Orientadores: Marilda Mazzali, José Butori Lopes de Faria / Tese ( doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T18:16:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mazali_FernandaCristina_D.pdf: 2274720 bytes, checksum: ce2fe44ee92ab230ab3a6648462a850b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A nefrotoxicidade por ciclosporina caracteriza-se, do ponto de vista histológico, por fibrose intersticial em faixa, atrofia tubular e hialinose de arteríolas aferentes glomerulares, ou seja, um quadro compatível com doença renal isquêmica. Esta isquemia provocada pela ciclosporina leva a redução da taxa de filtração glomerular, com consequente elevação dos níveis séricos de ácido úrico. Além disto, a ciclosporina altera o transporte tubular de urato, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de hiperuricemia. No modelo experimental de nefropatia pela ciclosporina, a elevação dos níveis de ácido úrico apresenta associação com lesão túbulo intersticial mais severa, além de maior frequência de hialinose de arteríola aferente. Em estudos anteriores demonstramos que a hiperuricemia agrava a nefrotoxicidade pela ciclosporina e também que, a administração concomitante de agentes hipouricemiantes previne a lesão renal pela CsA. Assim, consideramos a hipótese de que, em um modelo experimental de nefropatia crônica pela ciclosporina, instalada, a normalização dos níveis de ácido úrico com alopurinol ou benzbromarona poderia reverter a lesão renal estabelecida. Nefropatia pela ciclosporina foi induzida em ratos Sprague Dawley com injeções subcutâneas diárias de ciclosporina, em associação com dieta hipossódica, por 5 semanas. Ao final deste período, grupos experimentais foram divididos com interrupção da ciclosporina, tratamento com CsA isolada ou em associação com alopurinol ou benzbromarona por um período adicional de 4 semanas. Ao final de 9 semanas de estudo, foram realizadas avaliações funcionais e histológicas. Neste modelo, a co-administração de alopurinol ou benzbromarona cursou com redução dos níveis de ácido úrico e minimizou o quadro de nefrotoxicidade estabelecida por ciclosporina, através da redução de hialinose arteriolar, glomeruloesclerose e fibrose intersticial, além da melhora da função renal, do estresse oxidativo e da apoptose, porém sem efeito anti inflamatório, avaliado pelo infiltrado de macrófagos e pela expressão de osteopontina. Os resultados mais significativos no grupo tratado com alopurinol sugerem que, além do efeito hipouricemiante, o alopurinol pode também apresentar um mecanismo antioxidante, conforme demonstrado pela redução da peroxidação lipídica e da geração de radicais livres, resultando em menor intensidade de apoptose de células tubulares renais. Assim, a redução dos níveis de ácido úrico neste modelo atuou como protetor na progressão da lesão de microvasculatura e na redução da área de fibrose intersticial, mas não da lesão inflamatória. No modelo de nefropatia pela ciclosporina, assim como no de hiperuricemia, ocorre elevação da atividade de renina, sugerindo a participação do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona na fibrose renal. Para determinar este efeito, um segundo estudo utilizou a associação de um inibidor de enzima conversora da angiotensina (enalapril), um bloqueador de receptor AT1 de angiotensina (losartan) ou um inibidor competitivo da aldosterona (espironolactona) ao tratamento com ciclosporina, após a instalação da lesão. Os animais experimentais receberam ciclosporina por 5 semanas, e após a instalação da nefropatia, foram divididos em um dos grupos experimentais e acompanhados por um período adicional de 4 semanas. A utilização de moduladores do SRAA também cursou com melhora funcional e histológica da nefropatia pela ciclosporina, sem alteração dos marcadores de inflamação intersticial. A melhora da vasculopatia pode ser atribuída à redução do remodelamento vascular com estas drogas, porém com efeito limitado sobre a geração de radicais livres de oxigênio e apoptose de células tubulares. Em resumo, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que em modelo experimental de nefrotoxicidade por CsA, o uso de hipouricemiantes ou de modeladores do sistema-renina-angiotensina-aldosterona apresentaram um importante efeito renoprotetor, comparável, do ponto de vista funcional, à interrupção do tratamento com ciclosporina. As duas abordagens terapêuticas foram eficientes na limitação da progressão da nefropatia, com reversão parcial da fibrose intersticial, provavelmente mediada por melhora de oxigenação tecidual secundária à redução da vasculopatia e do remodelamento vascular. A manutenção do estímulo tóxico da ciclosporina, com manutenção da inflamação, da geração de radicais livres de O2 e da apoptose de células tubulares, entretanto, não foi completamente neutralizado pela intervenção farmacológica / Abstract: Chronic allograft nephropathy is characterized by stripped tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, in presence of arteriolar hyalinosis, resembling an ischemic pattern of chronic kidney disease. Chronic ischemia is associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate, and increase in serum uric acid levels. Cyclosporine per se also has a direct effect on tubular urate handling that facilitates the development of hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia exacerbates chronic cyclosporine nephropathy, with a more severe tubulointerstitial fibrosis and atrophy, as well as worsening of arteriolar hyalinosis. In a previous study we have shown that concomitant treatment with uric acid lowering agents limits the development of experimental CsA nephropathy. The hypothesis of the present study was that treatment with uric acid lowering agents, after the development of CsA nephropathy could reverse or reduce the severity of tubulointerstitial disease. Male Sprague Dawley rats received daily SC injections of cyclosporine in presence of low salt diet, during 5 weeks. At the end of this period, experimental groups were assigned for CsA withdrawal, maintenance of daily CsA alone or associated with allopurinol or benzbromarone in drinking water for an additional period of 4 weeks. At the end of 9 weeks of study, rats were sacrificed for functional and morphological analysis of kidneys. In this model, concomitant treatment with allopurinol or benzbromaroes was associated with reduction of serum uric acid levels, improvement in renal function and renal disease, characterized by lower arteriolar hyalinosis index, less glomerulosclerosis and significant reduction in interstitial fibrosis area. Other findings included reduction in oxidative stress markers and apoptotic cells, despite of maintenance of inflammatory status, quantified by macrophage infiltration and osteopontin expression. Allopurinol treatment was associated with more significant changes, with reduction of free radical generation, and lower grade of apoptotic cells in renal cortex, suggesting a participation of antioxidant effects in association with uric acid reduction. Taken together, these datsa suggests that reduction of serum uric acid in the stablished model of CsA nephropathy has a protective effect in microvascular lesions and progression of interstitial disease, despite the maintenance of interstitial inflammation. In cyclosporine nephropathy, as well as in the experimental hyperuricemia model, renal disease is associated with increased renin activity, suggesting the participation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAS) in the mechanism of disease. In order to analyze the effect of RAS in CsA nephropathy model, a second study tested the treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril), a angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker (losartan) or an aldosterone inhibitor (espironolactone) in association with cyclosporine after the development of chronic nephropathy. Experimental animals were treated with cyclosporine and low salt diet for 5 weeks, and then assigned for one treatment group, including cyclosporine withdrawal, cyclosporine alone, CsA and enalapril, CsA and losartan or CsA and espironolactone for an additional period of 4 weeks. RAS blockade in the established model of CsA nephropathy was associated with improvement in renal function and interstitial fibrosis, despite the maintenance of interstitial inflammation. The most striking finding was the improvement of arteriolar hyalinosis and glomerulosclerosis, suggesting that the most important effect was protecting against vascular remodeling. The improvement in vasculopathy was associated with reduction in tissue hypoxia, with a partial reduction in oxidative stress and tubular cell apoptosis. Both therapeutic interventions proved to be efficient in limiting progression of renal disease, with a partial reversion of interstitial fibrosis. The main mechanism is associated with improvement in renal tissue O2 delivery, as a consequence of recovery of arteriolar hyalinosis and control of vascular remodeling. However, maintenance of CsA therapy was associated with a persistent toxic effect, with maintained interstitial inflammation, free radical generation and tubular cell apoptosis that was not neutralized by intervention / Doutorado / Ciencias Basicas / Doutor em Clínica Médica

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20768号 / 農博第2251号 / 新制||農||1054(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5088(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 直, 教授 清水 浩, 教授 飯田 訓久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第24537号 / 社医博第129号 / 新制||社医||12(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 近藤 尚己, 教授 山本 洋介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Functionality of Cnidarian symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae is fundamental to reef ecosystem success. Symbiodiniaceae cells have a complex life history, which, in hospite, is controlled by the host. In addition to the endosymbiotic lifestyle, they can exist free-living cells which diurnally alternate between a coccoid, vegetative night-time form to a day-time motile, flagellated cell. Their cell division cycle is gated by external light cues, and correlates with transitions in cell morphology. In contrast, endosymbiotic cells have an elongated G1 phase – demonstrating a de-coupling of cell cycle from 24-hour cycle in response to symbiosis. Furthermore, daughters of dividing endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae remain as coccoid cells, de-coupling morphological and cell division cycles. How this occurs remains unknown. The answer may lie in crystalline uric acid deposits, which are present only in motile, daytime cells, correlating with G1 and S phase. These store excess nitrogen and are quickly metabolized in low nitrogen availability. They also function as an eyespot. The influence of uric acid on the life cycle of free-living and endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae is unknown. In this study, I treated cultures of B. minutum with allopurinol, an inhibitor of uric acid synthesis. Flow cytometry showed that allopurinol the reduced growth rate and ratio of coccoid:motile cell cultures. RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis identified biological processes enriched in allopurinol treatment. I hypothesize that an intracellular lack of nitrogen imposed lack of uric acid crystals stimulates the General Amino Acid Control pathway. This represses translation, explaining the downregulation of ribosomal proteins, and upregulates amino acid and purine de novo biosynthesis pathways. Repression of translation may slow cellular growth and the G1 phase of the cell cycle, reducing number of cells meeting the size threshold for G1/S transition. Without uric acid deposits, cells may lack a functioning eyespot and not receive light cues which usually trigger morphological transitioning. This may suppress the motile morphology of free-living Symbiodiniaceae and cells in hospite even though the cell division cycle progresses, albeit more slowly. Genes involved in biosynthesis of flagella, thecal plates and the eyespot are upregulated, suggesting suppression of the motile form may act downstream of transcription.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1980 W44 / Master of Science

O trabalho apresentado nesta Dissertação de Mestrado descreve o desenvolvimento e aplicação de eletrodos de pasta de carbono modificados eletroquimicamente em soluções de guanina e de eletrodos de grafite pirolítico modificados em soluções de dopamina. Estes eletrodos foram empregados na detecção e, a quantificação, por voltametria de pulso diferencial (VPD), de alguns compostos de importância biológicas tais como NADH, NADPH, 8-oxo-guanina, ácido úrico (AU), ácido ascórbico (AA), dopamina (DA) e xantina (XA). No primeiro caso, os eletrodos de pasta de carbono foram modificados em solução de guanina por aplicação de um potencial de 1,1 V (vs Ag/AgCl, KClsat) ao eletrodo de trabalho por 12 minutos sob sat agitação constante. Com estes eletrodos detectaram-se NADH, NADPH, 8-oxo-guanina e AU, com limites de detecção de 3,3, 3,7, 2,0 e 6,6 x 10-6 mol L-1 respectivamente, na faixa de concentração de 7,5 x 10-6 a 8,1 x 10-4 mol L-1 . No segundo caso, eletrodos de grafite pirolítico, previamente tratados em solução de NaOH, foram modificados eletroquimicamente em solução de DA por aplicação de um potencial 1,5 V (vs Ag/AgCl, KClsat ) ao eletrodo de trabalho durante 2 minutos. Com estes eletrodos foi possível a determinação simultânea de AA, AU e DA. Para obtenção das curvas analíticas variou- se a concentração do analito de interesse, mantendo-se constante a concentração dos possíveis interferentes nos valores de 1,0 x 10-4 mol L-1 (DA), 5,0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (AU) e 1,0 x 10-3 mol L-1 (AA). Os limites de detecção calculados para AU, AA e DA foram respectivamente de 1,4 x 10-6 mol l-1 , 2,5 x 10-5 mol l-1 e 1,1 x 10-7 mol l-1 . Ácido úrico foi determinado em amostras de urina, sangue e soro humano com 92 a 103 % de recuperação, sem a necessidade de tratamento prévio das amostras. / Chemically Modified Carbon Paste and Pyrolitic Graphite Electrodes were prepared via electrochemical deposition from guanine and dopamine solutions. Carbon paste electrodes were modified in guanine solutions under an applied potential of 1.1 V (vs Ag/AgCl, KClsat ) during 12 minutes under constant stirring. They were used for sat electrochemical detection of NADH, NADPH, uric acid and 8-oxoguanine. Detection limits were 3.3, 3.7, 6.6 and 2.0 10-6 mol L-1 respectively, with sensitivity of 0.13, 0.10, 0.26 and 0.40 A mol-1 L cm-2 , respectively. The electrodes showed high reproducibility and absence of surface poisoning effects. Good analytical performance was attributed to the formation of superficial dimer or trimers species of guanine during the modification process. Pyrolitic graphite electrodes, previously submitted an electrochemical treatment in NaOH solution, were modified in dopamine solution (phosphate buffer, pH 10) under an applied potential of 1.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl, KClsat ) during 2 minutes under constant sat stirring and, further used for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (AU) and dopamine (DA). The analytical curves were obtained changing the concentration of the wished analyte, at constant concentration levels of the interferences: 1.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 (DA), 5.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (UA) and 1.0 x 10-3 mol L-1 (AA). Detection limits were 1.4 x 10-6 mol L-1 , 2.5 x 10-5 mol L-1 and 1.1 x 10-7 mol L-1 for UA, AA and DA, respectively. Uric acid was determined in human urine, blood and serum samples without any previous treatment. Recovering percentages of 92 to 103 % were obtained.

A mecanização de procedimentos analíticos em análises clínicas traz vantagens tais como minimização de erros sistemáticos e do tempo das análises. Sistemas de análises em fluxo com multicomutação apresentam grandes potencialidades nesse sentido, atendendo às necessidades da mecanização de procedimentos analíticos de maneira versátil e robusta. Estes sistemas permitem minimizar o consumo de reagentes e a geração de resíduos, devido ao gerenciamento preciso de pequenos volumes de soluções por dispositivos controlados eletronicamente, tais como microbombas solenoide. O fluxo pulsado proporcionado pelas microbombas e a estratégia da amostragem binária melhoram a mistura entre amostra e reagentes. O ácido úrico é o principal produto final do metabolismo de purinas. A determinação deste analito em amostras de urina apresenta importância clínica, uma vez que sua concentração pode auxiliar no diagnóstico de disfunções no organismo humano, como a gota e o mau funcionamento dos rins. Um procedimento analítico empregando sistema de análises em fluxo com microbombas solenoide foi desenvolvido para a determinação de ácido úrico em amostras de urina. Os íons Cu(II) são reduzidos pelo ácido úrico a íons Cu(I), que podem ser quantificados por espectrofotometria na presença do ácido 4,4\'-dicarboxi-2,2\'- biquinolínico (BQA). Resposta linear foi observada entre 10 e 100 µmol L-1 de ácido úrico, sendo a curva analítica representada pela equação A=(0,0063±0,0002)CAU + (0,0285±0,0040), r = 0,999, em que CAU é a concentração de ácido úrico em µmol L-1. O limite de detecção foi estimado em 3,0 µmol L-1 (99,7% de nível de confiança; n = 20). O coeficiente de variação foi estimado em 1,2% com 20 medidas de uma solução de ácido úrico 75 µmol L-1 e a frequência de amostragem foi de 150 h-1. As principais espécies concomitantes presentes na urina não interferem na determinação de ácido úrico em concentrações até 5 vezes maiores que as usualmente encontradas. Recuperações entre 91 e 112% foram estimadas e os resultados das análises de 4 amostras de urina concordaram com os obtidos pelo procedimento enzimático para a determinação de ácido úrico (95% de nível de confiança). O alto grau de diluição da amostra necessário (100 vezes) minimiza o volume de amostra utilizado e os efeitos de matriz. Uma simples reconfiguração do sistema e a reotimização das frações volumétricas permitiram que a amostra fosse diluída em linha por reamostragem na zona dispersa. Resposta linear foi observada até 5,0 mmol L-1 de ácido úrico, sendo a curva analítica obtida representada pela equação A=(0,105±0,001) CAU + (0,023±0,003), r=0,999, em que CAU é a concentração de ácido úrico em mmol L-1. O coeficiente de variação, o limite de detecção e a frequência de amostragem foram estimados em 1,0%, 0,2 mmol L-1 e 95 h-1, respectivamente. Os resultados da análise de 3 amostras de urina concordaram com os obtidos pelo procedimento enzimático, com nível de confiança de 95% / Mechanization of analytical procedures in clinical analysis brings advantages such as minimization of systematic errors and analysis time. Multicommuted flow systems attain the requirements to mechanization of analytical procedures in a versatile and robust way, minimizing reagent consumption and waste generation, due to the low solution volumes handled by electronically controlled devices, such as solenoid micro-pumps. The pulsed flow characteristic of the micro-pumps and the binary sampling approach improve sample and reagent mixing. Uric acid is the main end product of purine metabolism and its determination in urine shows clinical importance, because its concentration can be related to human organism dysfunctions, such as gout and renal disorders. An analytical procedure employing a flow system with solenoid micro-pumps was developed, aiming the determination of uric acid in urine samples. Cu(II) ions are reduced by uric acid to Cu(I) ions that can be quantified by spectrophotometry in the presence of 2,2´-biquinoline 4,4´-dicarboxylic acid (BCA). Linear analytical response was observed between 10 and 100 µmol L-1 uric acid and the analytical curve corresponds to the equation A=(0.0063±0.0002) CUA + (0.0285±0.0040), r = 0.999, in which CUA is the uric acid concentration in µmol L-1. The detection limit was estimated as 3.0 µmol L-1 (99.7% confidence level; n = 20). The coefficient of variation was estimated in 1.2% with 20 replicates of a 75 µmol L-1 uric acid solution and sampling rate of 150 h-1 was achieved. The main concomitant species does not interfere in uric acid determination in concentrations up to 5-fold higher than that usually found in urine samples. Recoveries from 91 to 112% were estimated and the results for 4 urine samples agreed with those obtained by the commercially available enzymatic kit for determination of uric acid (95% confidence level). The 100-fold sample dilution minimizes sample consumption and matrix effects. A simple system reconfiguration and a re-optimization of volumetric fractions attained on-line sample dilution by zone sampling. Linear response was observed up to 5.0 mmol L-1 uric acid and the analytical curve corresponds to the equation A=(0.105±0.001) CUA\' + (0.023±0.003), r = 0.999, in which CUA\' is the uric acid concentration in mmol L-1. The coefficient of variation, detection limit and sampling frequency were estimated as 1.0%, 0.2 mmol L-1 and 95 h-1, respectively. The results of the analysis of 3 urine samples also agreed with those obtained with the enzymatic procedure at the 95% confidence level

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Motivation: Hypertension is a fast growing health risk, leading to increased incidences of cardiovascular dysfunction and mortality. However, the prevalence of hypertension is higher in some ethnic populations than others. Several South African studies have found that the African population is more susceptible to the development of hypertension, compared to the Caucasian population. Cardiovascular dysfunction is often accompanied by elevated levels of uric acid (UA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-1) and both are factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. A lack of data regarding the association of UA and PAL1 with cardiovascular dysfunction in a South African context, serves as a motivation for conducting this study. Objective: To determine the association of UA and PAI-1 with cardiovascular dysfunction in African and Caucasian women from South Africa. Methodology: The manuscript presented in Chapter 2 made use of the data obtained in the POWIRS (Profiles of Obese Women with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) study. A group of 102 African women and 115 Caucasian women, living in the North West Province of South Africa, were recruited according to their body mass indexes. The groups were divided into lean, overweight and obese according to their body mass index. Anthropometric and cardiovascular measurements were taken and determinations were done of their blood lipid profiles, UA. PAI-1, fasting insulin and glucose levels, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) and leptin levels. The subject's total dietary protein intake was determined by means of a dietary questionnaire. Comparisons between the groups were done using an independent t-test as well as a multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) whilst adjusting for certain variables. Each ethnic group was divided into UA and PAI-1 tertiles, for comparison between the 1" and 3' tertiles. Correlation ~0efIi~ientS were determined to show any associations between UA and PAI-1 with cardiovascular variables as well as variables associated with the metabolic syndrome. Forward stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed using UA and PAL1 respectively as dependent variables. The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the North-West University and all the subjects gave informed consent in writing. The reader is referred to the experimental procedure section in Chapter 2 for a more detailed description of the subjects, study design and analytical procedures used in this dissertation. Results and conclusion: Results from the POWIRS-study showed that despite the African women's higher blood pressure, they had significantly lower levels of UA and PAI-I compared to the Caucasian women. Although the Caucasian women had significantly higher circulating levels of UA and PAI-1, they showed no sign of cardiovascular dysfunction. The detrimental effects might, however, become more noticeable with an increase in age. From this study it is concluded that UA and PAL1 is not associated with the increased blood pressure in young African women. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.