Orientador: Maria Cecilia Cardoso Benatti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T22:56:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leal_LilianaMariaFernandes_M.pdf: 12599933 bytes, checksum: 53cc5fca2fa454d0c1cabec534f6be87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Trata-se de estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem ergonômica, oriunda da escola franco-belga, objetivando analisar as condições do trabalho de enfermagem de atendimento ao cliente, com ferida, em sala de curativo localizada em seis unidades básicas de saúdo localizadas no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os formulários validados foram aplicados em oito trabalhadoras de enfermagem, abordando o homem, o ambiente, utilizou-se a técnica de observação participativa na atividade de trabalho de seis trabalhadoras. A faixa etária das trabalhadoras varia de vinte e um a quarenta e seis anos. A formação de enfermagem das trabalhadoras era: Sete eram técnicas e uma auxiliar, três cursavam graduação em enfermagem; quanto à capacitação para iniciar a atividade na sala de curativo: três afirmaram não receber, três receberam pela enfermeira da Unidade Básica de Saúde e duas receberam pela assessoria técnica da empresa. A internet não era utilizada com freqüência. A carga de trabalho era de oito horas diárias e o tempo de trabalho na atividade variou de nove a oitenta e quatro meses. O acidente de trabalho na sala de curativo ocorreu com duas trabalhadoras: Perfuro cortante e respingo de sangue no rosto, sendo notificados; uma trabalhadora teve afastamento trabalho por pancreatite. Somente três trabalhadoras tinham índice de massa corpórea normal, duas praticavam atividades físicas, e três consideraram não ter lazer. As trabalhadoras referiram encontrar na atividade: exigência de esforço físico, esforço mental e concentração, a principal dificuldade foi a adesão do usuário ao tratamento. O risco biológico para o trabalho na sala de curativo foi considerado por quatro trabalhadoras. Na fase de observação constatou-se a ausência de padronização na estrutura física e inadequação do mobiliário; adoção de ma postura física na realização do curativo, considerado risco ocupacional, sendo o tanque lava pé o fator agravante; a percepção das trabalhadoras de temperatura elevada e de ruído elevado a intenso. Não havia tarefa prescrita para a realização do trabalho e não era utilizada a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem. Este estudo sugere a continuidade da abordagem ergonômica organizacional e cognitiva para essa atividade / Abstract: This is an exploratory descriptive study with ergonomic approach derived from the Franco-Belgian school aiming to analyze the conditions of the nursing work in customer service with wound dressing room located in six basic health in the State of São Paulo country. The validated forms were applied in eight nurses, addressing the man, the environment, we used the technique of observing member yet work six workers. The average age of workers ranged from 21 to 46 years old. The nursing training of women workers was: seven were technicians and an assistant, three were taking degrees in nursing qualification as to start the activity in the bandage room: three said that they did not receive, three had received by the nurse's basic unit and two said that they had received the technical advice of the company. The internet was not used frequently. The workload was eight hours and working time in the activity ranged from nine to 84 months. The work accident occurred in bandage room with two workers: drill cutting and spatter on her face, being reported, a worker was off work for pancreatitis. Only three workers had normal body mass index, two said that they usually have physical activity and three said that they did not have any leisure time. The workers reported finding activity: requirement of physical effort, mental effort and concentration,; the main difficulty was the accession of the user to treatment. The biological risk for work in the bandage room was seen by four workers. In the observation phase was found lack of standardization in the physical structure and inadequate furniture: adoption of poor posture in the completion of healing, considered occupational risk and the tank wash stand was the aggravating factor, the perception of workers, high temperature and noise of intense high. There was no task required for completion of work and was not used to the systematization of nursing care. This study suggests the continuity of organizational and cognitive ergonomic approach to this activity / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os enfermeiros tÃm responsabilidade especÃfica, junto aos pacientes com riscos de lesÃo de pele, pois sÃo eles que, em diversas situaÃÃes, iniciam e controlam o cuidado da ferida. De forma particular, as Ãlceras venosas sÃo lesÃes crÃnicas que acarretam prejuÃzos significativos. Assim, a ClassificaÃÃo dos Resultados de Enfermagem (NOC) pode ser um instrumento relevante, a fim de avaliar o estado de saÃde referente aos aspectos da pele e circulaÃÃo em pacientes com esta alteraÃÃo. O estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o estado de saÃde referente à integridade e perfusÃo tissular dos membros inferiores de portadores de Ãlceras venosas com base nos indicadores da NOC. O estudo à transversal exploratÃrio e descritivo. A populaÃÃo constituiu-se de pacientes com Ãlceras venosas e a amostra obteve 49 indivÃduos. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de um formulÃrio fechado e exame fÃsico, em um ambulatÃrio situado na regiÃo metropolitana em MaracanaÃ.- CE. Todos os itens do instrumento foram descritos baseados na NOC e literatura. Utilizou-se o programa estatÃstico SPSS versÃo 13.0, para armazenamento e avaliaÃÃo dos dados. O projeto obedeceu aos aspectos da ResoluÃÃo196/96. Os achados da amostra mostraram predominÃncia do sexo feminino com idade acima de 60 anos. A maioria dos participantes eram aposentados ou pensionistas e viviam com companheiros. A hipertensÃo arterial sistÃmica assumiu destaque entre as demais co-morbidades. O Ãndice tornozelo-braquial, de forma geral, assumiu um valor normal; 75% dos sujeitos eram obesos. As caracteristicas mais presentes das Ãlceras venosas foram bordas irregulares, exsudato seroso e em pouca quantidade, tecido de granulaÃÃo e extensa Ãrea da ferida. A gelÃia de metronidazol foi muito utilizada nos curativos. Entre os indicadores operacionais que mostraram-se mais comprometidos estÃo crescimento de pÃlos e edema perifÃrico. Os Resultados de Enfermagem Integridade e PerfusÃo Tissular apresentaram moderado comprometimento. A variÃvel idade mostrou ter relaÃÃo inversa com a Integridade Tissular. Evidenciou-se que a presenÃa de doenÃa cardÃaca exerce influÃncia sobre o resultado integridade tissular, assim como a presenÃa da hipertensÃo arterial sistÃmica interfere negativamente na perfusÃo tissular. A variÃvel pressÃo arterial diastÃlica mostrou correlaÃÃo negativa com o resultado perfusÃo tissular. Foi possÃvel desenvolver parÃmetros de classificaÃÃo para os indicadores propostos pela NOC e verificar sua aplicabilidade. Um instrumento clÃnico com termos claros e bem definidos pode ser um guia para dispor eficazmente os recursos fÃsicos e humanos.

Introdução: apesar de todo o avanço científico e tecnológico voltado para o cuidado de pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica, muitas apresentam dificuldades para aderir ao cuidado necessário à cicatrização dessa lesão, o que traz impactos negativos às suas vidas. Objetivo: compreender a ação das pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica em relação à adesão ao cuidado orientado pelos profissionais de saúde. Método: pesquisa de abordagem fenomenológica, realizada em uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais. Participaram cinco homens e sete mulheres com úlcera venosa crônica, com idade média de 61 anos e tempo médio da lesão de 13 anos. Para obtenção dos dados, utilizou-se a entrevista aberta com as seguintes questões norteadoras: fale-me sobre as orientações que você recebeu do profissional de saúde sobre o cuidado com a ferida. Como está sendo para você seguir estas orientações? O que você tem em vista quando procura o profissional de saúde para cuidar da sua ferida? A organização e análise foram realizadas seguindo os passos preconizados por estudiosos da fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com seres humanos da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, sob o Parecer nº 1.235.302, de 18 de setembro de 2015. Resultados: o típico da ação vivida por pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica frente à adesão ao cuidado orientado pelos profissionais de saúde caracteriza-se como aquele que age em busca da adesão aos cuidados com vistas à cicatrização da úlcera venosa crônica e à manutenção da integridade da pele dos membros inferiores o maior tempo possível, vislumbrando a retomada das atividades do cotidiano. Além disso, inclui a expectativa do estabelecimento de uma boa relação interpessoal com o profissional no serviço de saúde. Embora intencionalidade se volte para a adesão ao cuidado orientado pelos profissionais de saúde, as atividades cotidianas impedem a concretização dessa intencionalidade, dificultando a realização do repouso, prática de exercícios físicos, dieta e uso da terapia compressiva. Também a falta de infraestrutura dos serviços de saúde interfere na adesão ao cuidado, o que pode dificultar a cicatrização da úlcera venosa crônica. Conclusões: a fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz permitiu desvelar o típico da ação de pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica frente à adesão ao cuidado orientado pelos profissionais de saúde, trazendo elementos importantes para a reflexão acerca da dificuldade para a adesão a esse cuidado. A perspectiva das pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica aponta questões alocadas no universo intersubjetivo e cultural dos participantes, além daquelas relacionadas à operacionalização dos cuidados nos serviços de saúde, que precisam ser refletidas no âmbito da assistência, gestão, ensino e pesquisa na área de saúde e enfermagem. / Introduction: despite all the scientific and technological advances meant for the care of people with chronic venous ulcers, many people with this wound have difficulty adhering to the care necessary for the healing of this wound, which brings negative impacts to their lives. Objective: To understand the action of people with chronic venous ulcer in relation to adherence to care guided by health professionals. Method: phenomenological research, carried out in a city in Minas Gerais. The study included five men and seven women with chronic venous ulcers, with mean age of 61 years and mean duration of 13 years injury. To obtain the data we used the open interview with the following guiding questions: Tell me about the prescriptions you received from health professionals about the care of the wound. How it is for you to follow these recommendations? What you have in mind when looking for health professional to take care of your wound? The organization and analysis were carried out following the steps recommended by researchers of social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research with human beings of the University of São Paulo School of Nursing, Protocol number1,235,302, September 18, 2015. Results: the typical action experienced by people with venous ulcers front adherence to care guided by health professionals is characterized as one who acts in pursuit of adherence to care with a view to healing of chronic venous ulcers and skin integrity maintenance of the lower limbs as long as possible, seeing the resumption of daily activities. It also includes the expectation of establishing good interpersonal relationship with the professional in the health service. Although intentionality will return to adherence to care guided by health professionals, everyday activities do not allow the realization of this intention, hindering the realization of rest, physical exercise, diet and use of compression therapy. The lack of infrastructure of health services interferes with adherence to care which can hinder the healing of chronic venous ulcers. Conclusions: social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz allowed reveal the typical action of people with chronic venous ulcers front adherence to care guided by health professionals, bringing important elements for reflection on the difficulty adhering to this care. The perspective of people with chronic venous ulcers point issues allocated in the intersubjective and cultural universe of participants, as well as those related to operationalization of care in health services, which need to be reflected in assistance, management, teaching and research in health and nursing.

Abstract The purpose of the present research was (I-II) to evaluate the effects of clinical, hand-held Doppler (HHD) and duplex ultrasonographic examinations on the planning of operative procedure for primary varicose veins, (III) to assess the feasibility, safety and efficacy of endovenous saphenous vein obliteration with radiofrequency-resistive heating and (IV) to compare endovenous saphenous vein obliteration with conventional stripping operation in terms of short-term recovery and costs. Sixty-two legs (in 49 consecutive patients) and 142 legs (in 111 consecutive patients) with primary uncomplicated varicose veins were examined clinically and with HHD and duplex ultrasonography for planning the subsequent treatment. At the saphenous-femoral junction (SFJ) and at the saphenous-popliteal junction (SPJ), sensitivity was 56-64% and 23%, specificity 93-97% and 96%, positive predictive value 97-98% and 43% and negative predictive value 44-45% and 91%, respectively. In 9% of the cases, the treatment plan was modified on the basis of the duplex ultrasound findings. The present study showed that, in primary uncomplicated varicose veins, the accuracy of HHD is unsatisfactory. Thirty legs of 27 patients with varicose veins were treated using an endovenous catheter (Closure® System, VNUS Medical Technologies, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA), which was inserted under ultrasound guidance via a percutaneous puncture or a skin incision. The persistence of vein occlusion and complications potentially attributable to the endovenous treatment were assessed at 1-week, 6-week, 3-month, 6-month and 1-year follow-up visits. By the time of the last follow-up visit, occlusion of the treated segment of the LSV had been achieved in 22 (73.3%) legs. Persisting patency or recanalization of LSV was detected in 8 legs (26.7%). Postoperative complications included saphenous nerve paresthesia in 3 legs (10%) and thermal skin injury in one limb (3.3%). Twenty-eight selected patients admitted for operative treatment of varicose veins in the tributaries of the primary long saphenous were randomly assigned to endovenous obliteration (n = 15) or stripping operation (n = 13). The patients were followed up for 7-8 weeks postoperatively and examined by duplex ultrasonography. The comparison of costs included both direct medical costs and costs due to lost of productivity. All operations were successful, and the complication rates were similar in the two groups. The sick leaves were significantly shorter in the endovenous obliteration group [6.5 (SD 3.3) vs. 15.6 (SD 6.0), 95 % CI 5.4 to 12.9, p < 0.001, t-test]. When the value of the lost working days was included, the endovenous obliteration was societally cost-saving.

No / Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) is a mechanical method of delivering compression to swollen limbs that can be used to treat venous leg ulcers and limb swelling due to lymphoedema. This review analyses the evidence for the effectiveness of IPC as a treatment for venous leg ulcers. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether IPC increases the healing of venous leg ulcers. To determine the effects of IPC on health related quality of life of venous leg ulcer patients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register (December 2007); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) - The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2007; Ovid MEDLINE - 2006 to November Week 2 2007; Ovid EMBASE - 2006 to 2007 Week 49 and Ovid CINAHL - 2006 to December Week 1 2007. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled studies either comparing IPC with control (sham IPC or no IPC) or comparisons between IPC treatment regimens, in venous ulcer management were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data extraction and assessment of study quality were undertaken by one author and checked by a second. MAIN RESULTS: Seven randomised controlled trials (including 367 people in total) were identified. Only one trial reported both allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment. In one trial (80 people) more ulcers healed with IPC than with dressings (62% vs 28%; p=0.002). Four trials compared IPC with compression against compression alone. The first of these trials (45 people) found increased ulcer healing with IPC plus compression than with compression alone (relative risk for healing 11.4, 95% Confidence Interval 1.6 to 82). The remaining three trials (122 people) found no evidence of a benefit for IPC plus compression compared with compression alone. One small trial (16 people) found no difference between IPC (without additional compression) and compression bandages alone. One trial compared different ways of delivering IPC (104 people) and found that rapid IPC healed more ulcers than slow IPC (86% vs 61%; log rank p=0.003). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: IPC may increase healing compared with no compression, but it is not clear whether it increases healing when added to treatment with bandages, or if it can be used instead of compression bandages. Rapid IPC was better than slow IPC in one trial. Further trials are required to determine whether IPC increases the healing of venous leg ulcers when used in modern practice where compression therapy is widely used.

Venous disease is a common vascular condition affecting the lower limbs and causes considerable morbidity in affected patients. National Health Service (NHS) treatment costs are substantial and there is a large demand for treatment much of which cannot be met. Roughly half a million people in the United Kingdom contact their general practitioner each year about varicose veins and associated clinical symptoms. In order to assign priorities and target interventions properly, authorities need to know which patients with venous disease will progress. Although many epidemiological studies have investigated the prevalence of venous disease, information on deterioration is scarce. The overall aim of this study is to determine the natural history of venous disease in the population and to identify lifestyle and clinical factors related to deterioration which might aid clinical decision making and health services policy. The specific objectives were to determine which risk factors were associated with deterioration of venous disease and venous reflux, and to ascertain the natural history of asymptomatic venous incompetence in terms of deteriorating to overt trunk varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency. The study design was a population based cohort in the Edinburgh Vein Study which the survivors of the 1566 individuals aged 18 to 64 randomly sampled years from the general population at baseline underwent a 13-year follow-up examination. Details of the 1566 participants in the baseline study were sent to the Practitioner Services Division (PSD) of the NHS in Scotland who provided updated addresses and general practitioner registration details. Information collected on each subject at a follow-up clinic included lifestyle factors and medical history, height and weight measurement (by means of a questionnaire), clinical examination for classification of venous disease according to the Basle and CEAP systems, and duplex scanning to assess incompetence of venous valves in the deep and superficial systems of ten vein segments in each leg. Of the subjects from the baseline, 880 participated in the follow-up study, and 576 did not participate, providing a response rate of 60.4% of which 490 were female (55.7%) and 390 were male (44.3%). The study subjects were generally older and slightly more affluent than residents of the City of Edinburgh. For trunk varicose veins, the baseline prevalence was higher in males compared to females (p<0.01), but there was no difference in prevalence among subjects at the follow-up stage of the study (p=0.56). The overall rate of deterioration in trunk varicose veins was 3.55% per annum. More females than males deteriorated (p=0.04). Among subjects who showed deterioration in their trunk varicose veins, the commonest deterioration was from Basle Grade I (mild) at baseline to Grade II (moderate) at follow-up in both the right and left leg (28.1% and 32.9% respectively). Subjects older than 55 years of age (OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.01-2.51), who had a positive family history of varicose veins or venous ulcer (OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.20-3.07), and sat down at work for more than half the working day (OR=1.69, 95% CI 1.04-2.73) had increased risk of deteriorating trunk varicose veins. There was no significant difference between males and females in the prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) among subjects at both the baseline and follow-up stage of the study (p=0.15 and 0.16 respectively). The rate of deterioration in CVI was 1.76% per annum. Similarly, among subjects who deteriorated, the commonest deterioration was from Grade I (mild) to Grade II (moderate) CEAP classification in both the right and left leg (42.4% and 45.5% respectively). The risk of worsening of CVI among those older than 55 was nearly three times more than those aged less than 55 (OR=2.85, 95% CI 1.18-6.87), and was still significant when adjusted for gender. The prevalence of telangiectasia was higher in females than in males in both the baseline and follow-up stages of the study (both p<0.01). The rate of deterioration in telangiectasia was 1.6% per annum. The commonest deterioration was from grade I (mild) at baseline to grade II (moderate) follow-up in the left and right leg (using the Basle Classification). Females subjects (OR=1.87, 95% CI 1.35-2.64), those older than 55 (OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.19-2.36), with a positive family history of venous disease (OR=1.60 95% CI 1.14-2.24) were associated with an increased risk of deterioration from telangiectasia compared to male subjects under 55 years of age and with no family history of the disease. The risk of telangiectasia deterioration was more than twice as high in subjects with venous reflux in the greater saphenous vein (origin) (OR=2.34, 95% CI 1.53-3.57), the greater saphenous vein (lower third of the thigh) (OR=2.28, 95% CI 1.59-3.27) and in the small saphenous vein (1.89, 95% CI 1.06-3.36) compared to those with no segments affected. The age and gender adjusted risk was also more than twice as high in subjects with venous reflux in two segments of the superficial system compared to subjects with no venous reflux in any segment (OR=2.06, 95% CI 1.23-3.44), and almost four times as high in subjects with reflux in more than three segments of the superficial system (OR=3.97, 95% CI 2.16-7.31) compared to subjects with no segments affected. On duplex scanning, the prevalence of reflux was higher in females than in males in the superficial system at baseline and follow-up stages of the study (p<0.01 respectively). In the deep system, the prevalence was higher in males than females at the baseline stage (p<0.01) with no significant difference at the follow-up stage (p=0.85). The rate of deterioration in venous reflux was 1.28% per annum. Most subjects deteriorated from one to two vein segments affected in the leg, the majority of which had reflux in the greater saphenous vein (thigh) at baseline and developed reflux in the greater saphenous vein (origin) at follow-up. Subjects more than 55 years of age had significantly more deterioration than those aged less than 55 (p<0.01). Obese or overweight subjects (OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.32-3.67), those aged more than 55 (OR=2.20, 95% CI 1.32-3.67), with a family history of varicose veins (among female subjects only, OR=2.55, 95% CI 1.16-5.56), and who sat down at work more than half the working time (among male subjects only) (OR=2.26, 95%CI 0.97-5.23) had increased risk of showing deterioration in reflux in any leg and in any vein segment from baseline to follow-up. Subjects with venous reflux at baseline were over two and half times more likely to show deterioration in trunk varicose veins compared to those with no reflux (OR=2.69, 95%CI 1.44-5.01), and four times more likely to deteriorate in either trunk varicose veins or chronic venous insufficiency (OR=4.20, 95% CI 2.42-7.29). Subjects with venous reflux at baseline were twice as likely to develop new trunk varicose veins (OR=2.08, 95%CI 1.25-3.46), and 1.78 times more likely to develop either trunk varicose veins or chronic venous insufficiency (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.12-2.80). Age and gender adjusted risk of trunk varicose veins increased more than fourfold among subjects with venous reflux in the greater saphenous veins (OR=4.04, 95% CI 2.36-6.92), and more than threefold in the greater saphenous vein (lower third of the thigh) (OR=3.13, 95% CI 1.85-5.27) and the small saphenous vein (OR=3.17, 95% CI 1.55-6.48). Subjects with venous reflux in two or more than three vein segments in the superficial system were more than five times more likely to deteriorate from trunk varicose veins (OR=5.39, 95% CI 2.64-10.99 and OR=5.96, 95% CI 2.71-13.10 respectively). The Edinburgh Vein Study follow-up identified factors linked to deterioration of trunk varicose veins and CVI. The findings of this follow-up study have important implications in decision making in NHS and a prognostic tool could be produced to assist clinicians in deciding who should receive treatment or maintained under surveillance. Increasing age, and family history will likely lead to worsening of trunk varicose veins and CVI. The findings also confirm the association between asymptomatic and symptomatic venous valvular incompetence with worsening and developing new cases of venous disease. Such information will be essential for policy makers facing difficult decisions over prioritisation of services in the future. Further research might include trials of surgical and non-surgical interventions designed to limit deterioration in high risk individuals and enable surgeons to target interventions appropriately. Larger prognostic studies of many factors, including genotype, might be conducted to link progression of venous disease, and to provide further information on high risk individuals who might benefit from treatment.

As Úlceras Venosas (UV) desenvolvem-se devido à Insuficiência Venosa Crônica, caracterizada como uma condição crônica que afeta o estado de saúde das pessoas acometidas. Têm maior incidência em mulheres, 80% dos casos, com índice de prevalência de 70% em pessoas acima de sessenta anos. Seu tratamento gera elevados custos. A pessoa com UV necessita de acompanhamento e monitoramento, com terapia tópica envolvendo uso de produtos e recomendações baseadas em estudos com evidência científica. Na Atenção Básica, particularmente na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, há possibilidade de se ter acesso e aproximar-se destes usuários, como também de se estabelecer vínculo, atributos essenciais no cuidado ao usuário. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: identificar, a partir do usuário e/ou cuidador, o acesso do usuário com Úlcera Venosa que necessita de acompanhamento, em três equipes de saúde da família do Distrito Sanitário I de Uberaba-MG; descrever as dificuldades, facilidades e sentimentos dos usuários e/ou cuidadores de usuários com UV sobre os cuidados realizados para o tratamento da Úlcera Venosa no espaço domiciliar, pelas três equipes de saúde da família do Distrito Sanitário I de Uberaba-MG; descrever, a partir do usuário e/ou cuidador, como ocorre a atenção recebida no serviço de saúde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa. O estudo foi realizado no município de Uberaba, sendo sujeitos os usuários com diagnóstico de UV em um dos membros inferiores ou em ambos, atendidos em uma das três equipes de Saúde da Família até o mês de julho do ano de 2007, do Distrito Sanitário I. Ao total, foram cinco indivíduos que participaram da pesquisa, sendo quatro usuários de duas equipes participantes do estudo e um cuidador. Na terceira equipe não foi identificado nenhum portador de UV. Para obtenção dos dados, recorremos à entrevista semiestruturada, destinada aos usuários com UV e cuidadores, e, também à observação sistemática. Para análise e interpretação utilizamos a análise temática, sendo 8 identificado o acesso como unidade temática central, com os seguintes subtemas: determinados procedimentos, consulta médica, consulta médica no domicílio, realização do curativo no domicílio, orientação, tratamento adequado da ferida, medicamentos de uso sistêmico, especialista, horário de funcionamento, tempo de espera, tempo de consulta. Já com o cuidador, foi identificado como unidade temática o acesso com subtemas: socialização, outros níveis de atenção, conhecimento, materiais, recursos de diferentes naturezas. Em nosso estudo, foi possível identificar diferentes e diversas dimensões do acesso do usuário com Úlcera Venosa nos serviços de saúde. Os discursos apresentados no estudo revelam que o acesso e a acessibilidade apresentam restrições que comprometem a atenção dispensada. O melhor aspecto encontrado, relativo ao aceso, foi o tempo de consulta e o acesso ao agente comunitário de saúde, no domicilio. A rede se apresenta desarticulada entre os diferentes níveis, com falta de continuidade do tratamento da pessoa com ferida. O usuário é referenciado a um serviço de maior complexidade, sem o retorno ao serviço de atenção básica de forma sistematizada. O panorama aponta para investimentos, entre eles a adoção de um protocolo de atenção à pessoa portadora de UV. / Venous ulcers (VU) develop themselves due to the chronic venous insufficiency, characterized as a chronic condition which affects peoples health status. They have a higher incidence in women, 80% of the cases, with a prevalence index of 70% in people over sixty years old. Its treatment generates high costs. Person with VU needs following and monitoring with topic therapy involving the use of products and recommendations based on studies with scientific evidence. At primary care, particularly at Family Health Strategy, there is the possibility of having Access and getting closer to these users, as well as establishing attachments, attributes necessary to the users care. This work had as a goal to identifying, through the user and/or caregiver, the access of the user with venous ulcer who needs follow-up, in three teams of Family Health of the Sanitary District I, from Uberaba-MG; describing, through the user and/or caregiver, how the attention received in the Health Service occurs. This work is based on a descriptive research, with a qualitative approach. Study was performed in the city of Uberaba, being subjects the users with VU diagnosis in one of the lower limbs or in both of them, seen in one of the three teams of Family Health up to July, 2007, from the Sanitary District I. At the total, there were five subjects who participated in the research, being four users from two teams participating in the study and a caregiver. In the third team, no VU sufferers were identified. For obtaining data we relied on the semistructured interview for the VU sufferers and caregivers, and also on the systematic observation. For analysis and interpretation we used the thematic analysis, being the access identified as the central thematic unit, with the following sub-themes: some procedures, medical attendance, home medical attendance, home dressings, orientation, suitable treatment of the wound, systemic usage drugs, specialist, time of work, waiting time, and attendance time. With the caregiver it was identified the access with sub-themes as the thematic unit: socialization, other levels of attention, 12 knowledge, materials, resources from different natures. In our study it was possible to identifying different and several dimensions of the access of the user with VU in the Health Services. Speeches presented in the study showed that the access and the accessibility present restrictions which compromise the attention given. Related to the access, the best aspect found was the time of attendance and the access to the Community Healthcare Agent at home. The Net presents itself disarticulated among the different levels, with lack of continuity of the treatment of the sufferer. User is referred to a service of higher complexity, without going back to the service of primary care in a systematic way. Panorama points to investments, among them the adoption of a protocol of attention to the VU sufferer.

O conhecimento embasado nas melhores evidências científicas para a assistência de enfermagem às pessoas com feridas crônicas (FC) deve alicerçar o ensino da temática na formação do enfermeiro. Diante da relevância epidemiológica do problema, o docente de enfermagem se depara com o desafio de ensinar aos estudantes, o cuidado às pessoas com essa complicação, nos diversos contextos de atenção à saúde. A etapa da avaliação da FC é fundamental para identificar e descrever o processo de cicatrização e a seleção da terapia tópica, que o favoreça. A educação à distância (EAD) tem demonstrado ser uma estratégia efetiva para atualização do conhecimento. Diante disto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o impacto da EAD, no conhecimento de docentes de enfermagem e enfermeiros vinculados ao ensino superior, acerca da avaliação de FC. Tratou-se de um estudo prospectivo, quase-experimental, com coleta de dados antes e após a intervenção. Após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, foram convidados a participar da pesquisa, docentes e enfermeiros vinculados ao ensino, de instituições de ensino superior (IES) públicas e privadas, que ministrassem disciplinas teóricas e/ ou práticas, nos cursos de graduação em Enfermagem, de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A amostra foi composta por 26 docentes e enfermeiros vinculados ao ensino, que participaram do curso de atualização \"Avaliação de Feridas Crônicas na Assistência de Enfermagem\" oferecido através do Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) Moodle. Entre os participantes, a média de idade de 42,3 anos (DP 9,56), e todos eram do sexo feminino. O tempo médio de experiência no ensino foi de 11,16 anos (DP 8,02), 24 (92,3%) docentes afirmaram lecionar disciplinas teóricas e/ ou práticas, dos quais, 91,7% referiram atuar no cuidado de pessoas com FC, nos cenários de prática. A ferramenta mais utilizada para a busca de informações sobre \"feridas crônicas\" pela maioria dos participantes foi a internet. O aumento na porcentagem de acertos após a intervenção foi estatisticamente significante e o domínio que obteve maior número de acertos no pré e pós-teste foi \"Dimensionamento da ferida\", com melhor desempenho ao final do curso. A correlação entre o tempo de experiência na docência e o desempenho no teste de conhecimento foi negativa, e a associação entre a utilização de outras estratégias para busca de informações, tais como troca de experiência entre os pares, participação em eventos científicos acerca do tema, melhorou o desempenho dos participantes. A utilização da EAD, como ferramenta para a intervenção educativa, visando a divulgação de recomendações para a avaliação de feridas crônicas, impactou positivamente na aquisição de conhecimentos dos participantes. A adoção de tecnologias para o aprimoramento dos docentes de enfermagem trouxe implicações que podem favorecer o ensino e gerar mudanças na prática clínica de enfermagem / The knowledge based on the best scientific evidence of care to people with chronic wounds (CW) should be the basis of this theme teaching in nursing education. Considering the epidemiological relevance of this problem, nursing faculty are faced with the challenge of teaching students how to look after people with this complication in different contexts of health care. The assessment of CW is critical to identify and describe the healing process and the selection of the best topical therapy. The effectiveness of E-learning (EL) strategy to update knowledge has been demonstrated in other studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the impact of e-learning on CW assessment knowledge of teachers and nurses involved with higher education. A prospective and quasi-experimental study was conducted with data collection before and after the intervention. After the board of ethics approval, teachers and nurses were invited to participate in the research. These teachers and nurses involved in higher education institutions, both public and private, teach theoretical subjects and or practices in nursing undergraduate courses in the municipality in the state of Sao Paulo. The sample consisted of 26 teachers and nurses who attended the update course \"Assessment of Chronic Wounds in Nursing Care\" offered through the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Moodle. Among participants, we identified an average age of 42.3 years (SD=9.56), and regarding gender, all subjects were female. The average teaching experience was 11.16 years (SD=8.02), 24 (92.3%) teachers reported teaching theoretical subjects and/or practices, of which 91.7% reported working with CW care in practice scenarios. The most widely used tool to search for information about \"chronic wounds\" was the internet. The increase in the percentage of correct answers after the intervention was statistically significant and the item with highest number of correct answers in both pre and posttests was \"Dimensioning the wound\", with better performance at the end of the course. The correlation between times of teaching experience and performance on the knowledge test was negative, and the association between the use of other strategies to knowledge update (such as exchange of experience among peers, participation in scientific events on the theme) was found to improved performance of the participants. The use of EL as a tool for educational intervention focused on disseminating recommendations for CW assessment positively impacted the acquisition of knowledge among participants. Adopting technologies for the improvement of nursing faculty\'s abilities had outcomes that may support education and generate changes in the clinical nursing practice

Úlceras decorrentes de disfunções venosas são comuns na prática clínica. Fatores como hipóxia, infecção, acúmulo de fibroblastos senescentes, metabolismo anormal de colágeno e desequilíbrio entre produção e absorção de matriz extracelular contribuem para a cronicidade dessas lesões. Até o momento, não existe tratamento ideal para essas úlceras. A radiação infravermelha longa (FIR) tem sido proposta como opção. Diversos estudos descrevem efeitos antimicrobiano e anti-inflamatório, melhora na circulação sanguínea, regeneração de colágeno, aumento na proliferação de fibroblastos e expressão de TGF-beta, e aumento da síntese de óxido nítrico (NO), que tem papel importante em todas as fases da cicatrização. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por imunoensaios, a ação de substratos têxteis emissores de radiação infravermelha longa (FIR), em associação ou não à prata (FIR+Ag), sobre cultura de fibroblastos oriundos de úlcera venosa (venous ulcer fibroblasts VUFs) quanto a citotoxicidade, expressão de vimentina, colágeno dos tipos I e III, iNOS e VEGF, além do potencial antimicrobiano sobre cepas de bactérias frequentemente encontradas no leito de úlceras venosas. Ao que parece, o aditivo FIR sozinho, ou em combinação com prata, não exerceu efeito citotóxico sobre fibroblastos humanos (VUF). Houve aumento na expressão de vimentina em relação ao controle em todos os estímulos avaliados. Também foi observado aumento da expressão de iNOS estimulado pela prata. Não ocorreu aumento da expressão de VEGF e colágeno do tipo I e tipo do III. O efeito antimicrobiano de FIR foi comparável ao efeito classicamente descrito para a utilização de prata. Assim, acreditamos que o emprego de produtos têxteis emissores de FIR como curativos seja uma possível opção para o tratamento de úlceras venosas / Ulcers resulting from venous dysfunctions are common in clinical practice. Factors such as hypoxia, infection, accumulation of senescent fibroblasts, abnormal collagen metabolism and imbalance between production and absorption of extracellular matrix contribute to the chronicity of these sores. There is no ideal treatment for those ulcers. Far Infrared Radiation (FIR) has been proposed as a treatement option. Several studies describe antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, improvement in blood circulation, regeneration of collagen, increased proliferation of skin fibroblasts, higher expression of TGF-beta and increased synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which plays an important role in all phases of the wound healing process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of textile emitting FIR substrates, whether containing silver or not (FIR+Ag), on the culture of venous ulcer fibroblasts (VUFs) regarding to: cytotoxicity, vimentin, types I and III collagen, iNOS and VEGF expression as well as the antimicrobial potential on strains of bacteria frequently found in venous ulcers. Our results proved that FIR additives alone, or in combination with silver, did not exert a cytotoxic effect on human fibroblasts (VUF). There was an increase in vimentin expression in relation to the control in all evaluated stimuli. Increased stimulation of iNOS expression by silver was observed. No increase in the expression of VEGF and nor collagen types I and III was observed. An antimicrobial effect of FIR comparable to the effect classically described for the use of silver has been verified. Thus, we believe that the use of FIR-emitting textile products as curatives is a possible option for the treatment of venous ulcers

A doença venosa crônica (DVC) é uma desordem complexa que compreende sinais e sintomas que variam das telangiectasias às úlceras ativas. A DVC é classificada de acordo com aspectos clínicos, etiológicos, anatômicos e fisiopatológicos (CEAP) em sete classes variando de C0 à C6. A principal causa da DVC é a hipertensão venosa que altera o fluxo venoso e, consequentemente, a força de cisalhamento que induz alterações fenotípicas nas células endoteliais que passam a expressar mediadores pró-inflamatórios e pró-trombóticos, que levam à adesão de leucócitos, ao aumento do estresse oxidativo, da permeabilidade vascular e do dano endotelial e ao remodelamento tecidual e vascular.Em virtude dos inúmeros mecanismos e da diversidade de moléculas envolvidas na patogênese e progressão da DVC, é essencial conhecer a interação entre elas e também saber quais são as moléculas (biomarcadores) que se correlacionam positivamente ou negativamente com a gravidade da doença. Foram avaliados os níveis de Interleucina-6 (IL-6), sL-selectina, sE-selectina, sP-selectina, molécula de adesão intercelular-1solúvel (sICAM-1), molécula de adesão das células vasculares-1 solúvel (sVCAM-1), ativador tecidual do plasminogênio (tPA), atividade do inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio-1 (PAI-1), trombomodulina solúvel (sTM), fator de von Willebrand (vWF), metaloproteinase de matriz (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, inibidor tecidual das MMPs -1 (TIMP-1), angiopoietina-1 e -2, sTie-2 e s-Endoglina e fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF) no sangue coletado da veia braquial de 173 mulheres com DVC primária divididas em grupos C2, C3, C4 e C4 menopausadas (C4m) e de 18 voluntárias saudáveis (grupo C0a). Foram também analisados os níveis urinários de ent-prostaglandina F2&#945; nesses grupos. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas com relação às concentrações sanguíneas e urinárias de sE-selectina, sP-selectina, sICAM-1, atividade de PAI-1, MMP-3, razão TIMP-1/MMP-3, angiopoietin-2, razão angiopoietina-1/angiopoietina-2, s-Endoglina e ent-prostaglandina F2&#945; entre os grupos estudados, possivelmente devido à alta variabilidade na concentração desses biomarcadores entre as participantes do mesmo grupo. Entretanto, as concentrações sanguíneas de IL-6 sL-selectina, sVCAM-1, tPA, vWF, sTM, MMP2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, razão TIMP-1/MMP-2, razão TIMP-1/MMP-9, angiopoietina-1 e VEGF foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos. Não foi identificado nenhum biomarcador que se correlacionasse diretamente ou inversamente com a progressão da DVC, provavelmente devido à diversidade de fatores envolvidos e à complexa interação entre eles durante o curso da doença. / Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) is a complex disorder, which encompasses signs and symptoms that vary from telangiectasias to active ulcers. The CVD is classified according Clinical, Etiologic, Anatomical and Pathophysiological (CEAP) aspects into seven classes varying from C0 to C6. The main cause of CVD is venous hypertension, which alters venous flow and consequently, shear stress. Abnormal shear stress induces phenotypic changes in endothelial cells that start to express pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic mediators that lead to leukocyte adhesion, oxidative stress, increased vascular permeability and endothelial cell damage and tissue and vascular remodeling. Due to several mechanisms and the diversity of molecules involved in the pathogenesis and progression of CVD, is essential to know the interplay between them and which are the molecules (biomarkers) that correlate positively and negatively with the severity of the disease. We investigated the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), sL-selectin, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), von Willebrand factor (vWf), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metaloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), angiopoietin-1 and -2, sTie-2, s-Endoglin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the blood taken from the brachial vein of 173 patients with primary CVD divided into C2, C3, C4 and menopaused C4 (C4m) groups and 18 healthy volunteers (C0a group).We also investigated the urinary levels of ent-prostaglandin F2&#945; in these groups. There was no statistically significant difference between groups with respect to blood or urinary levels of sE-selectin, sP-selectin, sICAM-1, PAI-1 activity, MMP-3, TIMP-1/MMP-3 ratio, angiopoietin-2, angiopoietin-1/angiopoietin-2 ratio, s-Endoglin and ent-prostaglandin F2&#945;, likely due to the high variability of these biomarkers concentration among participants within the same group. However, blood levels of IL-6, sL-selectin, sVCAM-1, tPA, vWF, sTM, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-1/MMP-2 ratio, TIMP-1/MMP-9 ratio, angiopoietin-1 and VEGF were statistically different between groups. It was not identified any biomarker that correlated directly or inversely with the progression of CVD, probably due to the diversity of factors involved and the complex interplay between them in the course of the disease.