Background: There is a general belief that value stocks, historically, have created a greater return of investment compared to growth stocks. Investors can, through key ratios, compare companies to one another and thereby gain a solid appreciation whether a company is overvalued or undervalued relative to other comparable companies. The problem for investors is how to identify these value stocks and exploit mispricing in the market. Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyze investment strategies that are based on the Price-to-Book ratio on the Swedish stock market. Completion: To meet the purpose, the study is based on a deductive foundation with a quantitative method. Two investment strategies are investigated based on the Price-to-book ratio. The first strategy sorts the material following the value of the multiple, whereas the other strategy relies on regression analysis where interest on own capital is used as an explaining variable. Results: To only look at the price-to-book ratio, in order to distinguish undervalued stocks, does not work in the Swedish stock market during the period of 31-03-04 to 31-03-2015. It can be concluded that the combination used in the developed strategy works to identify value stocks that have a significantly higher cumulative return compared to the OMX Stockholm Price Index. / Bakgrund: Det finns en övertygelse om att värdeaktier historiskt har skapat högre avkastning än tillväxtaktier. En investerare kan genom värderingsmultiplar och nyckeltal jämföra bolag med varandra och skapa sig en uppfattning huruvida ett bolag är över- eller undervärderat relativt jämförande bolag. Problematiken ligger i hur en investerare skall identifiera värdeaktier och utnyttja felprissättningar på aktiemarknaden. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera investeringsstrategier baserade på multipeln Pris/Bokfört värde på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Genomförande: För att uppfylla syftet utgår studien från en deduktiv ansats med en kvantitativ metod. Två investeringsstrategier undersöks baserade på multipeln Pris/Bokfört värde. Den ena strategin sorterar materialet utefter multipelns värde och den andra strategin genomförs med hjälp av regressionsanalys där räntabilitet på eget kapital används som förklarande variabel. Resultat: Att endast utgå från Pris/Bokfört värde, för att urskilja undervärderade aktier fungerar inte på den svenska aktiemarknaden under åren 2004-2015. Det kan fastställas att kombinationen i den utvecklade strategin fungerar för att identifiera värdeaktier som har en markant högre kumulativ avkastning jämfört med OMXSPI.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Muitos estudos buscam tentar prever o retorno potencial sobre portfólios de ações, com intuito de obter melhor rentabilidade sobre o capital aplicado. Diversas modelagens já foram utilizadas, sendo que as mais conhecidas são as que relacionam o risco com o retorno. Nesta linha destacam-se a Teoria de Carteiras proposta por Markowitz, e o CAPM de Sharpe. Através destas teorias entende-se a questão da influência da covariância dos retornos e que para um melhor desempenho de uma carteira, não é suficiente avaliar cada ativo individualmente. Por outro lado, diversas críticas em relação ao CAPM, vêm ensejando estudos complementares na busca de outras variáveis que melhorem os métodos de seleção de ativos. Fama e French (1993) fizeram um estudo com variáveis complementares em relação ao beta do CAPM, utilizando o tamanho e a relação Book to Market, conseguindo resultados melhores que o CAPM tradicional. O presente estudo leva em conta a questão do reinvestimento do lucro gerado e utilizando o modelo de Gordon propõe uma variável de classificação de empresas de crescimento e empresas valor, conceito já utilizado na literatura de finanças.Com base nesta variável montam-se carteiras de ações entre os anos de 2005 e 2012 e observa-se que é possível obter ganhos com a lógica proposta. Ao longo do período seria possível obter com as carteiras selecionadas ganhos de até 107,85% contra os retornos de 55,58% das carteiras com todos os ativos. Organizamos os mesmos ativos pela ótica da relação Book to Market as quais obtiveram retorno total do período de 90,42%. Apesar de notar uma mudança clara de comportamento, onde apenas nos quatro primeiros anos do estudo as carteiras com empresas value são superiores e nos quatro últimos períodos as carteiras de empresas growth são as melhores. Estes resultados são compatíveis com os resultados de Braga e Leal (2000), e Mescolin, Martinelli Braga e da Costa Jr. (1997), verificando um melhor desempenho para as empresas value. / Many studies have tried to predict the potential return on stock portfolios, aiming to get better return on invested capital. Several modeling have been used, and the more popular are those that relate the risk with the return. In this area, stand out the Portfolio Theory proposed by Markowitz and the CAPM proposed by Sharpe. Through these theories can be understood the influence of the covariance of returns, and for a best performance of a portfolio, is not enough to assess each individual asset. On the other hand, many criticism of the CAPM, have generating additional studies in search of other variables to improve the methods of selection of assets. Fama and French (1993) conducted a study with additional variables in relation to the CAPM beta, using the size and the relationship Book to Market, achieving better results than the traditional CAPM. This study considers the issue of the generated profit reinvestment, and using the model of Gordon proposes a classification variable for growth companies and value companies, which are concepts already used in finance literature. Based on this variable are set up stock portfolios between the years 2005 and 2012 and it is observed that it is possible to get earnings with the logic proposed. Over the period could be obtained with the selected portfolios up to 107.85% gains against the returns of 55.58% of the complete portfolio with all assets. We organize the same stocks from the perspective of the relationship Book to Market which had a total return of 90.42% on the whole period. Although observed a clear change of behavior, where only the first four years of the study portfolios with value companies are superior and the last four years portfolios of growth companies are the best. These results are consistent with the results of Braga and Leal (2000), and Mescolin Martinelli Braga and Costa Jr. (1997), watching a better performance for value companies.

År 2007-2008 inträffade finanskrisen vilket skapade oro på den finansiella marknaden. Oron återspeglades i antalet svenska aktieägare som minskade successivt fram till år 2014. Därefter fram till idag visar statistiken att svenska aktieägare blir fler för varje år som går. En förklaring är för att digitaliseringen har skapat enklare lösningar för privatpersoner att börja spara i aktier vilket ökar tillgängligheten och inflödet. Ett ökat intresse och en ökad tillgänglighet behöver dock inte innebära en ökad kunskap hos investerarna, vilket talar för att det är relevant att dels förmedla kunskap kring aktier men framförallt identifiera den bästa investeringsstrategin som kan vägleda investerare. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om värde- eller tillväxtinvestering ger högst avkastning på Stockholmsbörsen och Micro-cap under 2012-2016. Studien tillämpar en deduktiv ansats tillsammans med en kvantitativ forskningsmetod. För att kunna ta reda på den bästa investeringsstrategin på Stockholmsbörsen och Micro-cap har sekundärdata i form av nyckeltal samt kurshistorik samlats in, bearbetats och analyserats. Med hjälp av nyckeltalen P/E och P/B har aktier kunnat kategoriseras som värde- respektive tillväxtaktier. Vidare kunde portföljer skapas av respektive kategori för att sedan vara jämförbara med varandra. Resultatet visar på att investeringsstrategin värdeinvestering tenderar att prestera bäst. Värdeinvestering presterade bäst oavsett om portföljerna bestod av aktier enbart från Stockholmsbörsen eller både Stockholmsbörsen och Micro-cap. Resultatet som erhölls visade att tillväxtinvestering presterar betydligt högre avkastning än värdeinvestering oavsett börs/handelsplattform dock utsätts en investerares kapital för så pass hög risk med tillväxtinvestering att när studien riskjusterar avkastningen är det värdeinvestering som presterar bäst. / The financial crisis during 2007-2008 concerned investors internationally. The Swedish investors’ concern was reflected in the number of shareholders which decreased until 2014. From 2014 and until today the statistics shows that Swedish shareholders are increasing. One explanation could be the digitization that created solutions for investors to buy stocks more easily. But an increased availability does not necessarily mean that the knowledge also has increased. This is one of the reasons for the importance of spreading knowledge to investors and identify the best investment strategy for guidance. The purpose is to investigate the investment strategies value investing and growth investing. To find out the best investment strategy the thesis has used the two ratios P/E and P/B and historical share prices. The stocks that are included in this thesis is both from Stockholm Stock Exchange but also from Micro-cap. The thesis has used a quantitative research method when gathering all the necessary information and a deductive approach in relation to the theories. By using the presented ratios, the thesis could categories the stocks in the respective strategy. The superior investment strategy is value investing which tends to perform the best risk-adjusted return during the time 2012-2016. Value investing tends to perform the best return regardless if the portfolio contains only stocks from Stockholm Stock Exchange or both Stockholm Stock Exchange and Micro-cap. The result showed that growth investing had the most extreme returns and would have won if the result did not adjust for the risk taken.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Muitos estudos buscam tentar prever o retorno potencial sobre portfólios de ações, com intuito de obter melhor rentabilidade sobre o capital aplicado. Diversas modelagens já foram utilizadas, sendo que as mais conhecidas são as que relacionam o risco com o retorno. Nesta linha destacam-se a Teoria de Carteiras proposta por Markowitz, e o CAPM de Sharpe. Através destas teorias entende-se a questão da influência da covariância dos retornos e que para um melhor desempenho de uma carteira, não é suficiente avaliar cada ativo individualmente. Por outro lado, diversas críticas em relação ao CAPM, vêm ensejando estudos complementares na busca de outras variáveis que melhorem os métodos de seleção de ativos. Fama e French (1993) fizeram um estudo com variáveis complementares em relação ao beta do CAPM, utilizando o tamanho e a relação Book to Market, conseguindo resultados melhores que o CAPM tradicional. O presente estudo leva em conta a questão do reinvestimento do lucro gerado e utilizando o modelo de Gordon propõe uma variável de classificação de empresas de crescimento e empresas valor, conceito já utilizado na literatura de finanças.Com base nesta variável montam-se carteiras de ações entre os anos de 2005 e 2012 e observa-se que é possível obter ganhos com a lógica proposta. Ao longo do período seria possível obter com as carteiras selecionadas ganhos de até 107,85% contra os retornos de 55,58% das carteiras com todos os ativos. Organizamos os mesmos ativos pela ótica da relação Book to Market as quais obtiveram retorno total do período de 90,42%. Apesar de notar uma mudança clara de comportamento, onde apenas nos quatro primeiros anos do estudo as carteiras com empresas value são superiores e nos quatro últimos períodos as carteiras de empresas growth são as melhores. Estes resultados são compatíveis com os resultados de Braga e Leal (2000), e Mescolin, Martinelli Braga e da Costa Jr. (1997), verificando um melhor desempenho para as empresas value. / Many studies have tried to predict the potential return on stock portfolios, aiming to get better return on invested capital. Several modeling have been used, and the more popular are those that relate the risk with the return. In this area, stand out the Portfolio Theory proposed by Markowitz and the CAPM proposed by Sharpe. Through these theories can be understood the influence of the covariance of returns, and for a best performance of a portfolio, is not enough to assess each individual asset. On the other hand, many criticism of the CAPM, have generating additional studies in search of other variables to improve the methods of selection of assets. Fama and French (1993) conducted a study with additional variables in relation to the CAPM beta, using the size and the relationship Book to Market, achieving better results than the traditional CAPM. This study considers the issue of the generated profit reinvestment, and using the model of Gordon proposes a classification variable for growth companies and value companies, which are concepts already used in finance literature. Based on this variable are set up stock portfolios between the years 2005 and 2012 and it is observed that it is possible to get earnings with the logic proposed. Over the period could be obtained with the selected portfolios up to 107.85% gains against the returns of 55.58% of the complete portfolio with all assets. We organize the same stocks from the perspective of the relationship Book to Market which had a total return of 90.42% on the whole period. Although observed a clear change of behavior, where only the first four years of the study portfolios with value companies are superior and the last four years portfolios of growth companies are the best. These results are consistent with the results of Braga and Leal (2000), and Mescolin Martinelli Braga and Costa Jr. (1997), watching a better performance for value companies.

Bakgrund: Sedan finanskrisen 2008 har den globala ekonomin präglats av sjunkande räntor och stigande börser. Detta har lett till att intresset för den nordiska aktiemarknaden har nått rekordhöga nivåer. Flera av de strategier som tillämpas vid investeringar på aktiemarknaden baseras på att marknaden historiskt har tenderat att röra sig enligt vissa mönster under specifika kalendeperioder. Andra kända investeringsstrategier baseras istället på hur aktier värderas utifrån prismultiplar, som antas vittna om bolagets förväntade tillväxt och lönsamhet. Strategierna gör det intressant att undersöka dessa två typer av strategier gemensamt för att se ifall dem skulle kunna komplettera varandra och hjälpa en investerares att överavkasta sitt jämförelseindex. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera ifall kalenderanomalier fortfarande förekommer (i) på aggregerad nivå på de nordiska marknaderna samt (ii) om eventuella marknadsanomalierna skiljer sig något mellan värde- och tillväxtaktier. Studien avser således besvara frågan ifall någon aktietyp tenderar att agera annorlunda under specifika kalenderperioder och hur detta kan bidra till mer välgrundade investeringsbeslut. Metod: För att kunna undersöka studiens syfte har avkastningen hos de nordiska aktieindexen undersökts under utvalda kalenderperioder. Utifrån regressioner har dessa perioder jämförts mot övriga perioder på året för att finna eventuell abnormal avkastning. För att undersöka differenser bland olika aktietyper har egna index konstruerats utifrån aktiens genomsnittliga P/BV-multipelunder de senaste tio åren. Resultat: Under den studerade tidsperioden mellan 2009 och 2020 går det att med statistisk signifikans att konstatera kalenderanomalier på de nordiska marknaderna. Resultaten varierar för varje effekt, land och aktietyp. En investerare hade alltså under den studerade tidsperioden kunnat generera abnormal avkastning genom att ta välkända anomalier i beaktning vid sina investeringsbeslut. Mellan de olika aktietyperna konstateras skillnader, dock inget som indikeraratt den ena gruppen är mer effektiv gentemot marknaden än den andra / Background: Since the financial crisis in 2008, the global economy has been characterized by falling interest rates and rising stock markets. This has led to interest in the Nordic stock market reaching record highs. Several of the strategies applied to investments in the stock market are based on the fact that the market has historically tended to move according to certain patterns during specific calendar periods, so-called calendar anomalies. Other known investment strategiesare instead based on how shares are valued on the basis of price multiples, which are assumed to testify to the company's expected growth and profitability. The strategies make it interesting to examine these two types of strategies together to see if they could complement each other and help an investor to outperform their benchmark. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze whether calendar anomalies still occur (i) at the aggregate level in the Nordic markets and (ii) whether any market anomalies differ slightly between value and growth shares. The study thus intends to answer the question of whether anytype of share tends to act differently during specific calendar periods and how this can contribute to more informed investment decisions. Method: In order to be able to investigate the purpose of the study, the returns of the Nordic equity indices have been examined during selected calendar periods. Based on regressions, these periods have been compared with other periods of the year to find any abnormal returns. To examine differences among different share types, own indices have been constructed based on the share's average P / BV multiple over the past ten years. Result: During the studied period between 2009 and 2020, it is possible to establish calendar anomalies in the Nordic markets with statistical significance. The results vary for each effect, country and share type. An investor would thus have been able to generate abnormal returns during the period studied by taking well-known anomalies into account in his investment decisions. Differences are noted between the different share types, but there is no indication that one group is more efficient towards the market than the other.

This master thesis deals with creation of a stock portfolio based on the economic results of the issuers listed on US stock market. The theoretical part describes basic terms and theoretical basis of financial markets and stock analysis. The practical part includes fundamental analysis based on selected methods and financial indicators. At the end there is proposal of appropriate stock portfolio structure.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera vilken investeringsstrategi värde- eller tillväxtaktier baserade på P/B-, och P/E-talet, genererar en högre riskjusterad avkastning på den svenska börsmarknaden mellan åren 2010–2020. Teori: Denna studie grundar sig i, Den effektiva marknadshypotesen, CAPM, P/B-talet (price-to-book value), P/E-talet (price/earnings), Sharpekvot och Oparat T-test. Metod: En kvantitativ forskning med ett deduktivt angreppsätt. En studie baserad på aktier mellan perioden 2010-01-01 och 2020-01-01 för en analys av vilken portfölj värde- eller tillväxt som genererar en högre riskjusterad avkastning.  Resultat: Värdeportföljen genererar högst avkastning i relation till dess risk än tillväxtportföljen under tidsperioden. Slutsats: Värdeportföljen genererade en högre avkastning än tillväxtportföljen mellan tidsperioden 2010–2020 och visar att värdeinvestering är ett bättre alternativ för en investerare. / Aim: This study aims to analyze which investment strategy value or growth shares based on the P/B and P/E ratios, generates a higher risk-adjusted return on the Swedish stock market between the years 2010–2020. Theory: This study is based on, The effective market hypothesis, CAPM, P/B ratio (price-to-book value), P/E ratio (price/earnings), Sharpe ratio, and Oparat T-test. Method: Quantitative research with a deductive approach. A study based on equities between the period 2010-01-01 and 2020-01-01 for an analysis of which portfolio value or growth generates a higher risk-adjusted return. Result: The value portfolio generates the highest return on its risk than the growth portfolio during the period. Conclusion: The value portfolio generated a higher return than a growth portfolio between the period 2010-2020 and shows that value investing is a better alternative for an investor.

Previous research has confirmed the existence of a value premium in a wide array of markets and using this value stock anomaly has yielded superior performance. This thesis investigates if one could take advantage of the existence of a value premium to deploy a dynamic investment strategy on the Swedish stock market (OMXS30) with focus on minimizing risk to achieve higher risk adjusted performance than the stock market index. The investment strategy implemented use Market-to-Book-Value to screen for both entry and exit signals and Modern Portfolio Theory, using the minimum-variance portfolio with short-selling constraints, to allocate assets within the portfolio. The investment strategy is evaluated using the Modigliani-Modigliani Risk Adjusted Performance measure. Conclusions from the thesis are that the strategy does outperform the Swedish stock market index, both in terms of nominal return and risk-adjusted performance. The suboptimal behaviour of investors where they overreact  to signals and unconsciously rely on heuristics is used to explain why this is possible. Market-to-Book-Value, using the first quartile as entry signal and third quartile as exit signal, is considered to be a successful key ratio to screen for value stocks.

Syfte: Det huvudsakliga syftet är att testa om Piotroskis F_SCORE tillämpat på aktier med hög book-to-market kvot kan överavkasta marknadsportföljen samt, som en konsekvens av detta, undersöka vilken grad av marknadseffektivitet som föreligger. Det sekundära syftet är att tillföra ett kunskapsbidrag till företagsledare om relevansen i book-to-market kvoten. Metod: Detta är en kvantitativ studie som utgår från ett positivistiskt synsätt och en hypotetiskt-deduktiv ansats. Statistiska tester i form av regressionsanalyser har utformats för att bestämma resultatets signifikansnivå. Den empiriska datan har inhämtats från databasen Thomson Reuter Datastream och sammanställts i Excel för att sedan analyseras i statistikprogrammet Stata. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att värdeportföljen överavkastar marknadsindex samt att den gör det över en längre tidsperiod. Det går också att fastställa att den riskjusterade avkastningen för värdeportföljen är högre än för marknaden, vilket tyder på att överavkastningen inte beror på en högre risk. Det går dock inte att avgöra om den effektiva marknadshypotesen råder eller ej, däremot går det att utesluta att den starka och semi-starka formen av marknadseffektivitet gäller. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: För att studera vidare huruvida den svaga formen av marknadseffektivitet råder är ett förslag till vidare forskning att göra en studie utifrån Contrarian modellen för att använda teknisk analys som endast tar hänsyn till historiska kursrörelser för att förutspå framtida avkastning. Ett annat förslag till vidare forskning är att genomföra en liknande studie som denna men då bortse från book to market kvoten och istället köpa aktier med ett F_SCORE högre eller lika med 5 samt att blanka de aktier som har ett F_SCORE under 5. Det tredje förslaget är att studera vidare kring sambandet mellan avkastning och anomalier som småbolagseffekten, likviditet och beteendefinans för att få en tydligare förståelse för vad som orsakar överavkastningen. Uppsatsens bidrag: Det teoretiska bidraget är att den aktuella investeringsstrategin överavkastar marknadsindex för vald tidsperiod utan en nödvändigtvis högre risk. F_SCORE antar en normalfördelningskurva där de bolag som har F_SCORE över fem generellt presterar bättre. Resultatet visar även att book to market kvoten är ett användbart nyckeltal för bolagsvärdering. Det praktiska bidraget är att det kan vara av vikt för företagsledare att fokusera på book to market kvoten för att locka investerare. För investerare är bidraget att denna investeringsstrategi kan slå marknadsindex utan att risken i portföljen ökar. / Aim The main aim is to test if Piotroskis F_SCORE applied on stocks with high book-to- market ratio outperforms the market portfolio and therefore determine the level of market efficiency. The secondary aim is to provide knowledge to business executives about the relevance of a book-to-market policy. Method This study is a quantitative research which assumes a positivistic research philosophy with a deductive approach. Several regression analyses have been used to confirm the statistical significance of the different estimated parameters. The empirical results give answers to two hypotheses based on the aim of this research. The empirical data have been collected from Thomson Reuter Datastream, compiled in Excel and analyzed with the statistical software Stata. Result & Conclusions The empirical results of this study show that the value portfolio has a higher return than the market index. The risk-adjusted return for the value portfolio is higher compared to the market portfolio. This indicates that the higher return of the value portfolio is not due to a higher risk. By the results of this study there is not possible to determine whether the market is fully efficient or not. It is only possible to exclude the strong and semi-strong form of market efficiency. Suggestions for future research For future studies, we suggest further research about the weak form of market efficiency. Using historical data to determine future return, as Contrarian model, is one suggestion to reach further evidence of market (in)efficiency. Since F_SCORE assumes a normal distribution and because of the poor performance of the low F_SCORE firms another suggestion is short-sell these stocks to see if the return ca be increased. This empirical field needs further research about which factors that causes the higher return for these stocks. The small firm effect, liquidity and behavioral finance are just a few anomalies that may have a relationship with excess return. Contribution of the thesis The investment strategy in this research shows a higher excess return compared to the market index as well as a higher risk-adjusted return over the given period. This is not only a contribution to investors but also in a theoretical field due to the efficient market hypothesis. F_SCORE have a normal distribution curve where the stocks with F_SCORE of 5 or higher generally have a higher mean return. Another contribution is the relevance of book to market ratio as a useful strategy for valuating companies. The practical contribution gives business executives better understanding about the relevance of a book-to-market policy when attracting investors.