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This research examines the interconnectedness of urban infrastructure, the built environment and gendered socio-cultural norms in women’s vulnerability to male violence and differentiated accessibility in public spaces of Kolkata. By bringing together Black feminist intersectionality theoretical framework and post-colonial Indian feminist urban scholarship, it seeks to understand how gender intersects with other forms of identity and power to determine accessibility to urban public spaces, safety within those spaces, and what factors shape women’s accessibility to public spaces. Furthermore, by examining if and how men’s use and perceptions of space differ from that of women’s in Kolkata, this research provides a nuanced understanding of how structural power relations are embedded in urban space. Finally, by examining the experiences of a broader range of voices of marginalized groups from the global South to global North centric urban scholarship, this research seeks to understand how access to urban space affects people’s accessibility and their resulting decision-making related to education, jobs or socializing. In doing so, the objective is to shed light how the interconnection of urban infrastructure, the built environment and gendered socio-cultural norms have hampered women’s accessibility in public spaces and use of city resources, and therefore their right to the city in order that the “urban” can be reclaimed for and by women and marginalized groups, both in terms of access to public spaces and in urban knowledge production. This dissertation demonstrates that differentiated accessibility of women and other marginalized groups and violence against women in public spaces is caused by multiple factors of flawed urban infrastructure and built environment, experiences of harassment, patriarchal socio-cultural norms and values. In doing so, it argues that accessibility and safety issues can never be generalized based on a particular category like gender, but need to be considered in terms of intersecting multiple social identities and the specific power relations embedded in a place. The research exposes how particular power hierarchies are maintained in city spaces by reiterating women’s vulnerability to violence through gendered socio-cultural norms, deficient built environment and urban infrastructure. Simultaneously, power hierarchies are also maintained by creating and perpetuating images of the marginalized men as the dangerous Others; thereby producing an overall climate of fear and limiting accessibility of marginalized groups, mostly women. Therefore, this dissertation is significant in several scholarly ways, by a) bringing together several scholarly conversations including feminist urban geography, planning and global South feminist urban theorizing while examining different factors that impact women’s accessibility and safety to public spaces; b) adding a global South perspective of marginalized experiences of women and men to urban geography scholarship with a postcolonial lens which mostly focused on Anglo-American experiences; c) incorporating perspectives and experiences of men to feminist geography scholarship therefore proving a greater understanding of power relations over space and the need to go beyond gender to analyze causes of differentiated accessibility and safety; d)integrating Black feminists’ Intersectionality as a theoretical framework in feminist geography modes of inquiry and to Indian feminist urban scholarship thereby explaining the contextuality of urban experiences which cannot be generalized as per any group; and e) reconceptualizing our understanding of violence against women, accessibility in urban public spaces and safe cities by examining women’s experiences in public spaces and the negotiations they make while accessing a perceived safe city such as Kolkata. / Geography

My dissertation, Racing the City: Intentional Integration and the Pursuit of Racial Justice in Post-WWII America, examines the creation, experience, and meaning of intentionally integrated residential space in the latter half of the twentieth century. Entering into the growing historiographical conversations on post-war American cities and the northern civil rights movement, I argue that with a strong commitment to maintaining residential cohesion and a heightened sense of racial justice in the wake of the Second World War, liberal integrationists around the country embarked on grassroots campaigns seeking to translate the ideals of racial equality into a blueprint for genuine interracial living. Through innovative real estate efforts, creative marketing techniques, and religious activism, pioneering community groups worked to intentionally integrate their neighborhoods, to serve as a model for sustainable urbanity and racial justice in the United States. My research, centered on the northwest Philadelphia neighborhood of West Mount Airy, chronicles a liberal community effort that confronted formal legal and governmental policies and deeply entrenched cultural understandings; through this integration project, activists sought to redefine post-war urban space in terms of racial inclusion. In crafting such a narrative, I challenge much of the scholarship on the northern struggle for racial justice, which paints a uniform picture of a divisive and violent racial urban environment. At the same time, my dissertation explores how hard it was for urban integrationists to build interracial communities. I portray a neighborhood struggling with the deeper meanings of integrated space, with identity politics and larger institutional, structural, and cultural forces, and with internal resistance to change. In that sense, I speak to the larger debates over post-WWII urban space; my research, here, implies a cultural explanation complementing the political and economic narratives of white flight and urban crisis that scholars have crafted over the last two decades. This is at once the story of a group of people seeking to challenge the seeming inevitability of segregation by creating an economically stable, racially integrated community predicated upon an idealized vision of American democracy, and it is the story of the fraying of that ideal. / History

Teknisk utveckling ger oss nya sätt att skapa möjligheter att uppleva staden på fler sätt. Graffiti och street art är omdiskuterade ämnen i relation till stadsbyggnad och urbana rum, hur kan de bidra till stadsrummet på nya sätt genom att använda dessa nya tekniker och hur skulle det kunna se ut. Denna uppsats tar upp frågan om graffitis platsskapande egenskaper i en virtuell mijö.Genom litteraturstudier och praktikbaserad forskning samlar den information och forskning för att skapa en diskussion kring detta. Resultatet tyder på att det fortfarande är en relativt kompliceradprocess och därför inte tillgänglig för alla att skapa samt att de platsskapande egenskapergraffitimålande har inte går att jämföra med att konstruera AR. Som upplevelse är dock AR jämförbart med en graffitimålning, och har kanske än mer möjlighet för platsskapande.

This master’s thesis explores the role of the urban lifestyle closely linked to the modern urban environment, but the digital era has brought significant changes. The online world has changed the meaning of physical urban space and led to a decline in the quality of life. To address this issue, this report uses a multidisciplinary approach that draws on urban planning and sociology to verify a framework that illustrates how the primary determinant of urban space vitality has shifted from function and aesthetics to socio-spatial interaction. This interaction refers to social needs and people's engagement in a particular space.  The report presents different spatial and social synergy aspects and proposes a qualitative paradigm based on this concept. Furthermore, the model is tested through an empirical study at Fristadstorget, a town center in Eskilstuna, Sweden.   The guideline’s principal framework is expected to provide insights into the revitalization of urban public space and previous evaluations of the corresponding designs, providing a theoretical framework that will benefit planners and decision-makers in future projects.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-06T12:36:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Genivaldo da Silva Santos - 2017.pdf: 8365203 bytes, checksum: b307fc9778c53e3e039e74c031ccdb07 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-06T12:37:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Genivaldo da Silva Santos - 2017.pdf: 8365203 bytes, checksum: b307fc9778c53e3e039e74c031ccdb07 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T12:37:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Genivaldo da Silva Santos - 2017.pdf: 8365203 bytes, checksum: b307fc9778c53e3e039e74c031ccdb07 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-21 / The aparecidense urban expansion occurred from the construction of parcels spread in a disorderly way along its vast territory of 278,539 km ². At the initiative of the public or private power the urban configuration of Aparecida de Goiânia is the result of social actions strongly orchestrated by the Municipal Government. In this context, it is understood that the role played by aparecidense power public from 1963, the year of its emancipation was fundamental for the evolution of its urban space, especially in the frontier regions stage of several institutional conflicts with the capital. This academic research aimed to detect in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, in the period between 1963 and 2010 the effects of the rapid conurbation process with the capital and the consequences of it in the production of its urban structure. In order to do so, will be analyzed political, economic and social aspects that spatialized, contributed to an exploratory study of the interference or not of the public power as historical agent in the configuration of the urban space. This problematization covers three fundamental points: firstly, making considerations about the city as a centrality in the region and the main characteristics that help the reading and understanding of the city; in a second moment, contextualizing the question of the urban frontier; and finally the municipal public administrations are presented in the period from 2001 to 2010, confronting the objectives of the Master Plan with the laws of zoning policies of the period, highlighting the discussion of aspects related to the redefinition of its urban frontier with the capital. / A expansão urbana aparecidense deu-se a partir da construção de parcelamentos espraiados de maneira desordenada ao longo de seu amplo território de 278.539 km². Por iniciativa do poder público ou privado, a configuração urbanística de Aparecida de Goiânia é o resultado de ações sociais fortemente orquestradas pelo Governo Municipal. Nesse quadro, compreende-se que o papel desempenhado pelo poder público aparecidense a partir de 1963, ano de sua emancipação, foi fundamental para a evolução do seu espaço urbano, especialmente nas regiões de fronteira, palco de diversos conflitos institucionais com a capital. A presente pesquisa acadêmica buscou detectar no município de Aparecida de Goiânia, no período entre 1963 e 2010, os efeitos do rápido processo de conurbação com a capital e as consequências do mesmo na produção de sua estrutura urbana. Para tanto, serão analisados aspectos políticos, econômicos e sociais que espacializados, contribuíram para um estudo exploratório da interferência, ou não, do poder público como agente histórico na configuração do espaço urbano. Essa problematização abrange três pontos fundamentais: primeiramente, tece considerações sobre a cidade enquanto centralidade na região, pontuando as principais características que auxiliam na leitura e compreensão do município; em um segundo momento, contextualiza a questão da fronteira urbana; e, por último, apresenta as administrações públicas municipais, do período de 2001 a 2010, confrontando os objetivos do Plano Diretor às leis de políticas de zoneamento do período, com destaque à discussão dos aspectos relativos à redefinição de sua fronteira urbana com a capital.

O espaço urbano é o meio que possibilita o desenvolvimento das atividades, relações e manifestações humanas. É produzido a partir das intervenções de diferentes agentes e reflete os problemas existentes na sociedade. Em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, a questão habitacional é, hoje, uma das facetas mais complexas e desafiadoras a serem enfrentadas nas cidades, em especial pelo Estado. O Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida (PMCMV), lançado em 2009, é atualmente o principal instrumento da política federal voltado à produção habitacional e se propõe a reduzir o déficit habitacional brasileiro a partir da construção de cerca de três milhões de novas moradias. O trabalho discute a produção do espaço urbano a partir da habitação produzida pelo PMCMV. Buscou-se analisar a distribuição territorial dos empreendimentos enquadrados no Programa e a atuação dos agentes envolvidos nesse processo. Para tanto, foram coletadas informações referentes aos empreendimentos contratados no âmbito do PMCMV entre os anos 2009-2013 no município de Gravataí e na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA), nas três faixas de renda atendidas pelo Programa. Como estudo de caso foi utilizado o município de Gravataí, cidade de porte médio, localizada na RMPA, que, como tantas outras cidades brasileiras, apresenta graves problemas habitacionais. Devido a sua inserção no contexto metropolitano e a influência do mesmo sobre o município, buscou-se avaliar os efeitos do Programa também nesta escala. Os empreendimentos foram georeferenciados e analisados em relação a sua localização na mancha urbana. Realizou-se um mapeamento dos principais agentes envolvidos no processo de produção do PMCMV, com o levantamento e a análise das construtoras que tiveram empreendimentos contratados no âmbito do Programa. Verificou-se ainda, na escala local, a adequação dos empreendimentos à legislação urbana de Gravataí e a atuação do Estado neste processo, realizando-se uma investigação qualitativa através de entrevistas com técnicos e gestores municipais. Na escala metropolitana observou-se um número reduzido de municípios atendidos pelo Programa, justaposição de empreendimentos em determinadas áreas urbanas, presença de poucas empresas controlando um maior volume de unidades contratadas, e a tendência a localizar os empreendimentos destinados à menor faixa de renda junto às periferias. Seguindo este mesmo padrão, no município de Gravataí os vazios urbanos centrais são usados para os empreendimentos das faixas de renda mais elevadas, enquanto nos empreendimentos de mais baixa renda verificaram padrões de inserção diferenciados conforme os agentes que os propuseram. Observaram-se também dificuldades de gestão e a fragilidade da legislação urbanística municipal, mostrando-se evidente que a habitação promovida pela política pública do PMCMV, inserida em um contexto de fraca atuação do Estado, tem sido fortemente controlada pelo setor imobiliário. / The urban space is the support that enables the development of activities, relationships and human manifestations. It is produced from the interventions of different agents and reflects the problems in society. In developing countries, like Brazil, housing is today one of the most complex and challenging issues to be faced in the cities, especially by the state government. The Program Minha Casa, Minha Vida (PMCMV), launched in 2009, is currently the main instrument of federal policy directed at the production of housing stock, and it aims to reduce the housing deficit by building about three million new homes. This research discusses the production of urban spaceby examining the housing projects produced by PMCMV. We sought to analyze the spatial distribution of projects produced by the Programme and the activities of the agents involved in this process. To that end, we collected information regarding developments hired under the PMCMV between the years 2009-2013 in the city of Gravataí and the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre (RMPA), targeting the three income groups served by the Programme. As a case study we selected the city of Gravataí, a medium-sized city located in the RMPA, which, like many other Brazilian cities, has presented serious housing issues. Due to its insertion in the metropolitan context and influence upon the municipality, we sought to evaluate the effects of the Programme also at this scale. The projects were georeferenced and analyzed taking in consideration their position in relation to the urban sprawl. A mapping of agents involved in the production process of the PMCMV was carried out through a survey and analysis of the construction companies that were hired under the Programme. We also took in consideration, atthe local scale, the adequacy of all projects to the municipal urban legislation of Gravataí and the state government performance in this process, conducting a qualitative research through interviews with municipal managers and technicians. In the metropolitan scale we observed, among other things, a small number of municipalities covered by the program; juxtaposition of developments in certain urban areas; the presence of a few companies controlling a larger volume of contracted units; and the tendency to locate projects, aimed to the lower income band, along the peripheries. Following this same pattern, in the municipality of Gravataí, the central urban voids are used for projects of higher income brackets, while in the lower bands verified insert patterns differentiated according to the agents who proposed them. We also identified the difficulties and the fragility of the municipal urban legislationin managing the PMCMV, being evident that the housing promoted by this public policy,set in a context of weak state action,has been strongly controlled by the private real estate industry.