Thesis advisor: Zine Magubane / Thesis advisor: Nora Gross / The career of a high guidance counselor can range from topics of teenage drama, college decisions, and the annual class selection meeting; however, what are they to do when gun violence is currently the number 1 cause of death for children 1-19 (Everytown, 2022). Legally, students are expected to spend 49% or 180 days of the year within the walls of a school for at least 6 hours, in turn, the institution of schools has become a place for making friends, connections, and experiences, whether they be good or bad (Pew, 2023). When gun violence plagues the walls of a school, support generally falls to counselors to help students navigate their emotions and grief. However, schools and counselors do not necessarily have the resources or training to provide that support. Particularly in under-resourced urban neighborhoods, counselors may already be spread too thin in their responsibilities, worsening the effects of gun violence and unresolved grief. Further, some counselors cannot understand their students' lived experiences because the differences in their racial, financial, and geographical upbringing promote a culture of misunderstanding and inability to solve root issues with cultural competency (Englert-Copeland, 2019). In this study, we aim to examine how schools and counselors support students impacted by gun violence, focusing on two major metropolitan areas on the East Coast: Boston and Philadelphia. The problem the project is addressing is the way schools situate themselves in helping students’ grief, given the increase in adolescent gun violence throughout the United States. Philadelphia has seen a particular increase in gun violence over the past decade (Philadelphia Police Department, 2022). Per the Philadelphia Office of the Controller, they found that 10.9% of all gun deaths within the city were people under 19 years of age for the 2023 year to date (2023). Everytown Research found that in “Massachusetts, the rate of gun deaths increased 16% from 2010 to 2019, compared to a 17% increase nationwide; gun homicides increased 26%, compared to a 13% increase and 26% increase nationwide, respectively” (Everytown, 2021). On the other hand, the city of Boston has seen a decrease in the gun violence rate over the past few years (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2022) While Boston does have one of the lowest gun violence rates in the world, students there experience grief over losing loved ones from neighborhood gun violence. The state noted that gun violence deaths are the 3rd-leading cause of death among children and teens in Massachusetts (2021). Through the research, we hope to identify best practices and strategies for schools and counselors to better support students impacted by gun violence and reduce the negative effects of unresolved grief. By examining the experiences of students in these two urban areas, we believe that we can contribute to the broader conversation about how to address this critical issue in schools and communities across the country. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2024. / Submitted to: Boston College. Morrissey School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology. / Discipline: Departmental Honors.

In recent years urban violence has become understood as a 'reproduced', multi-causal and socially generated phenomenon. Less is understood about why young men reproduce the majority of this violence. This thesis uses original empirical data based on thirty-two life-histories of youths living in two poor and violent neighbourhoods in Medellín, Colombia. It argues that urban violence is reproduced by male youths because it is linked to 'masculinity'; that is, the process of 'becoming men' where youths strive to fulfil productive or 'successful' models of masculinity. These processes are related to contexts of poverty, inequality and exclusion, so this thesis does not reduce the generation of urban violence to masculinity alone. Rather, understanding masculinity provides us with further insight into the reproduction of violence. This thesis further argues that male youths are disposed by their habitus - after Pierre Bourdieu - to negotiate a pathway to manhood that largely reflects traditional masculine values in their context. Striving to achieve prevailing versions of manhood contributed to some of these youths joining armed groups, such as gangs. The gang acted as a mechanism to fulfil their dispositions to become men, by providing them with a way to perform a version of 'successful' masculinity. This is prevalent in urban contexts of exclusion and high levels of social violence, because there are limited opportunities to achieve legal and dignified versions of manhood, whilst there are significant opportunities to join the local gang. The youths interviewed that did not join gangs tended to come from families that taught them to reject violence at a young age, whilst supporting them in pursuing alternative pathways to manhood. Youths that joined gangs tended to have more problems at home and often had family members already in gangs.

Orientador: Milton Lahuerta / Banca: Élide Rugai Bastos / Banca: Carlos Gileno / Resumo: O presente trabalho realiza analise sócio-literária da literatura marginal. Produção textual oriunda de setores tradicionalmente excluídos do sistema literário brasileiro, a literatura marginal possui como característica geral o fato de seus autores terem nascido e crescido nas periferias das grandes cidades brasileiras e produzido obras que têm como tema central a violência que assola todo o país e principalmente as periferias das metrópoles. / Abstract: This work analyzes the social-literary of literature marginal. Derived literary production of traditionally excluded sectors of the Brazilian literary system, literature marginal possess as characteristic general the fact of its authors to have been born and grown in the peripheries of the great Brazilian cities and produced workmanships that have as central subject the violence that devastates the country all e mainly the peripheries of metropolis. / Mestre

[pt] Imaginários do medo: imprensa e violência urbana analisa séries de reportagens sobre crimes violentos, publicadas entre 2004 e 2007 em periódicos do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo, relacionando-as com a produção de um imaginário urbano. O objetivo é mostrar como as reportagens veiculadas nesses jornais diários contribuem para a instituição de um imaginário do medo contemporâneo através da narração da violência urbana. Abordam-se as formas de enunciação e evocação do medo nas séries de reportagens publicadas em O Globo - 24 horas; Geografia da violência; A guerra do Rio - e Folha de S. Paulo - Guerra urbana. São analisadas duas perspectivas adotadas para dar sentido a crimes violentos: aquela que narra a violência como parte do cotidiano da cidade e, por outro lado, aquela que narra a violência urbana como metáfora da guerra. Nestas perspectivas, os relatos jornalísticos que tratam do crime violento nas grandes cidades produzem uma simbologia e um vocabulário que constituem um imaginário urbano do medo, afetando profundamente as práticas de democratização do espaço público. Além disso, a grande ênfase dada às questões do aparelho repressor do Estado simplifica a complexidade própria da idéia de segurança pública, que vai além de questões policiais. Assim, de modo mais amplo, esse imaginário do medo - que é a própria circulação de discursos que têm o crime violento como tema - se entrelaça com outros fatores e aponta para questões fundamentais da ordem social, política, econômica e cultural no Brasil contemporâneo. / [en] Imaginaries of fear: journalism and urban violence analyzes a series of stories on violent crimes published between 2004 and 2007 on newspapers of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, relating them to the production of an urban imaginary. It intends to show how the stories published on these periodicals contribute to the making of a contemporary imaginary of fear through urban violence narration. This dissertation examines the types of enunciation and evocation of fear in the series of stories published on O Globo - 24 horas; Geografia da violência; A guerra do Rio - and Folha de S. Paulo - Guerra urbana. Two perspectives used by journalists are analyzed: one that sees violence as part of the everyday life, and the other one in which urban violence is approached as a war metaphor. On these perspectives, the stories that focus on violent crimes in big cities produce a symbology and a vocabulary that constitute an urban imaginary of fear that affects the democratization practices of public space. Moreover, the emphasis on the issues related to the enforcement of the law by the police seems to simplify all the complexity that involves the idea of public security. That said, this fear`s imaginary - that is, the circulation of stories that have crime as main theme - is related to other issues, and leads to very important social, political, economic and cultural matters in contemporary Brazil.

[pt] Esse trabalho aborda um processo de trégua estabelecido entre grupos criminosos em El Salvador, comumente chamados de pandillas. A partir de um arcabouço conceitual especifico e um repositório de métodos ligados à abordagem da Teoria Ator-Rede, esse trabalho seguirá algumas controvérsias desse processo da trégua associadas ao cumprimento do acordo, à estabilização do seu começo, final e à determinação de seu sucesso ou fracasso. Para tanto, seguiremos como os números mensais de homicídio, produzidos pelo Instituto Médico Legal do país, participam dessas tensões e atuam organizando versões distintas desse evento. Ao fazer isso, somos deslocados para caminhos, agências e atores que participam da vida dos números e, dessa forma, da encenação das versões da trégua. Nesse sentido, elementos que acabam sendo naturalizados, e até esquecidos, se tornam o foco da minha análise. Assim, essa dissertação busca expandir o corpo da literatura sobre a trégua, ao mesmo tempo em que visa ampliar os horizontes dos conhecimentos disciplinares atentos para a convergência entre números e situações de violência. / [en] This work focuses on a truce established between criminal groups in El Salvador, commonly known as pandillas. Based on a specific conceptual framework and a repository of methods related to the Actor-Network Theory, I intend to follow some controversies of this process regarding the fulfillment of the agreement, the stabilization of its beginning and end and the determination of its success or failure. To do so, we will follow how the monthly homicide numbers produced by the country s Institute of Legal Medicine participate in these tensions and act organizing different versions of this event. By doing so, we expect to shift our analyses towards others agencies and actors who take part in the life of numbers and, therefore, in the enactment of several versions of the truce. In this way, elements that end up being naturalized and even forgotten become the focus of this work. Thus, this dissertation seeks to expand the body of literature on the truce, while at the same time aiming to broaden the horizons of disciplinary knowledge attentive to the convergence between numbers and situations of violence.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Cervilieri Fedri.pdf: 577222 bytes, checksum: 0a90a6961857527ff3b2435b124fca99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was aimed at assessing, through psychotherapeutic session records and interviews, the differences in the mourning process of two mothers whose children were fatal victims of urban violence in the city of São Paulo. In psychotherapy sessions, it was found that some mothers had greater difficulty in dealing with the violent loss of their children in relation to other mothers, posing questions related to the possibility and impossibility of mourning. Therefore, two mothers who had differences in the relationship with the lost son were chosen: one in which the mother reapplied attention and interest in other activities and objects, rather than the mother who showed no interest in other elements and objects unless the lost son. To develop this point, studies of urban violence in the city of São Paulo, considerations about the place of the psychoanalyst in the assistance to victims of violence and the profile of the victims were raised, followed by studies related to death and dying as a way to demarcate social and inherent cultural aspects to the subject. Related traumatic neurosis studies were also performed according to the clinical examination of the case, from the Freudian notions of mourning and melancholy to the Winnicott s theory of personal maturation. From this study, it can be concluded that the possibility of dealing with the loss of a child is conditioned to emotional achievements related to the stage of concern, being the failure of this achievement related to the impossibility of the mourning process / Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar, por meio de registros de atendimentos psicoterapêuticos e entrevistas, as diferenças no processo de enlutamento de duas mães cujos filhos foram vítimas fatais da violência urbana, na cidade de São Paulo. Nos atendimentos psicoterapêuticos, verificou-se que algumas mães apresentavam maior dificuldade em lidar com a perda violenta de seus filhos em relação às outras mães, suscitando questionamentos ligados à possibilidade e à impossibilidade de realização do luto. Para tanto, foram escolhidas duas mães que apresentavam diferenças na relação com o filho perdido: uma em que a mãe voltou a aplicar atenção e interesse por outras atividades e objetos, em detrimento à mãe que não apresentou interesse por outros elementos e objetos a não ser pelo filho perdido. Para desenvolver essa questão, foram levantados estudos sobre a violência urbana na cidade de São Paulo, considerações sobre o lugar do psicanalista no atendimento às vítimas de violência, o perfil dessas vítimas, seguido de estudos relacionados à morte e ao morrer como forma de demarcar o aspecto social e cultural inerente ao tema. Também foram realizados estudos relacionados à neurose traumática, seguindo para a análise clínica do caso, desde as noções freudianas de luto e melancolia à teoria do amadurecimento pessoal de D. W. Winnicott. Desse estudo é possível concluir que a possibilidade de lidar com a perda de um filho é condicionada a conquistas emocionais relacionadas ao estágio do concernimento, sendo o insucesso dessa conquista relacionado à impossibilidade de realização da elaboração do luto

The incidence of violence and the configuration of areas of instability, which have accompanied rapid urbanisation processes in the global South, have led to a wide range of responses by state authorities at different levels. These responses include attempts to control, prevent and/or manage various forms of violence and crime. An emerging literature on urban security aims to improve our understanding of public security provision in volatile urban contexts in the global South. This literature has so far been dominated by policy-oriented and state-centric analyses, as well as by critiques of the way neoliberal governance is shaping responses to urban instability. These analytical approaches tend to ignore the political aspects and governmental consequences of security provision in fragile cities. This thesis argues that Foucault’s work on governmentality and ethnographic methodologies offer analytical and methodological tools that can help us address limitations in predominant analytical frameworks and contribute to fill gaps in the literature. The thesis develops an alternative critical approach to the study of urban security using those tools and employs it to investigate security provision in Medellin. This alternative approach focuses on the way security shapes governing processes in particular contexts and on their implications for those who are most vulnerable to urban fragility. Moreover, the thesis uses this innovative approach to investigate the security strategy implemented in Medellin since 2002, as part of what has come to be known as the ‘Medellin Model’. By exploring this particularly relevant case, this thesis highlights the significance of undertaking empirical explorations of the rationality of security strategies in different urban contexts and the importance of taking into account people´s differentiated experiences of security provision. Furthermore, this thesis argues that this alternative approach helps us understand the way power is exercised for particular purposes and on particular subjects in an attempt to deal with urban violence and insecurity. It also argues for the inclusion of these dimensions in contemporary studies of urban security in the global South.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-10-10T17:39:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Junqueira - 2013.pdf: 1834182 bytes, checksum: 2336aa2d2c5c7c949d39718eaada40b7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-10T20:16:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Junqueira - 2013.pdf: 1834182 bytes, checksum: 2336aa2d2c5c7c949d39718eaada40b7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-10T20:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Junqueira - 2013.pdf: 1834182 bytes, checksum: 2336aa2d2c5c7c949d39718eaada40b7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-07 / This research aims to analyze the representation of urban violence in television journalism. The increase of crime in large urban centers made media, and especially television, incorporating the theme of violence in their programs. It appears that the time devoted to news about crime in television news has increased. Journalists are increasingly familiar with the legal vocabulary and rules of the criminal justice system and the editing features are being explored in order to draw the viewer's attention. Due to the constant presence of crime on television, it´s important to analyze the role that television journalism, when addressing the subject has developed in society. The media has contributed to the development of public policies to combat violence or has trivialized the issue, so that we believe that violence is already part of our daily lives and there is nothing we can do to avoid it? Taking into account the lessons of the agenda setting theory, which states that the media defines what are the issues to be discussed by society, it is important to analyze, so that the media, while TV journalism, has contributed or not to consolidate citizenship. A choice of television as an object of study was due to the democratic and accessible means that this is in Brazil, which also happens to television journalism, which is most important kind of population information. The methodology used for the development of empirical research was content analysis of two newscasts from Goiás, which are Bom Dia Goiás, TV Anhanguera / Rede Globo and Direto da Redação from TV Record/Goiás. / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto a análise da representação da violência urbana no telejornalismo. O aumento da criminalidade nos grandes centros urbanos fez com o que a mídia, e principalmente a televisão, incorporasse a temática da violência em seus programas. Verifica-se que o tempo destinado às notícias sobre crimes nos telejornais tem aumentado. Os jornalistas estão cada vez mais familiarizados com o vocabulário jurídico e com as regras do sistema penal brasileiro e os recursos de edição estão sendo explorados de forma a chamar a atenção do telespectador. Devido a essa presença constante do crime na televisão, é importante analisar o papel que o telejornalismo, ao abordar o assunto, tem desenvolvido na sociedade. A mídia tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o combate da violência ou tem banalizado o tema, de forma com que acreditemos que a violência já faz parte do nosso cotidiano e que nada podemos fazer para evitá-la? Levando em consideração os ensinamentos da teoria da Agenda Setting e dos critérios de noticiabilidade, analisaremos, portanto, se o telejornalismo tem contribuído ou não para a consolidação da cidadania. A escolha da televisão como objeto de estudo se deu devido ao caráter democrático e acessível que este meio tem no Brasil, o que também acontece com o telejornalismo, que é um dos principais meios de informação da população. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa empírica consiste nas análises de conteúdo e de discurso de dois telejornais goianos, o Bom Dia Goiás, da TV Anhanguera/Rede Globo, e o Direto da Redação, da Record Goiás/TV Record.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Silva Lima.pdf: 662047 bytes, checksum: fddbef47ac03051ab890887c40f70ac8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-07 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This research aims to reflect on urban violence that terrorizes and uncontrollable increases in dimensions, invading all the limitations and social spaces. It is a reality that pervades our society today. The specific focus is violence caused by drugs. As a real and frightening problem, which should be considered in the solution to the need for social welfare. As it is individuals, focuses on the need to withdraw from society for a time to be recovered and again belongs to this social life. As a contemporary reality, which has reached the various social strata and has its offices in the various social aspects. Finally, violence is a complex phenomenon, whose observation and impact in order to contain it, become essential to the well-being, and one way to contain them has been manifested in the field of religion, specifically the Centers for recovering addicts. This is the target, namely, how this corporate body, connected to religion, acts in the treatment of addicts. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo refletir sobre a violência urbana, que aterroriza e cresce em dimensões incontroláveis, invadindo todos os limites e espaços sociais. É uma realidade que permeia nossa sociedade atual. O foco específico é a violência causada pelas drogas. Como um problema real e assustador, o qual deve ser contemplado na necessidade de solução para o bem estar social. Como trata-se de indivíduos, foca-se a necessidade de retirada do convívio social por um tempo para que seja recuperado e novamente inserido neste mesmo convívio social. Como realidade contemporânea, que tem atingido as diversas camadas sociais e tem suas representações sociais nos diversos aspectos. Enfim, a violência é fenômeno complexo, cuja observação e impacto a fim de contê-la, se tornam imprescindível para o bem-estar social, e uma das maneiras de contê-las tem-se manifestado no campo da religião, especificamente nos Centros de Recuperação de drogados. Este é o alvo, a saber, como este órgão social, ligado à religião, atua no tratamento de dependente químicos.

Thesis (D.Phil.)--University of Oxford, 2009. / Supervisor: Malcolm Deas. Bibliography: leaves 349-376.