humano. E o Sl 96 potencializa os elementos relacionados a esta ação de YHWH, apresentando-o como rei (cf. v. 10b), criador (cf. v. 5b) e juiz (cf. v. 13), e inaugurando o tema da sua soberania universal. Como unidade poética, o Sl 96 é estruturado em três seções que são corroboradas pelos elementos sintáticos, semânticos e estilísticos. Em cada seção há um sujeito expresso, propondo Israel como anunciador da boa nova da ação salvífica de YHWH (cf. v. 1-3), convidando as famílias dos povos a acercarem-se de YHWH e dançarem diante dele (cf. v. 7-9), e conclamando todo o cosmos a exultar de alegria com intensidade (cf. v. 11-12). Nesse convite a sujeitos distintos também se revela a universalidade de YHWH, mas sempre com a cuidadosa e enfática centralidade em YHWH, dada no emprego do sufixo de terceira pessoa, masculino, singular (i), no pronome pessoal הוּא e no Tetragrama Sagrado. Como louvor descritivo, o Sl 96 traduz um clima de intensa alegria, com o cântico novo cantado pelo povo que celebra os feitos de YHWH (cf. vv. 1-9) e o seu reinado (cf. v. 10), e com toda a criação que se agita de modo barulhento e festivo em razão da sua vinda (cf. vv. 11-13). / [en] Ps 96, object of study of the present research, is a Hebrew poetry characterized as a descriptive praise, enriched with the theme of the reign of YHWH. In contrast to the first three books of the Psalter (cf. Ps 3-89), book IV (cf. Ps 90-106) opens a new perspective, with a theocratic ideal, emphasizing the sovereign action of YHWH who acts without a human regenter. And the Ps 96 potentizes the elements related to this action of YHWH, presenting him as King (cf. v. 10b), creator (cf. v. 5b) and judge (cf. v. 13), and inaugurating the theme of his universal sovereignty. As a poetic unit, Ps 96 is structured into three sections which are corroborated by syntactic, semantic and stylistic elements. In each section there is an express subject, proposing Israel as announcer of the good news of the salvific action of YHWH (cf. v. 1-3), inviting the families of the people to approach YHWH and dance before him (cf. 7-9), and calling on the whole cosmos to exult joy with intensity (cf. v. 11-12). In this invitation to distinct subjects, the YHWH s universality is also revealed, although always with a careful and emphatic centrality in YHWH, given the use of the third-person suffix, masculine, singular (i), in the personal pronoun הוּא and in the Sacred Tetragrammaton. As a descriptive praise, Ps 96 expresses a mood of intense joy, with the new song being sung by the people who celebrate the achievements of YHWH (cf. vv. 1-9) and his reign (cf. v. 10), and with all of creation that stirs in a noisy and festive way because of his coming (cf. vv. 11-13).