Orientadores: Luiz Carlos Zeferino, Silvia Helena Rabelo dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Westin_MariaCristinadoAmaral_M.pdf: 1208158 bytes, checksum: 4d002e82d5b2c743004678939a62b362 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Introdução: Há evidências de que a incidência do adenocarcinoma do colo do útero tem aumentado, apesar dos programas de rastreamento. Foi a classificação do Sistema de Bethesda, em 1988, que incluiu o diagnóstico citológico relativo às células glandulares atípicas, que não estava presente nas classificações anteriores. Em sua revisão de 2001, o Sistema de Bethesda propôs a subclassificação do diagnóstico citológico de Anormalidades em Células Glandulares em: células glandulares atípicas sem outras especificações (AGC-SOE), células glandulares atípicas favorecendo neoplasia (AGC-FN) e adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Os diagnósticos citológicos de AGC constituem um problema clínico em consequência da falta de critérios citomorfológicos bem definidos para sua interpretação, do alto grau de variabilidade interobservador e da falta de achados colposcópicos característicos. O diagnóstico citológico de AIS, embora preditivo de neoplasia glandular, não pode diferenciar de modo preciso entre as formas in situ e invasiva, as quais só podem ser confirmadas pela histologia. Há, na literatura, divergentes opiniões quanto à utilidade desta subclassificação e sua análise é de grande relevância para prática clínica. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a classificação citológica do Sistema de Bethesda 2001 para as anormalidades do epitélio glandular cervical e o resultado histológico. Métodos: O estudo foi do tipo corte transversal analítico, prospectivo, realizado no Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM), UNICAMP, entre 2002 e 2005, e incluiu uma série consecutiva de 155 mulheres com anormalidades glandulares endocervicais no exame citológico. Destas, 91 mulheres foram incluídas por AGC-SOE, 15 por AGC-FN; 14 por AIS e 35 por diagnóstico combinado de AGC associada à lesão escamosa intraepitelial de alto grau (HSIL). Os diagnósticos de AGC e AIS foram confirmados por dois observadores, de acordo com Sistema de Bethesda 2001. As mulheres com alterações glandulares,de origens outras que não endocervical, não foram incluídas no estudo. No primeiro atendimento foi colhido um segundo esfregaço cervical e realizada colposcopia em todas as mulheres. Foi realizada biópsia ou conização naquelas pacientes que tinham indicação, de acordo com a rotina assistencial do serviço. Todas as mulheres incluídas foram submetidas à ecografia pélvica. A magnitude da associação entre o diagnóstico citológico das anormalidades glandulares e o diagnóstico histológico foi estimada utilizando-se Odds ratio (OR), com respectivo intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados: Das 155 mulheres admitidas no estudo, 126 tiveram avaliação histológica. Tomando-se como referência AGC-SOE, os diagnósticos citológicos de AGC-FN e AIS foram significativamente associados com os resultados histológicos de neoplasia escamosa (NIC 2 ou pior diagnóstico) ou adenocarcinoma (in situ ou invasivo) com valores de odds ratio respectivamente de 10,50 (95% IC: 2,94- 37,55) e 156,00 (95% IC: 17,72-1373,46). Tomando-se como referência AGC-FN, o diagnóstico citológico de AIS foi significativamente associado com os resultados histológicos de neoplasia escamosa ou adenocarcinoma (OR=14,86; 95% IC: 1,53-144,23). Uma associação similar foi observada considerando-se os resultados histológicos de adenocarcinoma (in situ ou invasivo). Nenhuma associação foi observada para neoplasia escamosa analisada isoladamente. Os resultados histológicos de NIC 2 ou pior diagnóstico foram fortemente associados com AGC quando a lesão de alto grau (HSIL) também estava presente (OR=57,60; 95%IC: 18,25-181,76), mas nenhuma associação foi observada com resultado histológico de adenocarcinoma. Conclusões: Há uma associação significante entre as subclassificações da categoria de anormalidades em células glandulares de origem endocervical, propostas pelo Sistema de Bethesda 2001, e diagnósticos histológicos significativos, pois os diagnósticos citológicos de AGC-SOE, AGC-FN e AIS indicam um aumento progressivo de risco para adenocarcinoma. A presença de HSIL associada à AGC representa maior probabilidade de neoplasia escamosa, mas não de adenocarcinoma / Abstract: Introduction: There is evidence indicating that incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma has been increasing, despite the screening programs. The cytological diagnosis of atypical glandular cells, absent from previous versions, was included in the 1988 edition of the Bethesda System (TBS). In its review of 2001, the TBS has proposed the sub-classification of the cytological diagnosis of glandular cells abnormalities as: atypical glandular cells not otherwise specified (AGC-NOS), atypical glandular cells favor neoplastic (AGC-FN) and adenocarcinoma in situ "(AIS). The usefulness of the sub-classification of cytological diagnosis as atypical glandular cells not otherwise specified (AGC-NOS), atypical glandular cells favor neoplastic (AGC-FN) and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), as proposed in the 2001 TBS, is a controversial issue, but of great importance in clinical practice. AGC in cervical smears constitutes a clinical problem due to the lack of well-defined cytomorphological criteria for the interpretation of this finding, the high degree of interobserver variability and the lack of characteristic colposcopic features. Moreover, cytological AIS cannot specifically differentiate between AIS and invasive adenocarcinoma, which can only be confirmed by histology. Objective: to analyze the association between the 2001 TBS classification of glandular abnormalities and the histological outcome. Method: This cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted at the Center of Health Care of Women (CAISM), UNICAMP, between 2002 and 2005. The sample comprises a series of 155 women with glandular abnormalities in cervical smear. Of those, 91 women were included due to AGC-SOE, 15 due to AGC-FN, 14 due to AIS and 35 for AGC combined with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). The diagnoses of AGC and AIS were confirmed by two observers according to the TBS 2001. Women with changes of glandular origin other than endocervical were excluded. In their first visit, a second cervical sample was collected from all women, and colposcopy was performed. A biopsy or a conization was performed when necessary, according to CAISM's protocols. All women underwent pelvic ultrassonography. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to evaluate the magnitude of the association between the cytological diagnosis of the glandular abnormalities and the significant histologic diagnosis. Results: Of the 155 women admitted to the study, 126 were submitted to histological examination. Taking as reference AGC-NOS, the cytological diagnosis of AGC-FN and AIS were significantly associated with the histological outcome of squamous neoplasia (CIN or worse) or adenocarcinoma (in situ or invasive) with OR values of 10.50 (95% CI: 2.94-37.55) and 156.00 (95% CI: 17.72-1373.46), respectively. Taking as reference AGC-FN, the cytological diagnosis of AIS was significantly associated with the histological outcome of squamous neoplasia or adenocarcinoma (OR=14.86; 95%CI: 1.53-144.23). Similar associations were observed for the histological outcome of adenocarcinoma, but no association was observed for only squamous neoplasia. Histological outcome of CIN2 or worse was strongly associated with AGC when HSIL was also present (OR = 57.60; 95% CI: 18.25- 181.76), but no association was observed with adenocarcinoma as the stand-alone histological outcome. Conclusions: There is an association between the subclassification of glandular cells abnormalities of endocervical origin proposed by 2001 TBS with significant histological outcomes. The cytological diagnoses of AGC-NOS, AGC-FN and AIS were progressively associated with adenocarcinoma. The histological outcome of squamous neoplasia is frequent but does not differ from these cytological interpretations. The presence of HSIL associated with AGC was associated with a greater probability of squamous neoplasia, but not / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Tocoginecologia

Orientador: Maria Helena Baena de Moraes Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T03:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zanetti_JoseMariaChagas_M.pdf: 8139106 bytes, checksum: 741b0a2a8e18e66f3834395753773f48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um curso de ensino a distância (EAD) para enfermeiros, por meio da internet, sobre a técnica de coleta do exame citopatológico (exame Papanicolaou), focando também a assistência e acompanhamento das condutas clínicas recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, descrever as etapas de desenvolvimento do curso e o perfil dos alunos; avaliar o conteúdo do curso, por juízes enfermeiros e médicos especialistas na área e por profissionais com experiência em EAD; avaliar a participação, o conhecimento teórico e a opinião dos alunos sobre o curso; além de avaliar o conhecimento teórico dos alunos aplicados à prática. A população-alvo foram enfermeiros dos Centros de Saúde do município de Campinas, SP, envolvidos na coleta do exame citopatológico. Foram convidados cinqüenta enfermeiros via e-mail, desses, 24 se inscreveram (48%), mas 19 (38%) iniciaram o curso e 13 (19/13 ou 68,42%) concluíram. A Aprendizagem Baseada em Casos foi escolhida como metodologia de ensino e o "software" TelEduc como suporte para criação, participação e administração do curso. Foi aplicado um pré e pós-teste para análise dos conhecimentos adquiridos, além da avaliação durante o curso. Antes de se iniciar o curso, foi realizada uma avaliação do conteúdo do curso por dois especialistas na realização do exame citopatológico e dois em EAD. Os juízes especialistas na realização do exame citopatológico consideraram o curso adequado nos quesitos Conteúdo Geral das Informações, Apresentação das Informações e Projeto Educacional; e adequado, mas precisando de pequenas reformulações em Autoria e Confiabilidade das Informações. Já os especialistas em EAD consideraram o curso adequado em Autoria e Projeto Educacional e adequado, mas precisando de pequenas reformulações em Conteúdo Geral das Informações, Apresentação das Informações e Confiabilidade das Informações. O teste de concordância de Kendall foi aplicado, assim como a análise de concordância entre eles por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) que foi igual a 0.995, comprovando significativa concordância na avaliação realizada pelos especialistas. A comparação nas notas dos alunos nas duas avaliações demonstraram resultados significativos. Um questionário do tipo Likert foi entregue aos alunos com enunciados negativos e positivos, o qual confirmou opinião favorável acerca do curso O coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach foi de 0.872010, demonstrando alta consistência interna. Concluiu-se que os objetivos propostos foram atingidos e o curso precisa apenas de pequenas reformulações. / Abstract: This study was a applied research, which had the following objectives: a) to describe the steps of the development of a long-distance education course (LDEC) on pap test realization to be give by Internet, approach for clients fooling support after delivery result with clinical conduct recommended by Brazil Health Ministery; b) to evaluate the course through specialists in Pap test realization and in LDEC; c) to describe students and evaluators profile; d) to evaluate students participation and their opinion about the course. The studied population was made of nurses from Campinas Metropolitan Area. Fifteen nurses were invited though e-mail; twenty four (48%) subscribe and 19 arrived end 13 completed the course (19/13 on 68,42%). Ten nurses were female and three were male with an average age of 36,3 and graduating time of 9,3 years. The chosen teaching method was the Case-based learning, with the objectives of promoting an active process and allowing interaction among students. The course environment chosen for is creation, participation and administration was the TelEduc. Was evaluated the students the before initializing of the course and after completed the course. Before its beginning, the course's was evaluated by two specialists in LDEC and two specialists in Pap test realization. The judges specialists in Pap test realization with age of 58 and 45 years and whit 30 and 10 years, time of experience on the area of about. The judges specialists in LDEC, with age of 36 and 47 years; their experience time in LEDC was the six and twelve years. The judges specialists in Pap test realization considered the course adequate on the items General Content Information, Presentation of Information and Education Project; and adequate, but needing slight reformulation in Authorship and Reliability of Information. However, the specialists in LDEC considered the course adequate in Authorship and Education Project and adequate, but needing slight reformulation in General Content Information, Presentation of Information, Reliability of Information. The test of Kendall was used to verify the agreement enters the four judge and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with significant concord in the evaluation between the judges. The students was evaluated and the two evaluated, showing significant between the first evaluation end second evaluation. A questionnaire Likert-tipe containing positive and negative statement was used and showing favorable. / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

Au Burkina Faso, le taux populationnel de césariennes reste encore faible (2% en 2012). Cependant, depuis l’exemption partielle (80%) pour les familles du paiement à l’acte en 2006, et la mise à disposition de médecins généralistes, sages-femmes et infirmiers formés à la pratique des césariennes dans les hôpitaux les plus reculés, on observe une augmentation constante des taux de césariennes dans les établissements de santé et il est difficile de savoir si toutes ces interventions sont réellement utiles. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’identifier les déterminants d’une césarienne de qualité en Afrique de l’Ouest pour orienter les politiques de santé reproductive dans les pays concernés. Les résultats des travaux menés dans le cadre de cette thèse montrent que le niveau de qualification du personnel de santé travaillant dans les hôpitaux du Burkina Faso et son expérience professionnelle déterminent globalement son niveau de connaissance en matière de gestion du travail et de l’accouchement compliqué. De plus, une supervision régulière de son travail semble améliorer sa performance. Le niveau de qualification du personnel de santé au Burkina Faso influence également la pratique de césariennes non médicalement justifiées. Mais l’environnement social joue aussi un rôle dans cette pratique abusive. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent enfin que la pratique systématique d’une césarienne après une césarienne antérieure n’est pas justifiée dans ce contexte. Les résultats de cette thèse ont permis de développer et de mettre en œuvre un essai d’intervention visant à réduire des césariennes sans raison médicale en Afrique de l’ouest. / In Burkina Faso, the national caesarean section rate is still low (2% in 2012). However, since the introduction of caesarean user fee exemption in 2006 and the availability of trained staff to perform a caesarean section in the most remote hospitals, the institutional caesareans rates have risen steadily and it is unclear whether all of these interventions are necessary. The main objective of this thesis is to identify the determinants of an optimal practice of caesarean section in three western African countries that favour access to caesarean section. The results of the work carried out in the framework of this thesis show that the level of qualification of the health personnel working in Burkina Faso hospitals and his professional experience determine globally his level of knowledge in the management of labor and complicated childbirth. . In addition, regular supervision of his work by daily review of clinical records (partograms) seems to improve his performance. The level of qualification of health personnel in Burkina Faso also influences the practice of non-medically justified caesareans. But the social environment also plays a role in this abusive practice. The results of this research show that the systematic practice of cesarean section after an anterior caesarean section is not justified in this context. The results of this thesis led to the development and implementation of a multi-faceted intervention trial aimed at reducing caesareans without medical reason in West Africa.

Obstetric Fistulas have a high prevalence rate in developing countries where there is a lack of immediate access to maternal health care for women. Although Obstetric Fistulas are physical injuries, they affect women’s psychosocial health. This analysis aims to display the inefficiency of focusing on surgical repairs as the only treatment option and to demonstrate the need to integrate mental health treatment at different Obstetric Fistulas treatment stages. A total of 8 research articles from both Pub Med and Web of Science met the inclusion criteria, and the analysis was done by country. The results showed the presence of depressive symptoms, although there is an immediate improvement in quality of life after surgical repair. In some cases, there was worsening of psychological symptoms due to residual incontinence with or without successful fistula closure. These results suggested that whereas surgical repairs positively impact Obstetric Fistula patients, it does not solve the depressive symptoms, which cause women to self-isolate and have suicidal ideations. The mental sequelae caused by Obstetrical Fistulas can only be resolved using structured mental health care that should be started before surgical repair and continued after repair.

Plusieurs recherches ont été conduites pour déterminer les phases du cycle œstrus chez les vaches. Toutefois, peu est connue de leur microbiote vaginal. Cette étude a pour but de déterminer la composition du microbiote vaginal de vaches laitières durant les quatre phases du cycle œstrus, pour détecter son impact sur la fertilité de ces vaches. Cette information nous permettra d’un jour manipuler le microbiote vaginal d’autres vaches afin d’améliorer leur taux de fécondité. Vint-et- une vaches Holstein multipares de la même ferme ont subi l’insémination artificielle (IA) suite à la détection du début des chaleurs. Quatre frottis vaginaux ont été faits aux jours 1,3,15 et 19 du cycle. Au jour 31, une échographie a confirmé que neuf vaches étaient enceintes. Les données ont ensuite été analysées avec avec le séquençage rRNA 16S de la région hypervariable V4. Les résultats ont montré une prédominance nette de certains embranchements bactériens. Les firmicutes, bacteroidetes et protéobacteéries composait plus de 80% de la population microbiotique vaginale avec certaines fluctuations importantes. Une analyse statistique a déterminé qu’il y a eu des changements significatifs entre l’œstrus et le proestrus chez les vaches qui ne sont pas devenues enceintes de (P=0.028), et entre l’œstrus et le dioestrus chez les vaches enceintes de (P=0.043). Cette recherche est un premier pas important dans l’identification du microbiote vaginal et son impact possible sur la santé vaginale et la fertilité de vaches laitières. Cette recherche pourrait contribuer aux études futures tentant d’améliorer la fécondité bovine avec la manipulation du microbiote vaginal. / A great deal of research has been done on the four phases of the estrous cycle in cows, yet very few studies exist regarding their vaginal microbiota. This study explored the various differences in the vaginal microbiota in pregnant and non-pregnant multiparous Holstein dairy cows. This information will allow us to see what a healthy vaginal microbiota looks like in pregnant cows and to someday try to achieve similar microbiomes in other cows to aid in fertility issues on farms. The objective of this study is to investigate variations in microbiota populations during the estrous cycle and their possible association with pregnancy rates using next generation sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows on the same farm underwent artificial insemination (AI) after estrous detection. Vaginal swabs were collected four times, on days: 1 (before AI), 3, 15, and 19. Ultrasonography performed at day 31 confirmed that 9 cows became pregnant. A clear predominance of certain phyla was found, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria making up over 80% of the vaginal microbiota composition throughout, with notable variations between individuals. Differences in beta-diversity (community composition) that were proven statistically significant were between the estrus- proestrus phases in non-pregnant cows (P=0.028) and between the estrus and diestrus phase in pregnant cows at (P=0.043). These findings are a clear first step in identifying possible beneficial vaginal microbiota in pregnant cows that may help to determine how to proceed in manipulating other cows’ vaginal microbiota that have suffered from reproductive failure in the past.

The complex and multilayered interdependence of health and security gets exceedingly obvious in conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV); however, its scientific study is exceptionally invisible. Political unrest increases incidence of gender-based violence (GBV). Rapes, including gang rapes, and forced insertion into the female genitalia of foreign bodies such as bottles, sticks, and weapons can lead to injury of the vagina and the development of traumatic vaginal fistulas (TVF). This paper aims to give structure to the particular characteristics of traumatic vaginal fistula in conflict settings and its immanent linkage to human security. The authors reviewed all papers concerning prevalence and causes of CRSV-caused TVF (CRSV-TVF) that were available on PubMed and GoogleScholar in February 2021. Findings were integrated into feminist theory on CRSV to identify the connecting linkages of security, health, and gender equality. CRSV-caused TVF illustrate well the complex interdependences of health and security: (1) insecurity leads to a higher prevalence of sexual violence; (2) sexual violence can serve as a weapon of war; (3) insecurity prolongs sufficient medical care; (4) vaginal fistula impede female empowerment and societal development. The multiple threads of their connection reveal several implications for the prevention and treatment of TVF. The reciprocal connection of CRSV and security exemplifies a vicious circle of health security.

The capture of neonate ungulates has played an integral role in studies of habitat selection, phenology, survival, and other topics of ecological interest. However, neonates can be difficult for researchers to locate and capture. Neonate ungulates are born in habitats with reduced visibility, frequently spend time in a concealed, prone position, and may display cryptic coloration. In an attempt to improve researchers' likelihood of locating and capturing neonate ungulates, multiple capture methods have been developed. Much remains unknown about biases associated with capture methods and how to further improve capture methods once biases are understood. Our objectives were to determine if opportunistic captures of neonate mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) bias estimates of litter size (Chapter 1) and to determine when searches for neonate elk (Cervus canadensis) should begin following parturition to maximize likelihood of capture while minimizing disturbance (Chapter 2). To complete our objectives, we analyzed data from 161 litters of mule deer and 55 attempted captures of neonate elk during 2019-2021 in Utah, USA. Estimates of litter size derived from opportunistic captures of mule deer were smaller than estimates derived from movement-based captures or captures completed with the aid of vaginal implant transmitters (VITs). The time elapsed between parturition and when searches were initiated for neonate mule deer did not influence estimates of litter size, but we could only analyze this relationship for VIT-aided captures within approximately 2 days of parturition. Until more data are available, we recommend that estimates of litter size for neonate mule deer be completed using movement-based or VIT-aided captures within approximately 2 days of parturition. When attempting to capture neonate elk, reducing the time elapsed between parturition and when searches were initiated resulted in a decreased search length, decreased distance traveled by the neonate, and increased likelihood of capture. We initiated searches as early as 3.6 hours post-parturition with no evidence of maternal abandonment and probability of capture was near or above 90% when searches were initiated within 10 hours of parturition. We recommend that searches for neonate elk be initiated 3.6-10 hours post-parturition. Future researchers can use utilize our results to perform captures of neonate ungulates that minimize bias, decrease disturbance, increase efficiency, and maximize the likelihood of capture success.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 21 août 2023) / Le déclenchement du travail chez les femmes avec une césarienne antérieure pose un défi majeur aux cliniciens, en raison du risque de rupture utérine. Malgré les directives cliniques actuelles de la Société des Obstétriciens et Gynécologues du Canada (SOGC), il n'y a pas suffisamment de données comparant les pratiques pour pouvoir guider les cliniciens. Au Québec, certaines pratiques de déclenchement peuvent être non conformes aux directives SOGC, varier significativement entre les hôpitaux, et être moins efficaces et/ou moins sécuritaires. Ainsi, dresser le portrait des pratiques au Québec permet de conscientiser sur les pratiques y existant, et les comparer peut guider le choix des pratiques optimales. A l'aide des données d'un large récent essai randomisé multicentrique (40 hôpitaux) au Québec ayant évalué le programme Process for decision-making, RISk assessment and MAnagement in obstetrics (PRISMA), une intervention complexe pouvant optimiser la sélection des candidates souhaitant tenter un accouchement vaginal après césarienne (AVAC), nous avons 1) évalué les fréquences et variations inter-hospitalières des méthodes de déclenchement utilisées pour la tentative d'AVAC au Québec; 2) comparé les pratiques, et 3) évalué l'impact du programme PRISMA sur le succès et la sécurité des pratiques. Un total de 2044 femmes ayant tenté un AVAC par déclenchement du travail lors de l'essai PRISMA étaient éligibles à cette analyse secondaire. Nous avons analysé 1319 femmes et 36 hôpitaux pour les fréquences et variations inter-hospitalières des pratiques, et comparé : 1) le déclenchement par a) ballonnet de maturation cervicale (n = 339) ou sans ballonnet (n = 976), b) ballonnet (n = 339) ou ocytocine (n = 245) sur col défavorable ; 2) l'amniotomie associée tôt à l'ocytocine pour l'induction du travail (n = 339) ou tard (n = 472); 3) le déclenchement non conforme (n = 434) ou conforme (n = 881) aux directives cliniques SOGC, et 4) les groupes intervention (n = 891) et contrôle PRISMA (n = 1017). Le critère primaire était l'accouchement vaginal (AV). Les critères secondaires incluaient d'autres issues du travail et les composites de morbidité maternelle et périnatale. Des modèles logistiques à effet mixte étaient utilisés pour l'analyse des variations inter-hospitalières des pratiques. Les pratiques étaient comparées par le risque relatif ajusté (RRa) et l'intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 % estimés à l'aide d'un modèle marginal de Poisson robuste. L'impact de l'intervention PRISMA était évalué par le rapport des risques relatifs ajusté (RRRa) et l'IC à 95 % comparant les changements dans les groupes entre les périodes pré-intervention et d'intervention, estimé à l'aide d'un modèle multivarié de Poisson robuste. Le déclenchement du travail était plus fréquent par ballonnet (25,7%), ocytocine seule (41,2%) ou avec l'amniotomie (20,7%), rarement par prostaglandines (0,3%), et 33,2% des femmes avaient eu un déclenchement non conforme, en majorité avec ocytocine ou ballonnet non conformes. L'ensemble de ces pratiques, excepté le déclenchement non conforme, tendait à varier entre les hôpitaux, notamment au niveau 2 de soins. L'AV n'était pas différent entre les groupes, excepté une augmentation dans le groupe ocytocine sur col non favorable (RRa = 1,21 ; IC 95 % (1,06 ; 1,38) ; p = 0,005), mais, avec environ trois fois plus de ruptures utérines dans le groupe sans ballonnet et le groupe ocytocine, moins de ruptures utérines dans le groupe amniotomie tôt (RRa = 0,08 ; IC 95 % (0,12 ; 072) ; p = 0,02), et moins de morbidité sévère maternelle dans le groupe non conforme (RRa = 0,45; IC à 95% (0,30; 0,69); p = 0,0002). Le groupe intervention PRISMA avait plus d'AV spontané, moins de morbidité sévère maternelle (RRRa = 0,44 ; IC 95 % (0,22 ; 0,90) ; p = 0,02) et sévère périnatale (RRRa = 0,16 ; IC 95 % (0,04 ; 0,64) ; p = 0,01), et moins de recours au ballonnet. Cette étude a montré les méthodes de déclenchement plus fréquentes au Québec chez les femmes avec une seule césarienne antérieure. Elle suggère des variations inter-hospitalières pour l'ensemble de ces pratiques surtout au niveau 2 de soins, plus de sécurité sur le risque de rupture utérine avec le déclenchement par ballonnet, une amniotomie associée tôt à l'ocytocine pour l'induction du travail, et a démontré une amélioration de la sécurité de la mère et du bébé, avec le programme PRISMA. / Inducing labor in women with a previous caesarean section poses a major challenge to clinicians due to the risk of uterine rupture. Despite the current clinical guidelines from the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC), there is insufficient data comparing practices to guide clinicians. In Quebec, some induction practices may not comply with SOGC guidelines, may vary significantly between hospitals, and may be less effective and/or less safe. Therefore, drawing up the picture of practices in Quebec can raise awareness of existing practices, and comparing them may guide choice of optimal practices. Using data from a large recent multicenter (40 hospitals) trial in Quebec that evaluated the Process for decision-making, RISk assessment and MAnagement in obstetrics (PRISMA) program, a complex intervention that may optimize selection of candidates wishing to attempt vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC), we 1) assessed frequencies and inter-hospital variations of induction methods used for attempting VBAC in Quebec; 2) compared practices, and 3) assessed the impact of the PRISMA program on the success and safety of overall practices. A total of 2044 women who attempted VBAC by induction of labor in the PRISMA trial were eligible for this secondary analysis. We analyzed 1319 women and 36 hospitals for frequencies and inter-hospital variations in practices, and compared: 1) induction by a) cervical ripening balloon (n = 339) or without balloon (n = 976), b) balloon (n = 339) or oxytocin (n = 245) on unfavorable cervix; 2) early amniotomy with oxytocin for induction of labor (n = 339) or late amniotomy (n = 472); 3) non-compliant (n = 434) or compliant induction (n = 881) with SOGC clinical guidelines, and 4) PRISMA intervention (n = 891) and control group (n = 1017). The primary outcome was vaginal birth (VB). Secondary outcomes included other labor outcomes and composite risks of maternal and perinatal morbidity. Logistic mixed-effects models were used to analyze inter-hospital variations in practices. Practices were compared by adjusted relative risk (RRa) and 95% confidence interval (CI) estimated using a robust marginal Poisson model. The impact of PRISMA intervention was assessed by the adjusted relative risk ratio (RRRa) and 95% CI comparing changes in groups between pre-intervention and intervention periods, estimated using a robust multivariate Poisson model. Labor induction was most frequent with balloon (25.7%), oxytocin alone (41.2%) or with amniotomy (20.7%), rarely with prostaglandins (0.3%), and 33.2% of women had had a non-compliant induction, mostly with non-compliant oxytocin or balloon. All these practices, except non-compliant induction, tended to vary between hospitals, specially at level 2 care. VB did not differ between groups, except an increased VB in the oxytocin with unfavorable cervix group (RRa = 1.21; 95% CI (1.06; 1.38); p = 0.005), but with approximately three times more uterine rupture in the no balloon and oxytocin groups, fewer uterine ruptures in the early amniotomy group (RRa = 0.08; 95% CI (0.12; 072); p = 0.02), and less severe maternal morbidity in the non-compliant group (RRa = 0.45; 95% CI (0.30; 0.69); p = 0.0002). The PRISMA intervention group had more spontaneous VB, less severe maternal morbidity (RRRa = 0.44; 95% CI (0.22; 0.90); p = 0.02) and severe perinatal morbidity (RRRa = 0.16; 95% CI (0.04; 0.64); p = 0.01), and less balloon use. This study showed the most frequent induction methods used in Quebec for women with a single previous caesarean section. It suggests some inter-hospital variations in all these practices, especially at level 2 of care, an increased safety on the risk of uterine rupture with balloon induction, with early amniotomy with oxytocin for induction of labor, and demonstrated improved safety for mother and baby with the PRISMA program.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de CHIARA MUSSO RIBEIRO DE OLIVEIRA SOUZA.pdf: 3219731 bytes, checksum: 4e9cda14fdff3b61520c40dd1db90c92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / A saúde vaginal depende de complexas interações entre a microbiota vaginal, a histofisiologia da mucosa escamosa, o estado hormonal e os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro. Muitos fatores podem alterar essas relações, induzindo citólise, infecção e inflamação, genericamente denominados infecção vaginal (IV). A IV manifesta-se por graus e combinações variáveis de ardor, prurido, dispareunia, disúria, mau odor e aumento e modificações do conteúdo vaginal. A abordagem clínica tem sido orientada apenas empiricamente e há pouca percepção do risco potencial das IV. Isso se deve a vários fatores, incluindo uma complexa rede de causas, inespecificidade das manifestações, discordâncias conceituais, dificuldade diagnóstica, natureza íntima da prática sexual e limitados recursos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Objetivos: Avaliar em nosso meio o uso dos intrumentos autocoleta do conteúdo vaginal, diário de hábitos, sintomas e práticas sexuais e descrever as variações diárias da microbiota, da citólise, do exsudato inflamatório e dos sintomas. Casuística: 18 mulheres no menacme, não grávidas, recrutadas em clínicas ecológicas na região metropolitana de Vitória, ES. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com exame ginecológico inicial, registro diário de hábitos de vestuário, higiene, práticas sexuais e sintomas e autocoleta vaginal por um mínimo de trinta dias. Os esfregaços vaginais foram examinados (Gram e Papanicolaou), sumarizando-se os achados como grau lactobacilar, candidíase, citólise e inflamação. Os achados históricos, do exame ginecológico e do estudo seqüencial foram registrados em um quadro pictórico individual e sumarizados por freqüência simples. Resultados: A mediana dos dias com respostas às perguntas do diário foi maior que 87% em todas as participantes. A autocoleta do conteúdo vaginal garantiu espécimes adequados em mais de 85% dos dias em todas as participantes. Microbiota bacteriana anormal, candidíase, citólise e inflamação foram observadas em 27,8%, 50,0%, 83,3% e 94,4% das participantes em algum momento durante o estudo. Os hábitos de vestuário, higiene, e práticas sexuais e os sintomas, microbiota, citólise e inflamação variaram marcadamente tanto entre as mulheres como ao longo dos dias em uma mesma mulher. Conclusão: O registro diário e a autocoleta foram bem aceitos e garantiram dados e espécimes adequados que, sumarizados em um quadro pictórico, mostram que há marcadas variações diárias entre os elementos das redes de causas e efeitos de IV, indicando que somente com estudos seqüenciais é possível identificar todo o espectro das IV. / Vaginal health depends on complex interactions between the vaginal microbiota, the squamous mucosa histophysiology, hormonal status and host defense mechanisms. Several factors can alter these relationships, inducing cytolisis, infection and inflammation, generally named vaginal infection (VI). VI manifests itself by changeable degrees and combinations of burning, itching, dispareunia, disuria, offensive odour and increase and change of the vaginal content. The clinical approach has been taken only empirically and there is few perception of the potential risk of VI. This is due to several factors, including a complex net of causes, few specific manifestations, concept disagreements, difficulties on diagnostic approach, intimate nature of sexual practices and limited diagnostic and therapeutic resources. Objective: To evaluate in our environment the use of the following tools: self collect of the vaginal content and diary of habits, symptoms and sexual practices and to describe the diary changes of the microbiota, cytolisis, inflammatory exsudate and symptoms. Casuistic: 18 non pregnant women during menacme, enlisted at gynecological offices in metropolitan region of Vitória, ES. Study design: Descriptive study consisted of an initial clinical evaluation, daily register of clothing, hygiene, sexual practices and symptoms and self collect of vaginal content by at least 30 days. The vaginal smears were evaluated (Gram and Papanicolaou) and the findings were summarized as lactobacillary grade, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation. The historical, gynecological and sequential findings were registered on an individual pictorial table and were summarized by simple frequency. Results: The median of days with diary answers replys was higher than 87% in all of the participants. The self collect of the vaginal content guaranteed adequate smears in more than 85% of the days of the study in all of the participants. Anormal microbiota, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation were observed in 27,8%, 50%, 83,3% and 94% of the participants in any moment during the study period. The clothing and hygiene habits, sexual practices, symptoms, anormal bacterial microbiota, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation varied markedly between the participants and across the days in a single woman. Conclusion: The daily register and the self collect were well accepted and guaranteed adequate data and smears which, summarized on an individual pictorial table, show that there are marked daily variation between the elements of the nets of causes and effects of the VI, indicating that only sequential studies allow the identification of the whole VI spectre.

Au Canada, en 2018-2019 la naissance par césarienne s’élève à 29% dépassant ainsi les taux de 10-15% recommandés par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Au cours des dernières années, les naissances par césariennes ne cessent d’accroitre, malgré les risques associés qui sont rapportés dans la littérature pour la mère et l’enfant. Bien que couramment pratiquée, la césarienne reste une intervention chirurgicale avec des risques à court et à long terme. Chez les enfants nés par césarienne, nous retrouvons des taux plus élevés d’asthme, d’obésité, de problème d’allergies etc. Tandis que chez les mères subissant la césarienne, nous retrouvons plus de cas d’infection, d’hémorragie et des risques plus élevées de rupture du placenta et de fausse couche lors des grossesses subséquentes. Puisque la prévalence de la césarienne ne cesse d’augmenter, il est primordial de comprendre son influence sur le développement neurologique de l’enfant. L’association entre le mode d’accouchement et les troubles neurodéveloppementaux tel que le trouble du déficit d'attention et d’hyperactivité (TDAH) chez les enfants est peu étudié avec des résultats souvent contradictoires ou non concluants. Le TDAH est l'un des troubles neurodéveloppementaux les plus courants chez les enfants avec une prévalence mondiale qui s’élève à 7.2% (IC 95% 6.7-7.8). Ainsi, le projet de ce mémoire a pour objectif d’évaluer l’association entre les modes d’accouchements et le TDAH chez l’enfant, tout en palliant les limites méthodologiques observées dans la littérature présentement. Afin de répondre à cette question, le projet évalue trois modes d’accouchements et ainsi recherche l’association entre l’accouchement par césarienne élective, par césarienne d’urgence ou par voie vaginale assistée et le risque de TDAH chez les enfants comparativement à l’accouchement par voie vaginale non assisté. Cette étude de cohorte rétrospective populationnelle tire l’entièreté de ses données de la Cohorte des Grossesses du Québec (CGQ) sur une période allant de 1998 à 2015. L’étude retrouve une augmentation de 6 % (IC 95% 1.03 - 1.10) du risque de TDAH chez les enfants nés par césarienne d’urgence et une augmentation de 12 % (IC 95% 1.06 - 1.19) du risque de TDAH chez les enfants nés par voie vaginale assisté avec ventouse ou forceps. Aucune association (HRa=0.96 IC 95% 0.91 - 1.01) n’a été retrouvée entre l’accouchement par césarienne élective et l’augmentation du risque de TDAH chez les enfants. Par la suite, plusieurs analyses de sensibilités ont été effectuées pour évaluer la robustesse des résultats, mais aucune n’a significativement alterné nos résultats. En conclusion, l’étude démontre l’existence d’une association entre l’accouchement par césarienne d’urgence et par voie vaginale assisté et le risque de TDAH chez les enfants. Ces résultats renforcent la nécessité d’étudier davantage les répercussions de la césarienne et des accouchements assistés avec des instruments sur l’enfant dans un contexte Canadien, où nous retrouvons peu de recherche sur le sujet. / In Canada the rate of caesarean deliveries is about 29 % of all birth in 2018-2019. Despite the known risk of this major surgery, caesarean section rates are continually rising beyond the recommended rate by the world health organization (WHO) of 10 to 15 %. Scientific research has identified several short- and long-term potential risks associated with this procedure for both the child and mother. For the child, researchers have found higher rates of asthma, obesity, and allergy problems. As for the mother, some of these risks include post-partum infection, hemorrhage and higher risks of placental rupture and miscarriages in future pregnancies. Caesarean section rates have been steadily increasing and it is essential to understand its influence on the neurological development of the child. Few studies have investigated the association between the mode of delivery and neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Currently the literature shows often contradictory or inconclusive results. ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood with a worldwide prevalence of up to 7.2% (CI 95% 6.7-7.8). Therefore, the project of this thesis aims to evaluate the association between modes of delivery and ADHD in children while overcoming the methodological limitations observed in the literature. To answer this question, the project is evaluating three modes of delivery by looking into the association between elective caesarean, emergency caesarean or assisted vaginal delivery and the risk of ADHD in children compared to unassisted vaginal birth. This prospective population-based study uses data on pregnancies and children from 1998 to 2015 from The Quebec Pregnancy Cohort (QPC). Our adjusted analyses showed that children born via emergency caesarean and assisted vaginal delivery were 6% (CI 95% 1.03 - 1.10) and 12% (CI 95% 1.06 - 1.19) respectively more likely to have ADHD compared to children born via unassisted vaginal delivery. 6 However, no association was found between elective caesarean birth (HRa=0.96 CI 95% 0.91 - 1.01) and the risk of ADHD in children. Several sensitivities analyze were performed to assess the robustness of these findings, but none significantly altered our results. While a caesarean delivery and assisted vaginal birth are essential and lifesaving procedures, they can put children at risk. As showed in this study, emergency caesarean and assisted vaginal birth increase the risk of ADHD in children. These findings reinforce the need for further research to evaluate the impact of caesarean and assisted deliveries on the children especially in a Canadian context where studies are still limited.