Motivation: Hypertension is a fast growing health risk, leading to increased incidences of cardiovascular dysfunction and mortality. However, the prevalence of hypertension is higher in some ethnic populations than others. Several South African studies have found that the African population is more susceptible to the development of hypertension, compared to the Caucasian population. Cardiovascular dysfunction is often accompanied by elevated levels of uric acid (UA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-1) and both are factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. A lack of data regarding the association of UA and PAL1 with cardiovascular dysfunction in a South African context, serves as a motivation for conducting this study. Objective: To determine the association of UA and PAI-1 with cardiovascular dysfunction in African and Caucasian women from South Africa. Methodology: The manuscript presented in Chapter 2 made use of the data obtained in the POWIRS (Profiles of Obese Women with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) study. A group of 102 African women and 115 Caucasian women, living in the North West Province of South Africa, were recruited according to their body mass indexes. The groups were divided into lean, overweight and obese according to their body mass index. Anthropometric and cardiovascular measurements were taken and determinations were done of their blood lipid profiles, UA. PAI-1, fasting insulin and glucose levels, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) and leptin levels. The subject's total dietary protein intake was determined by means of a dietary questionnaire. Comparisons between the groups were done using an independent t-test as well as a multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) whilst adjusting for certain variables. Each ethnic group was divided into UA and PAI-1 tertiles, for comparison between the 1" and 3' tertiles. Correlation ~0efIi~ientS were determined to show any associations between UA and PAI-1 with cardiovascular variables as well as variables associated with the metabolic syndrome. Forward stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed using UA and PAL1 respectively as dependent variables. The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the North-West University and all the subjects gave informed consent in writing. The reader is referred to the experimental procedure section in Chapter 2 for a more detailed description of the subjects, study design and analytical procedures used in this dissertation. Results and conclusion: Results from the POWIRS-study showed that despite the African women's higher blood pressure, they had significantly lower levels of UA and PAI-I compared to the Caucasian women. Although the Caucasian women had significantly higher circulating levels of UA and PAI-1, they showed no sign of cardiovascular dysfunction. The detrimental effects might, however, become more noticeable with an increase in age. From this study it is concluded that UA and PAL1 is not associated with the increased blood pressure in young African women. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Katecholamine (Dopamin, Adrenalin, Noradrenalin) und Serotonin sind wichtige Monoamin-Neurotransmitter im menschlichen zentralen Nervensystem, deren quantitative Bestimmung von großem medizinischen Interesse ist, weil damit Aussagen zum Verlauf von Nervenkrankheiten und zur Tumorgefährdung des sympathoadrenalen bzw. neuroendokrinen Systems möglich sind. Ascorbinsäure und Harnsäure finden sich in vielen Körperflüssigkeiten. Ihre Bestimmung ist klinisch ebenfalls bedeutend, da deren Konzentration als Indikatoren bekannter Krankheitsbilder dienen. Etablierte Standardmethoden, wie die Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) und immunologische Nachweisverfahren (ELISA) werden im klinischen Bereich zur Bestimmung der Neurotransmitter genutzt. Diese sind kostenintensiv und zeitaufwändig und daher für die Anwendung in den Arztpraxen, vor allem in Entwicklungsländern nicht geeignet. Elektrochemische Verfahren, insbesondere voltammetrische Messmethode haben den Vorteil, solche Bestimmungen in einfacher Weise zu ermöglichen. In der Literatur finden sich Angaben zu eingesetzten Elektroden auf Kohlenstoffbasis mit hoher Sensitivität für die Katecholamine. Allerdings wurden diese Elektroden meist einzeln hergestellt. Der kommerzielle Durchbruch ist deshalb bisher, hauptsächlich infolge der mangelnden Reproduzierbarkeit der Elektrodeneigenschaften und der Verfügbarkeit einfacher elektronischer Geräte ausgeblieben. Es war daher Ziel dieser Arbeit, durch industrienahe Herstellungsverfahren Graphitelektroden mit reproduzierbaren Eigenschaften zu entwickeln und diese auf ihre Eignung für den quantitativen Nachweis bioaktiver Stoffe zu erproben. Dazu waren Verfahrensschritte zu optimieren, die es erlauben, diese siebgedruckten Graphitelektroden reproduzierbar und kostengünstig zu fertigen und sie auf verschiedene Weise, z.B. durch halbleitende Polymere und nanoskalige Metalle zu modifizieren. Neben den Neurotransmittern enthalten Körperflüssigkeiten unter anderem Ascorbinsäure und Harnsäure in hohen Konzentrationen. Daher waren zunächst Modellanalyten unter Verwendung dieser Stoffe herzustellen. Die voltammetrischen Methoden, wie die zyklische Voltammetrie (CV), die Differentielle Puls-Voltammetrie (DPV) und die Square-Wave-Voltammetrie (SWV) sollten auf ihre Eignung zum Nachweis der bioaktiven Substanzen erprobt werden. Schließlich waren die Elektroden in realen Analyten zu testen. Insgesamt konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass ausgewählte Neurotransmitter, Ascorbinsäure und Harnsäure sich mit differentiellen voltammetrischen Verfahren an industrienah hergestellten modifizierten Dickschichtelektroden bestimmen lassen. Es ist erstmalig gelungen, eine modifizierte Dickschichtelektrode zu entwickeln, mit der es möglich ist, Katecholamine unabhängig von Ascorbinsäure (3 mM) und Harnsäure (2 mM) quantitativ nachzuweisen. Damit eröffnen sich neue Wege für den Einsatz von elektrochemischen Sensoren für die einfache Bestimmung der Neurotransmitter vor Ort. Die beschriebenen modifizierten Dickschichtelektroden sind ohne Verlust an elektrochemischer Aktivität an der Luft oder im Grundelektrolyten monatelang lagerfähig. Die Elektroden lassen sich im Gegensatz zu den in der Literatur beschriebenen Elektroden mit Einzelfertigung kostengünstig in großer Stückzahl mit hoher Reproduzierbarkeit herstellen.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 88 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Paulo César Ciarlini / Banca: Luciana Del Rio Pinoti / Banca: Ana Claudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune / Resumo: A obesidade está reconhecidamente vinculada a várias enfermidades e também com a diminuição da expectativa de vida dos cães. Em humanos a hipertensão associada a obesidade é fator de risco para doenças de caráter limitante, já em cães a relação do aumento da pressão arterial e da obesidade não está bem estabelecida. Além disso, o aumento de insulina e ácido úrico parece ter papel fundamental na ocorrência da hipertensão relacionada a obesidade. Nesse sentido investigamos a hipótese de que ocorre hipertensão em cães obesos e de que a maior concentração plasmática de insulina e ácido úrico esteja relacionada com essa elevação da pressão arterial. Também foi realizada revisão sistemática baseada na hipótese de que a obesidade em cães está associada à hipertensão arterial. Foram selecionados 57 cães adultos agrupados de acordo com o escore de condição corporal (ECC) de 9 pontos. De todos os animais foi aferida a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e mensurada concentração plasmática de ácido úrico e insulina. Os obesos apresentaram pressão sistólica média significativamente maior do que os cães controle e com sobrepeso. Houve associação da concentração plasmática de insulina com o ácido úrico plasmático e com a PAS. Foi possível concluir que a hiperinsulinemia e hiperuricemia estão associadas e contribuem para a hipertensão de cães obesos. / Abstract: Obesity in dogs is linked to several diseases and also to the decrease in the life expectancy. In humans, obesity-related hypertension is considered risk factor for several diseases that cause disability, however in dogs the relation between obesity and hypertension is not well defined. In addition, increased insulin and uric acid appear to play a key role in the occurrence of obesity-related hypertension. In this sense, we investigated the hypothesis that there is hypertension in obese dogs and the highest insulin and uric acid plasmatic concentration contribute to increase blood pressure. We also systematically reviewed the hypothesis that obesity in dogs is associated with hypertension. We selected 57 adult dogs grouped according to the 9-point body condition score (BCS). Of all dogs, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the plasma concentration of uric acid and insulin were measured. Obese dogs had significantly higher mean systolic pressure than control and overweight dogs. There was association of plasma insulin concentration with plasma uric acid and SBP. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia and hyperuricemia are associated and contribute to hypertension in obese dogs. / Mestre

OBJECTIVE: Our aim in this study to determine if serum uric acid level measured at baseline is a risk factor to develop Myocardial Infarction among people diagnosed with gout. METHOD: This was a retrospective cohort study, which used the THIN (The Health Improvement Network), an electronic medical records database from the UK. Obtained were SUA level at baseline after gout diagnosis and follow-up till time of event. We performed Cox proportional hazard regression models to examine the relation of SUA levels to risk of incident MI for men and women separately, and the multivariable regression model. RESULTS: There were 12,180 individuals included in this study, of them, 70% (n=8539) were men. There were 200 events of MI, 145 in men and 55 in women. SUA were not associated with risk of MI in unadjusted and adjusted multivariable regression model, the crude HR of MI in men were 1.27 (95% CI: 0.70-2.30), 0.97 (95% CI: 0.56-1.69), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.47-1.46), and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.62-1.84), respectively, for each increased SUA categories. No change observed after full adjustment. Similar results were also observed in women. CONCLUSION: There is no association between baseline SUA and risk of MI among gout patients.

Embora a literatura tenha sugerido que o nível de ácido úrico (AU) está associado com hipertensão arterial (HAS) e a síndrome metabólica( SM), esta relação ainda permanece incerta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar em uma população brasileira não-hospitalar, a associação entre o AU, a HAS, a SM e variáveis de risco cardiovascular. Este é um estudo transversal realizado em 1005 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros com idade variando entre 20 a 96 anos, que se submeteram a uma avaliação clínica rotineira, onde a pressão arterial (PA), o índice de massa corporal( IMC), a circunferência abdominal( CA), o colesterol total, o HDL-C, os triglicerídeos, a glicose, a uréia, a creatinina e o AU foram medidos. A população foi estratificada por quintis de AU de acordo com o sexo, a saber: &#8804; 4,6 mg/dl, > 4,6 e 5,4mg/dl, > 5,4 e 6,0 mg/dl, > 6,0 e 6,8mg/dl e > 6,8mg/dl para os homens. Para o gênero feminino foram encontrados &#8804; 3,2 mg/dl, > 3,2 e 3,9 mg/dl, > 3,9 e 4,5 mg/dl, > 4,5 e 5,3 md/dl e > 5,3 mg/dl. Não havia diferença significativa quanto ao gênero e a idade (c2 = 1,634; p=0,950). A idade média da população era 50,97 ( 17,35) sendo 51,8% de homens. A prevalência da HAS era de 48,9%, 30,1% de sobrepeso/obesidade ( S/O) e 30,5% de SM. Os maiores quintis de AU mostraram maiores prevalência s de HAS, SM S/O, hiperglicemia e alto risco cardiovascular pelo escore de Framingham (P<0,0001). A analise univariada mostrou uma relação positiva e significativa entre o AU, PAS, PAD, IMC, CA, triglicerídeos e creatinina e negativa e significativa com o HDL-c ( p<0,0001). Na análise multivariada o AU permaneceu associado de maneira independente tanto para a SM OR=1,164, CI 1,014-1,335, p=0,038) quanto para a HAS OR=1,206, CI 1,083-1,342, p=0,006), após o ajuste para as clássicas variáveis cardiovascular. Em conclusão o presente estudo demonstra que o ácido úrico se associou de maneira independente as variáveis de risco cardiovascular. / Although several studies have suggested that uric acid (UA) level is associated with hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MS), this relationship remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate in a non-hospitalized Brazilian population, the association between UA and blood pressure, MS and various risk factors. This was a cross-sectional data from 1005 individuals aged 20 to 96 years who underwent general health screening. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC) , total and HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides, creatinine, glucose and serum uric acid were measured. The population was subdivided according sex-specific quintiles of serum UA, which were &#8804; 4.6 mg/dl, > 4.6 and &#61603; 5.4mg/dl, > 5.4 and &#61603; 6.0 mg/dl, > 6.0 and &#61603; 6.8mg/dl and &#8805; 6.8mg/dl in men. For women we found &#8804; 3.2mg/dl, > 3.2 and &#61603; 3.9mg/dl, > 3.9 and &#61603; 4.5mg/dl, > 4.5 and &#61603; 5.3md/dl and &#8805; 5.3mg/dl. Population was similarly distributed by gender and 10 year-age groups (&#61539;2 = 1.634; p=0.950). At baseline, the mean age was 50.97 ( 17.35) years with 51.8% of men. The prevalence of hypertension in the whole population was 48.9%, 60.1% for overweight/obesity and 30.5% for MS. The fifth UA quintile showed higher prevalences of hypertension, MS, overweight/obesity, hyperglicemia, and high cardiovascular risk individuals estimated by Framingham escore (p<0.0001). Univariate analysis showed a positive correlation between UA and systolic and diastolic BP, BMI, AC, triglycerides and creatinine and a negative correlation with HDL-c (p<0.0001). In multivariate analysis, uric acid remained associated with MS (OR=1.164, CI 1.014-1.335, p=0.038), and with hypertension (OR=1.206, CI 1.083-1.342, p=0.006), after adjusting for classic cardiovascular risk factors. In conclusion, our data indicate that uric acid is independently associated with cardiovascular risk variables.

Submitted by Eduardo Luiz Rossini null (eduardoluizrossini@hotmail.com) on 2016-02-23T19:57:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Eduardo Luiz Rossini.pdf: 3536237 bytes, checksum: b80f3de5c500525400c54725eca4f50a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-24T17:37:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rossini_el_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1271581 bytes, checksum: fc7b0e488fc0894ee079c142b4712805 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-24T17:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rossini_el_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1271581 bytes, checksum: fc7b0e488fc0894ee079c142b4712805 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O nitrogênio está presente no organismo humano principalmente como constituinte das proteínas e ácidos nucleicos. O catabolismo dessas substâncias forma compostos nitrogenados conhecidos como não–proteicos. Dentre os vários compostos nitrogenados não-proteicos conhecidos, o ácido úrico e a creatinina podem ser utilizados como biomarcadores da função renal em humanos. A creatinina é proveniente da reação não enzimática de desidratação da creatina ou da desfosforilação da fosfocreatina durante o processo de contração muscular; sua concentração é utilizada como marcador clínico para avaliar a função renal. O ácido úrico é formado a partir do metabolismo das bases purínicas, por ser um composto pouco solúvel, sua deposição nas juntas das extremidades ou em outros tecidos moles gera o caso clínico conhecido como gota. Dessa forma, a creatinina e o ácido úrico são constantemente dosados em exames laboratoriais de urina. As metodologias utilizadas para a dosagem desses dois compostos vão desde os métodos clássicos, até a utilização de HPLC, eletroforese e análise em fluxo, ou seja, técnicas pouco portáteis e algumas de alto custo. Assim, a proposta do trabalho é o desenvolvimento de dispositivos analíticos microfluídicos em papel (μPAD) para a determinação de creatinina e ácido úrico. Foram selecionados os reagentes cromogênicos para os dois analitos em estudo. Sendo o ácido pícrico em meio alcalino o reagente cromogênico para a creatinina e o Fe3+ e 1,10-Fenantrolina para o ácido úrico. As condições experimentais das duas reações foram otimizadas utilizando o planejamento fatorial do tipo 2³ e o planejamento composto central. Foram otimizados os fatores concentrações dos reagentes e tempo de aquecimento. A curva de calibração para o ácido úrico foi repetitiva, com equação de reta igual a A = 0,01651 + 0,0003864 CAU, com coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,997, com limite de detecção igual a 16,5 mg L-1 e de quantificação igual a 54,9 mg L-1. Dos interferentes testados, apenas o ácido ascórbico demonstrou ser interferente da reação e pode ser eliminado borbulhando-se O2 na amostra. A curva de calibração para a creatinina apresenta repetibilidade, com equação de reta igual a A = -0,02229 + 0,0004010 CCRN, com coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,998, com limite de detecção igual a 15,7 mg L-1 e de quantificação igual a 52,4 mg L-1, não apresentando interferentes para a reação entre os interferentes testados. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada em três urinas sintética e quatro urinas naturais. Os resultados obtidos foram confrontados com uma metodologia cromatográfica descrita na literatura. O teste estatístico de t de Student demonstrou que não houve diferença significativa entre os resultados obtidos do método proposto e o comparativo. / Nitrogen is present in human organism mainly as a nucleic acid and proteins constituent. The catabolism of these substances forms nitrogen compounds known as nonproteinaceous. Among the many nonproteinaceous nitrogen compounds, uric acid and creatinine can be used as biomarkers of renal function in humans. Creatinine is derived from a non-enzymatic reaction of creatine dehydretion or dephosphorylation of phosphocreatine in the muscle contraction process; creatinine concentration is used as clinic marker to evaluate the renal function. Uric acid is formed from metabolism of purine bases and, by being a slightly soluble compound, its deposition in the joints of the extremities or other soft tissues creates a case known as gout. In this way, creatinine and uric acid are constantly dosed in urine laboratory exams. The methodologies used to determine these two compounds range from classic methods, to the used of HPLC, electrophoresis and in flow analysis, in other words, slightly portable techniques and, some of them, very expensive. Thus, this work proposes the development of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD) to determinate creatinine and uric acid. Chromogenic reagents were selected for both analytes in study. Picric acid in alkaline medium was chose for creatinine determination and Fe3+ and 1,10-phenantroline were chose for uric acid. Experimental conditions were optimized for both reactions using 23 factorial design and a central composite design. The factores optimized were reagents concentration and time of heating. The analytical curve to uric acid were repetitive, with a line equation equal to A = 0,01651 + 0,00038764 CAU, with determination coefficient (R²) equal to 0,997, and limit of detection equal to 16,5 mg L-1 and limit of quantification equal to 54,9 mg L-1. Of the interferents tested, only ascorbic acid was shown to be interfering the reaction and may be removed by bubbling O2 in the sample. Calibration curve of creatinine shows itself repetitive with a linear equation equal to A = -0,02229 + 0,0004010 CCRN, with linear coefficient (R²) of 0,998; limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 15,7 mg L-1 and 52,4 mg L-1; and none of the interferentes tested present interference during the determination. The proposed method was applied to three artificial urine samples and four natural urine samples. The obtained results were compared with a chromatographic methodology already described in literature. Statistic Student t-test shows that there is no significant difference between the results obtained by the proposed method and the comparative method. / FAPESP: 2014/17749-7 / CNPq: 132646/2014-5

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 momo_c_me_jabo.pdf: 843874 bytes, checksum: 07737b86dcf88c4320ce3d8d8abbcfdc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Dentro da família Tinamidae, a perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens) é uma espécie com interesse para produção comercial, devido à sua facilidade de adaptação ao cativeiro, produção de carne de boa qualidade e uma ótima conversão alimentar. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar um levantamento dos principais achados anatomopatológicos e os sistemas orgânicos acometidos em perdizes criadas em cativeiro. Foram analisados animais de locais diferentes, denominados grupo 1, de aves provenientes do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas com Animais Silvestres da FCAV/UNESP, que vieram a óbito nos anos de 2005 e 2006. Grupo 2, de material de arquivo deste mesmo local, dos anos de 1994 a 2004, e grupo 3 composto por animais provenientes do Galpão Experimental de Perdizes da FZEA/USP, que vieram a óbito em 2006. Os sistemas mais acometidos foram o urinário e digestório. No primeiro, foi observada a gota úrica como principal achado, seguida da amiloidose e parasitismo pela Paratanaisia confusa. No sistema digestório, foi observada a presença de corpo estranho e parasitismo por Capillaria penidoi em esôfago e inglúvio. / Among the family Tinamidae, the red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) is a species of interest for industrial production, due its easy captivity adaptation, meat production of high quality and an excellent feeding conversion rate. The objective of this research was to describe the main anatomopatological findings and the organ systems affected of red-winged tinamou in captivity. Three groups were settled for the study, denominated group 1, birds originally from the Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas com Animais Silvestres da FCAV/UNESP that died on 2005 and 2006. The group 2 was archive material from 1994 to 2004; and the third group was composed by animais from Galpão Experimental de Perdizes da FZEA/USP, that died in 2006. The urinary and the digestive systems were the most affected; the principal findings were uric gout, followed by amyloidosis, foreign bodies within digestive organs, renal parasitism by Paratanaisia confusa and digestive parasitism by Capillaria penidoi.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 assis_rp_me_arafcf.pdf: 669368 bytes, checksum: 5167073ebf2654252dd757e5430bcd0c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Em pacientes com doença renal crônica é observado à presença de estresse oxidativo e a exacerbação desse estresse com o tratamento hemodialítico, bem como tem se postulado a ação antioxidante de alguns solutos urêmicos. Esse contexto instigou-nos explorar, a ação antioxidante dos solutos urêmicos: L-arginina, Ácido Úrico, Ácido Hipúrico, Creatinina, Fenol, Metilguanidina, p-Cresol, L-tirosina e Uréia, utilizando sistemas-modelo in vitro. Quatro desses solutos mostraram eficiência (expressa via o IC50 em µmol/L) para os sistemas-modelo: Capacidade de captura sobre o ABTS + , p-Cresol (3,99 ± 0,01), L-tirosina (5,23 ± 0,02), Fenol (12,98 ± 0,09) e o Ácido Úrico (16,75 ± 0,14); Capacidade de captura sobre o HOCl / OCl -, L-tirosina (2,83 ± 0,04), Ácido Úrico (5,75 ± 0,13), Fenol (8,95 ± 0,10) e p- Cresol (15,75 ± 0,12), e o bleaching da crocina (lipoperoxidação), Ácido Úrico (6,90), Fenol (1125,81) e p-Cresol (1162,31). Em relação à capacidade de captura sobre o Ânion Radical Superóxido e o Peróxido de Hidrogênio nenhum dos solutos apresentou atividade significativa. Em todos os ensaios onde não foi observada atividade antioxidante, investigou-se desde concentrações fisiológicas, urêmicas e até 10 vezes maior que as concentrações urêmicas médias. Como os solutos urêmicos, Ácido Úrico, p-Cresol, Fenol e L-tirosina capturaram significativamente as espécies reativas, ABTS + , HOCl / OCl - e ROO  , estudou-se o comportamento da mistura desses solutos, tendo como referência o IC50 de cada soluto. Obteve-se nos ensaios de captura do ABTS + e do HOCl / OCl - os IC50, como uma fração de concentração de 26 e 27%, respectivamente, para cada soluto na mistura, o que demonstrou um efeito aditivo... / Patients with chronic kidney disease suffer from oxidative stress and this stress is exacerbated by hemodialysis. It has been postulated that some uremic solutes have antioxidant effects. This context prompted us to explore the antioxidant action of the uremic solutes: L-arginine, uric acid, hippuric acid, creatinine, phenol, methylguanidine, p-cresol, L-tyrosine and urea, by means of 5 in vitro model systems. Only four of these solutes were effective antioxidants (assessed by their IC50 in µmol/L) in 3 model systems: ABTS + scavenging: p-cresol (3.99±0.01), L-tyrosine (5.23±0.02), phenol (12.98±0.09) and uric acid (16.75±0.14); hypochlorous acid scavenging: L-tyrosine (2.83±0.04), uric acid (5.75±0.13), phenol (8.95±0.10) and p-cresol (15.75±0.12); and crocin bleaching (lipoperoxidation): uric acid (6.90), phenol (1,125.81) and p-cresol (1,162.31). In tests with the superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide, none of the solutes showed antioxidant activity. In each of the assays in which no activity was detected, tests were carried out over a range of solute concentrations, from normal physiological levels, through typical uremic up to ten times higher than mean uremic concentrations. As the 4 uremic solutes, uric acid, p-cresol, phenol and L-tyrosine showed significant scavenging activity for 3 reactive species, ABTS + , HOCl / OCl - and ROO  , the behavior of mixture of these solutes was investigated, with reference to the IC50 of each solute. In the ABTS + and HOCl / OCl - scavenging assays, the IC50 involved a concentration of 26% and 27%, respectively, of each solute in the mixture, demonstrating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Karin Werther / Banca: Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles / Banca: Eliana Reiko Matushima / Resumo: Dentro da família Tinamidae, a perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens) é uma espécie com interesse para produção comercial, devido à sua facilidade de adaptação ao cativeiro, produção de carne de boa qualidade e uma ótima conversão alimentar. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar um levantamento dos principais achados anatomopatológicos e os sistemas orgânicos acometidos em perdizes criadas em cativeiro. Foram analisados animais de locais diferentes, denominados grupo 1, de aves provenientes do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas com Animais Silvestres da FCAV/UNESP, que vieram a óbito nos anos de 2005 e 2006. Grupo 2, de material de arquivo deste mesmo local, dos anos de 1994 a 2004, e grupo 3 composto por animais provenientes do Galpão Experimental de Perdizes da FZEA/USP, que vieram a óbito em 2006. Os sistemas mais acometidos foram o urinário e digestório. No primeiro, foi observada a gota úrica como principal achado, seguida da amiloidose e parasitismo pela Paratanaisia confusa. No sistema digestório, foi observada a presença de corpo estranho e parasitismo por Capillaria penidoi em esôfago e inglúvio. / Abstract: Among the family Tinamidae, the red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) is a species of interest for industrial production, due its easy captivity adaptation, meat production of high quality and an excellent feeding conversion rate. The objective of this research was to describe the main anatomopatological findings and the organ systems affected of red-winged tinamou in captivity. Three groups were settled for the study, denominated group 1, birds originally from the Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas com Animais Silvestres da FCAV/UNESP that died on 2005 and 2006. The group 2 was archive material from 1994 to 2004; and the third group was composed by animais from Galpão Experimental de Perdizes da FZEA/USP, that died in 2006. The urinary and the digestive systems were the most affected; the principal findings were uric gout, followed by amyloidosis, foreign bodies within digestive organs, renal parasitism by Paratanaisia confusa and digestive parasitism by Capillaria penidoi. / Mestre