Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Rafael_Ucker_Brahm.pdf: 2089912 bytes, checksum: 8700b9d818a6d894ba0f1cd729523bd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-22 / The growth of the species of juçara palm Tree Euterpe edulis (Mart.) and royal palm Roystonea regia (Kunth) has no record of studies focusing on south region of Rio Grande do Sul State. It is necessary to identify a system that ensures the proper growth of plants of these species. In this context, these works provide alternatives for producing seedlings with adaptability for family farms of southern half of Rio Grande do Sul. The effect of different substrates on initial growth of the seedlings and the appropriate level of shading for their initial development were determined. The seedlings were grown on Estação Experimental Cascata, Embrapa Clima Temperado. The experiments reported in Chapters I determine the effect of different substrates. The seedlings grew from seeds originated in a family farm located in the municipalities of Tabai and Pelotas, RS. A combination of different substrates was used, represented by the treatments T1 - Plantmax®, T2 - forest soil, T3 - clayey soil, T4 - forest soil:clayey soil 1:1 (v:v), T5 - forest soil:carbonized rice husk 3:1 (v:v), T6 - forest soil:carbonized rice husk 1:1 (v:v), T7 - forest soil:rice husk in natura 1:1 (v:v), T8 - clayey soil:carbonized rice husk 3:1 (v:v), T9 - clayey soil:carbonized rice husk 1:1 (v:v), T10 - clayey soil:rice husk in natura 1:1 (v:v). The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks and the study used a (1 specie x 10 substrates) factorial scheme. Four replicates were used in each experimental design with four seedlings. The seedlings were transplanted into 2 dm³ plastic bags in greenhouse conditions, from January to September, 2009. The experiments were assessed fortnightly considering plants length, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of leaflets, leaflets length, roots length, physical properties of the substrates, macronutrients content of the substrates, and percentage of plants survival at the end of last evaluation. The experiments reported in Chapters II used plants grown from seeds of a family farm located in the municipality of Pelotas, RS. The effect of luminous intensity on palm trees growing in the field was assessed in the experiments. The palm trees were planted in different shading levels: S1 - 0%, S2 - 16%, S3 - 42% and S4 - 73%. 10 The shading was obtained with shade screen for each level of reduced incident radiant, it was placed over each plot represented by a structure of wooden beams with 2.10 m long, 0.70 m tall and 0.50 m wide. The experimental design was randomized blocks consisting of four replications. Each sampling unit was represented by three plants of each species, using 0.30 m row spacing, in the field during nine months. These experiments evaluated fortnightly plants length, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of leaflets, leaflets length, solar radiant incident on the plants, chlorophyll content of plants, roots length, soil physical properties, macronutrients content of soil, and percentage of survival at the end of last evaluation. Data were analyzed using the program statistical program WinSat. / O cultivo das espécies de palmeira-juçara Euterpe edulis (Mart.) e da palmeira-real Roystonea regia (Kunth) não possui registros de estudos focados para o Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, tornando-se necessário identificar um sistema com potencial para assegurar bom desenvolvimento das plantas destas espécies. Neste contexto, estes trabalhos forneceram alternativas de produção de mudas adaptadas à metade sul do Rio Grande do Sul, passível de utilização na agricultura familiar. Foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes substratos sobre o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas, bem como, identificou-se o nível de sombreamento adequado para o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas. Os trabalhos foram executados na Estação Experimental Cascata, Embrapa Clima Temperado. Para o Capítulo I, Estudos do efeito de diferentes substratos, utilizou-se plantas produzidas através de sementes em uma propriedade agrícola familiar localizada nos Municípios de Tabai-RS e Pelotas-RS. Foi utilizada a combinação de diferentes substratos representados pelos tratamentos: T1 - Plantmax®, T2 - solo mato, T3 - solo argiloso, T4 - solo mato:solo argiloso 1:1 (v:v), T5 - solo mato:casca de arroz carbonizada 3:1 (v:v), T6 - solo mato:casca de arroz carbonizada 1:1 (v:v), T7 - solo mato:casca de arroz in natura 1:1 (v:v), T8 - solo argiloso:casca de arroz carbonizada 3:1 (v:v), T9 - solo argiloso:casca de arroz carbonizada 1:1 (v:v), T10 - solo argiloso:casca de arroz in natura 1:1 (v:v). O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e cada unidade experimental composta por quatro plantas, sendo transplantadas para sacos plásticos de 2 dm3, em condições de casa de vegetação, no período de janeiro a setembro de 2009. Determinaremos para estes experimentos avaliar com intervalos quinzenais o comprimento das plantas; diâmetro do colo; número de folhas; número de folíolos; comprimento de folhas; comprimento das raízes; propriedades físicas dos substratos; teor de macronutrientes dos substratos; e 8 percentagem de sobrevivência das plantas ao final da ultima avaliação. Já para os experimentos Capítulo II, utilizou-se plantas produzidas através de sementes de uma propriedade familiar localizada no Município de Pelotas-RS, avaliado o efeito da intensidade luminosa sobre o desenvolvimento das palmeiras a campo, sendo estas plantadas em diferentes níveis de sombreamento: S1 - 0%, S2 - 16%, S3 - 42% e S4 - 73% de sombreamento. Estes sombreamentos foram obtidos com tela de sombrite para cada nível de redução da radiação incidente, colocada sobre cada parcela representada por uma estrutura de caibros de madeira medindo 2,10 m de comprimento, 0,70 m de altura e 0,50 m de largura. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de bloco ao acaso, compostos por quatro repetições, sendo cada unidade amostral representada por três plantas de cada espécie com espaçamento de 0,35 m entre linha, durante nove meses a campo. Determinamos para estes experimentos avaliar com intervalos quinzenais o comprimento das plantas; diâmetro do colo; número de folhas; número de folíolos; comprimento folhas; radiação solar incidente sobre as plantas; teor de clorofila das plantas; propriedades físicas do solo; teor de macronutrientes do solo; e percentagem de sobrevivência das plantas ao final da ultima avaliação. Os dados obtidos dos experimentos Capítulos I e II foram analisados através do programa estatístico WinStat.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T13:32:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Controle do crescimento e desenvolvimento de pereiras pelo uso de prohexadiona cálcio e poda de raiz - Bruno Carra, 2015.pdf: 3206241 bytes, checksum: ccaa782b0aea9ddeab64403218aa5353 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T18:50:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Controle do crescimento e desenvolvimento de pereiras pelo uso de prohexadiona cálcio e poda de raiz - Bruno Carra, 2015.pdf: 3206241 bytes, checksum: ccaa782b0aea9ddeab64403218aa5353 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T18:50:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Controle do crescimento e desenvolvimento de pereiras pelo uso de prohexadiona cálcio e poda de raiz - Bruno Carra, 2015.pdf: 3206241 bytes, checksum: ccaa782b0aea9ddeab64403218aa5353 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O excesso de crescimento vegetativo em pereiras é uma das principais preocupações dos produtores, pois resulta em sérios efeitos negativos no pomar, como a baixa formação de estruturas produtivas e competição com o crescimento dos frutos. A incerteza da mão de obra futura e o alto custo gerado pela poda mobilizam o desenvolvimento de pesquisas para reduzir o tempo de poda através de métodos mecânicos e substâncias químicas. A utilização de fitorreguladores é uma das alternativas mais promissoras para manejar o crescimento vegetativo de pereiras, sendo a prohexadiona cálcio (P-Ca) o principal deles. Outra técnica promissora no controle do crescimento vegetativo é a poda de raiz, que surge como uma alternativa ao uso de fitorreguladores. A P-Ca reduz o crescimento de ramos através do bloqueio da biossíntese de giberelinas, as quais regulam o crescimento longitudinal dos ramos. Já, a poda de raiz atua reduzindo o fluxo de nutrientes, água e hormônios para a parte superior da planta limitando o crescimento dos ramos. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar o controle do crescimento vegetativo e a capacidade produtiva de pereiras em função da P-Ca e da poda de raiz. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: 1) P-Ca foi aplicado em pereiras ‘Le Conte’ e ‘Smith’ em pomar comercial no município de Antônio Prado, RS, Brasil. Ambas cultivares foram tratadas com doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400 mg L-1 de ingrediente ativo (i. a.), aplicadas uma única vez na safra e também quando observado retorno do crescimento dos ramos; 2) Pereiras ‘Shinseiki’ foram submetidas à poda de raiz e à aplicação de P-Ca no campo experimental da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. As plantas foram submetidas à poda de raiz em um e dois lados, P-Ca nas doses de 300 e 600 mg L-1 de i. a. e poda de raiz em um lado da planta + P-Ca a 300 mg L-1 de i. a.. Todos os tratamentos com P-Ca receberam aplicação quando os ramos apresentavam 2,5-5 cm, sendo a poda de raiz realizada no final do mês de agosto, duas a três semanas antes do início da floração. Os resultados mais importantes são apresentados separadamente para cada experimento: 1) P-Ca foi eficiente na redução do crescimento dos ramos de pereiras ‘Le Conte’ e ‘Smith’, não sendo necessária a reaplicação do fitorregulador ao longo da safra em pereiras ‘Le Conte’. O mesmo não afetou a produção de ambas cultivares, mas o retorno da floração na cultivar Smith foi afetado negativamente. 2) A poda de raiz e a P-Ca foram eficientes na redução do crescimento vegetativo de pereiras ‘Shinseiki’, diminuindo a necessidade de poda verde e hibernal. No entanto, a capacidade produtiva de pereiras ‘Shinseiki’ foi afetada negativamente pela P-Ca na dose de 600 mg L-1, enquanto que a poda de raiz em um lado da planta + 300 mg L-1 de P-Ca reduziu a massa média dos frutos. Dessa forma a P-Ca e a poda de raiz são ferramentas de manejo promissoras para reduzir o crescimento de ramos e a necessidade de poda em pereiras, recomendando-se que sejam utilizadas separadamente. / The excessive vegetative growth in pear trees is one of the major concerns of producers, because it results in serious negative effects on the orchard, such as low formation of productive structures and competition with fruit growth. The uncertainty of the future workforce and the high cost generated by pruning mobilize the development of research to reduce the time of pruning by mechanical resources and chemicals. The use of plant growth regulators is one of the most promising alternatives for handling the vegetative growth of pear and prohexadione calcium (PCa) is the main one. Another promising technique in the vegetative growth control is the root pruning, which is an alternative to the use of plant growth regulators. The PCa reduces shoot growth by blocking the biosynthesis of gibberellins, which regulate the longitudinal growth of the shoots. The root pruning works by reducing the flow of nutrients, hormones and water to the top of the plant, limiting the shoot growth. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the control of vegetative growth and the productive capacity of pears depending on the P-Ca and root pruning. Two experiments were conducted: 1) P-Ca was applied in pear 'Le Conte' and 'Smith' in a commercial orchard in Antônio Prado, RS, Brazil. Both cultivars were treated with doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L-1 active ingredient (a. i.), the doses were applied once in the growth cycle and also when observed return of shoot growth; 2) Pear 'Shinseiki' was submitted to root pruning and application of P-Ca in the experimental field of Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil. The plants were treated with root pruning in one and two sides, P-Ca at doses of 300 and 600 mg L-1 a. i. and root pruning in one side of the plant + P-Ca 300 mg L-1 a. i.. All treatments with P-Ca application were done when the branches had 2.5-5 cm, and the root pruning occurred at the end of August, two to three weeks before the beginning of flowering. The most important results are presented separately for each experiment: 1) P-Ca was effective in reducing the shoot growth of pear 'Le Conte' and 'Smith', not requiring reapplication of the plant growth regulator during the crop in pear 'Le Conte '. The same did not affect the production of both cultivars, but the return bloom in cultivar Smith was negatively affected, decreasing the return of production. 2) The root pruning and P-Ca were effective in reducing the vegetative growth of pear 'Shinseiki', reducing both summer and winter pruning. However, the production capacity of pear 'Shinseiki' was negatively affected by the P-Ca 600 mg L-1, while the root pruning at a side of the plant + P-Ca 300 mg L-1 reduced the average fruit weight. Thus, the P-Ca and the root pruning are promising management tools to reduce shoot growth and the need for pruning in pear trees. It is recommended to use them separately.

Abstract Cryopreservation enables storage of genetic resources at ultra-low temperatures (<-150°C) while maintaining viability and regeneration capability. The method is especially suitable for long-term preservation of plant materials that cannot be stored as seeds. The genetic resources of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), one of the most important food crops in the world, are preserved almost entirely by vegetative preservation. Cryopreservation is therefore increasingly applied for securing potato genetic resources in plant genebanks. A major challenge is, however, that recovery percentages can extensively vary among different genotypes. Light spectral quality is among the most important factors affecting plant growth and morphogenesis, but its effect with regard to cryopreservation has not been studied. In the present thesis, I studied the effect of six different light qualities on cryopreservation success of five potato cultivars before and after cryopreservation. I also explored how the different light conditions affect gene transcript abundance of recovering potato shoot tips. The results indicate that light spectral quality significantly affects the cryopreservation success of potato shoot tips in vitro. Prior to cryopreservation, cultivation under blue LEDs resulted in high initial survival, while post-cryopreservation exposure to a combination of red and blue LEDs (90% red, 10% blue) doubled the regeneration percentages. Concurrently, for most cultivars, red LEDs had adverse effects both before and after cryopreservation. The transcriptome analysis of potato shoot tips revealed the complex and extensive effect of cryopreservation on transcript abundance. Moreover, the expression level of stress- and defence-responsive genes was affected by light spectral quality. The positive effect of red-blue LEDs on shoot formation could tentatively be associated with a higher level of morphogenesis-related transcripts and lower level of stress and defence-responsive transcripts. The present thesis reveals that light spectral quality is an additional non-cryogenic factor, which can significantly increase the cryopreservation efficiency of plant germplasm. / Tiivistelmä Syväjäädytys mahdollistaa geenivarojen säilytyksen erittäin alhaisissa lämpötiloissa (<-150°C), siten että niiden elin- ja uusiutumiskyky säilyvät. Menetelmä soveltuu erityisesti sellaisten kasvimateriaalien pitkäaikaissäilytykseen, joita ei voida säilöä siementen avulla. Peruna (Solanum tuberosum L.) on yksi maailman tärkeimmistä ruokakasveista ja sen geenivaroja säilytetään lähes pelkästään vegetatiivisesti. Syväjäädytysmenetelmää käytetäänkin kasvavissa määrin perunan geenivarojen taltioimiseen geenipankeissa. Haasteena on kuitenkin syväjäädytyksen jälkeinen suuri vaihtelu elpymisprosenteissa eri genotyyppien välillä. Valon laatu on yksi tärkeimmistä kasvien kasvuun ja kehitykseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä, mutta sen vaikutusta syväjäädytyksen yhteydessä ei ole tutkittu. Väitöskirjassani tutkin kuuden erilaisen valonlaadun vaikutusta sekä syväjäädytystä edeltävän että sen jälkeisen kasvatuksen aikana viiden perunalajikkeen selviytymiseen. Lisäksi tutkin, miten erilaiset valo-olosuhteet vaikuttivat geenien ilmenemiseen elpyvissä perunan versonkärjissä. Tutkimukseni osoitti, että valon laatu vaikuttaa merkittävästi perunan versonkärkien kykyyn elpyä syväjäädytyksestä in vitro -olosuhteissa. Kun perunan versonkärkiä kasvatettiin sinisten LED-valojen alla ennen syväjäädytystä, niiden elävyysprosentit olivat korkeita, kun taas syväjäädytystä seuraava kasvatus sinipunaisten LED-valojen (90 % punaista, 10 % sinistä) alla kaksinkertaisti uusiutumisprosentit. Samanaikaisesti suurimmalle osalle lajikkeista punaisilla LED-valoilla oli epäsuotuisat vaikutukset selviytymiseen sekä syväjäädytystä edeltävän, että sitä seuraavan kasvatuksen aikana. Perunan kärkisilmujen geeniekspressioanalyysi osoitti, että syväjäädyttäminen aiheuttaa laajoja ja monitahoisia vaikutuksia kasvin geenien toiminnassa. Valon laatu vaikutti erityisesti stressi- ja puolustusgeenien ilmenemiseen. Tulokset viittaavat siihen että sinipunaisten LED-valojen uusiutumista edistävä vaikutus voi liittyä morfogeneesissä toimivien geenituotteiden runsauteen ja toisaalta stressi- ja puolustusgeenituotteiden määrän laskuun. Kaiken kaikkiaan tutkimukseni osoitti, että valon laatu on tärkeä ei-kryogeeninen tekijä, joka voi lisätä kasvien syväjäädytyksen tehokkuutta.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Although the louro-pardo (Cordia trichotoma Vell.) is native forest specie with high timber potential, there are still scarce studies that approach the production of seedlings of this species by vegetative propagation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative propagation of the louro-pardo by the techniques of cuttings and micropropagation. It was tested the presence or absence of 8000 mg L-1 of indolbutiric acid (IBA) and two types of cuttings (basal and apical). At 40 days, the cuttings were evaluated for survival, rooting, the presence of callus and shoots, the number and length of shoots and the number of leaves. For the establishment of aseptic seedlings, seeds of louro-pardo were treated with 2% or 5% of sodium hypochlorite, for 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 min. The seeds were inoculated in WPM basic culture medium. At 30 days, the percentages of disinfection, fungal contamination and / or bacteria and the average time of germination were evaluated. For multiplication, apical segments were inoculated in basic medium, plus 0; 0,25; 0,50 or 0,75 mg L-1 of 6-benzilaminopurin (BAP). At 45 days were evaluated the length, number of leaves and internodes of the shoots, the percentage of callus and the survival of the explants. In the multiplication, using microstumps kept in vitro, was tested whether or not the addition of 1,5 g L-1 of activated charcoal to the basic medium on the production of shoots. At 30 and 60 days, concerning to the first and second cuts of microstumps, were evaluated the number and length of shoots, number of leaves and internodes of the shoots, and the number of microcutting. Rooting in vitro microcuttings were maintained in basic medium plus 1,5 g L-1 of activated charcoal and IBA (1,5 or 2,0 mg L-1). At 45 days were evaluated the presence of roots and callus, the percentage of survival and sprouting. In cutting, were observed the formation of shoots on the cuttings, but they are not rooted. The cutting type and dose of IBA did not influence the rooting and survival. In micropropagation was found that the sterilization of seeds with 5% of sodium hypochlorite for 5 min. allowed the in vitro establishment of aseptic seedlings. The induction of shoots in the explants was not influenced by different doses of BAP. The presence of activated charcoal in the culture medium favored the formation and growth of shoots in microstumps. The use of 1,5 or 2,0 mg L-1 IBA did not promote the rooting of microshoots of louro-pardo. / Apesar de o louro-pardo (Cordia trichotoma Vell.) ser uma espécie florestal nativa com elevado potencial madeireiro, ainda são escassos os estudos que abordam a produção de mudas dessa espécie pela propagação vegetativa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a propagação do louro-pardo pelas técnicas de estaquia e micropropagação. Para a estaquia foi testada a presença ou ausência de 8000 mg L-1de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e dois tipos de estacas (basais e apicais). Aos 40 dias, as estacas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, o enraizamento, a presença de calos e de brotos, o número e o comprimento de brotos e o número de folhas. Para o estabelecimento de plântulas assépticas, sementes de louro-pardo foram tratadas com 2% ou 5% de hipoclorito de sódio, por 0, 5, 10, 15 ou 20 min. As sementes foram inoculadas em meio de cultura base WPM. Aos 30 dias foram avaliadas as porcentagens de desinfestação, de contaminação por fungos e/ou bactérias e o tempo médio de germinação. Para a multiplicação, ápices caulinares foram inoculados em meio de cultura base, acrescido de 0; 0,25; 0,50 ou 0,75 mg L-1 de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP). Aos 45 dias avaliou-se o comprimento, o número de folhas e de entrenós dos brotos, as porcentagens de calo e de sobrevivência dos explantes. Na multiplicação, utilizando microcepas mantidas in vitro, testou-se a adição ou não de 1,5 g L-1 de carvão ativado ao meio de cultura base na produção de brotos. Aos 30 e 60 dias, referentes ao primeiro e ao segundo corte das microcepas, foram avaliados o número e o comprimento dos brotos, o número de folhas e de entrenós dos brotos, e o número de microestacas. No enraizamento in vitro, microestacas foram mantidas em meio de cultura base, acrescido de 1,5 g L-1 de carvão ativado e AIB (1,5 ou 2,0 mg L-1). Aos 45 dias foram avaliadas a presença de raízes e calos, a porcentagem de sobrevivência e de brotação. Na estaquia, foi observada a formação de brotos nas estacas, contudo estas não enraizaram. O tipo de estaca e a dose de AIB utilizada não influenciaram no enraizamento ou na sobrevivência. Na micropropagação foi verificado que a assepsia das sementes com 5% de hipoclorito de sódio, por 5 min., possibilitou o estabelecimento in vitro de plântulas assépticas. A indução de brotos nos explantes não foi influenciada pelas diferentes doses de BAP. A presença de carvão ativado no meio de cultura base favoreceu a formação e o crescimento dos brotos nas microcepas. A utilização de 1,5 ou 2,0 mg L-1 de AIB não promoveu o enraizamento adventício das microestacas de louro-pardo.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experiment was carried out to evaluate the time pattern is used by heifers, at two phenological stages of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), in four daily shifts. Heifers remained exclusively on pasture or grazing and receiving a supplement (oats or corn grain), in the proportion of 0.93% of body weight. Supplements were fed at 14 o'clock, Monday to Saturday. The grazing was continuous with a variable number of animals. The experimental design was completely randomized in a sub-subdivided plots arrangement. Ingestive behavior was assessed by 24 hours of visual observation, in four evaluation dates: two in the vegetative stage and two in the reproductive stage. Grazing time, ruminating and other activities, the number, duration and interval between meals were studied. Heifers receiving supplement remain less time at feeding station and perform fewer bites daily. In the reproductive stage of the ryegrass supplemented heifers stay longer in other activities. The grazing time of heifers receiving supplement is lower in the morning shift and in the night shift. The duration of the meals is lower at night, when the heifers receive supplement. The pattern of time use of the heifers is altered by receiving supplement and the change of the structural and qualitative characteristics of ryegrass during the phenological growth stages. / O experimento foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o padrão do uso do tempo por bezerras, durante dois estádios fenológicos do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), em quatro turnos diários. As bezerras permaneceram exclusivamente em pastejo ou em pastejo e recebendo suplemento (grão de aveia ou grão de milho), na proporção de 0,93% do peso corporal. Os suplementos foram fornecidos às 14hs, de segunda-feira a sábado. O método de pastejo foi contínuo com número variável de animais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, seguindo a estrutura de parcelas sub-subdivididas. O registro dos dados de comportamento ingestivo foi realizado durante 24 horas, por observação visual, em quatro datas de avaliação: duas no estádio vegetativo e duas no estádio reprodutivo. Avaliaram-se os tempos de pastejo, de ruminação e de outras atividades, além do número, tempo de duração e o intervalo entre refeições. Bezerras que recebem suplemento permanecem menos tempo na estação alimentar e realizam menor número de bocados diários. No estádio reprodutivo do azevém, as bezerras suplementadas permanecem por mais tempo em outras atividades. O tempo de pastejo das bezerras que recebem suplemento é menor no turno da manhã e no turno da noite. A duração das refeições é menor no período noturno quando as bezerras recebem suplemento. O padrão do uso do tempo das bezerras é alterado pelo recebimento de suplemento e pela mudança das características estruturais e qualitativas do azevém durante os estádios.

The subject of this thesis is the documentation of terraced houses with inner courtyard intended for housing. The object is located on the outskirts of Veverská Bítýška in the area of detached houses and apartment block. The building will be used for 32 households with the total capacity 128 people. The part of thesis was designing underground garage with capacity of 25 cars and 42 bicycles. The area of detached house is situated on a flat terrain. Houses A have two floors without the basement with garage in front of house. Every house has individual main entrance. The building is made of brick from ceramic blocks from the Heluz system with thermal insulation of the facade. Houses have a single-layer flat roof. Part B has two floors with basement where is situated garage. Entrance to this garage is from public garage. The building is made of brick from ceramic blocks from the Heluz system with thermal insulation of the facade. Underground walls are made of cast-in-place reinforced concrete. Houses have a single-layer flat roof. Public underground garage is separated from the another buildings. Main entrance to the garage is from the ramp. The building is made of cast-in-place reinforced concrete with external wall insulation system. The building has a vegetative roof which forms part of the courtyard.

Fallopiajaponica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene (Japanese knotweed), an introduced, invasive, rhizomatous perennial plant, has become an increasing problem for nature conservation and land management in both rural and urban areas in the British Isles. In the native range of the plant, Japan, Taiwan and northern China, a number of varieties are recorded. Three congeners of F. japonica are present in the British Isles, F. sachalinensis, F. japonica var. conipacta and F. baldschuanica in addition to a hybrid F. x bohemica. An investigation by postal survey of the distribution of the hybrid F. x bohemica has identified 131 records for the British Isles. Both male and female plants of F. x bohemica have been recorded. Current understanding suggests that only female plants of F. japonica are present in the British Isles, inferring that the only means of reproduction is through vegetative regeneration. High rates of regeneration were recorded in this study for stem and rhizome material for both F. japonica and F. x bohemica in an aquatic and terrestrial environment. Implications of vegetative regeneration are discussed in terms of current management practices and future methods of control. A combination of digging with a mechanical excavator followed by spraying with the herbicide glyphosate decreased the time required to achieve an effective level of control of F. japonica compared to spraying alone. Fragmentation of the rhizome system through digging resulted in an increase in stem density allowing a more effective delivery of herbicide. Implications in terms of costs for F. japonica treatment on sites awaiting re-development are discussed. Analysis of data collated from surveys of F. japonica in Swansea using a Geographical Information System suggest that the primary habitats infested are waste ground and stream and river banks. Results suggest that disturbance, both by natural means and by human intervention has been the primary cause of spread of F. japonica in the British Isles. Management strategies are proposed which take account of these results and measures are put forward to help prevent future infestations.

The bulk of Zimbabwe’s groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop is grown on sandy soils in the smallholder sector where sustainable production is hindered by acid soil infertility. The study goal was thus to examine the effects of soil acidity amelioration by four Ca-containing materials on nutrient composition, vegetative and reproductive growth, and quality of groundnut to formulate ameliorative strategies to improve productivity on acid soils. The effectiveness of calcitic lime (CL), dolomitic lime (DL), gypsum (G) and single superphosphate (SSP) in ameliorating soil acidity was determined in field experiments conducted for three seasons at two Research Stations in Zimbabwe, and in greenhouse experiments conducted for two seasons at Harare Research Station. In both experiments the lime application rates were from 0 to 4000 kg ha-1, while G application rates were from 0 to 3450 kg ha-1, and those of SSP were from 0 to 250 kg ha-1. Calcitic or dolomitic lime applied at 2000 or 4000 kg ha-1 increased soil pH and Ca and Mg contents in the pod and root zones, and in the plant material. Gypsum and SSP applications at 200 and 250 kg ha-1 respectively, had no significant effects on pH, Ca and Mg levels, but when applied in equivalent amounts of Ca as lime, gypsum improved soil Ca status. Effects of the four ameliorants on the N, P and K levels in the soils and in plant material were generally neither significant nor consistent. The direct and residual benefits of application of CL or DL were manifested in improved plant stands, better growth, nodulation, productivity and quality of groundnut. Gypsum applied at equal Ca rates as CL or DL was the superior Ca-source in improving pod and kernel quality. By the end of the third season, the increases in cumulative kernel yields due to application of 4000 kg ha-1 lime over non-application were up to 319%. The major growth-limiting factors on the studied acid soils were identified as deficiencies of Ca and Mg, and low pH per se. In a field experiment conducted to evaluate the tolerance of 15 groundnut genotypes to soil acidity, significant differences in yield and nutrient utilization efficiency of the genotypes were observed, implying that productivity on acid soils can be increased by growing genotypes efficient in uptake and utilization of nutrients. Results from greenhouse and growth chamber studies conducted to examine the effects of pH (3.0 - 7.0) and its interactions with Ca (0 - 2000 µM Ca) on early seedling growth and reproductive growth of groundnut indicated that low pH per se has a major detrimental impact on seedling survival, growth, pod formation, yield and quality of groundnut, but not on germination. The adverse effects of low pH were more pronounced in the absence of Ca, and became progressively less as the solution Ca concentrations increased. Further experiments showed that it is feasible to mitigate the adverse effects of soil acidity on groundnut germination and seedling survival by pelleting seeds with small amounts of CaCO3, or priming with CaSO4. / Dissertation (PhD (Plant Production: Agronomy))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Comment concilier productivité et réduction de l'usage des pesticides ? Le développement de l'oïdium, maladie majeure en viticulture, peut être limité (service de régulation de l'oïdium) par un faible niveau de développement végétatif de la vigne associé à une forte porosité du couvert. Or, de telles caractéristiques limitent également la quantité de rayonnement intercepté par la vigne, et donc la production de biomasse par photosynthèse, et finalement le rendement (service d'approvisionnement). Peut-on augmenter la régulation de l'oïdium sans diminuer le rendement de la vigne ? Autrement dit, existe-t-il une relation de compromis entre ces deux services ? Pour répondre à cette question, deux expérimentations ont été mobilisées : une expérimentation au champ réalisée près de Montpellier de 2010 à 2012 (Syrah), et un réseau de témoins non traités suivis par l'IFV dans la région de Bordeaux de 2007 à 2013. L'analyse des données issues de ces expérimentations a permis de montrer (i) que l'effet des stress hydrique et azoté sur la formation des inflorescences dans les bourgeons latents à la floraison de l'année n-1 détermine 65 à 70 \% du rendement de la vigne lors de l'année n ; (ii) que l'effet du développement végétatif de la vigne sur le développement de l'oïdium n'est significatif que dans le cas d'épidémies de précocité moyenne, dont les premiers symptômes ont été détectés sur feuilles entre la floraison et la fermeture de la grappe. Le développement végétatif de la vigne à la floraison est donc un indicateur pertinent du service de régulation de l'oïdium. Ces résultats ont ensuite permis de confirmer expérimentalement l'hypothèse de l'existence d'un compromis entre rendement de la vigne et régulation de l'oïdium et d'identifier le stress hydrique à la floraison comme un déterminant partagé de ces deux services. Ce dernier point a alors été transcrit dans un modèle simple dans lequel le rendement de la vigne de l'année n dépend principalement de l'année n-1, et le développement végétatif dépend seulement de l'année n. L'analyse des propriétés mathématiques de ce modèle a permis de montrer que la réalisation de compromis favorables entre ces deux services (i.e. un fort niveau des deux services) est possible mais déterminée par l'occurrence de séquences climatiques particulières (une année humide suivie d'une année sèche). Ainsi, les compromis favorables ne peuvent être atteints deux années consécutives et ne sont donc pas stables dans le temps. Les règles de décisions d'application des traitements phytosanitaires pourraient ainsi être adaptées en fonction de la variabilité climatique inter-annuelle et de ses conséquences sur les compromis entre le rendement de la vigne et la régulation des maladies cryptogamiques. / How to combine crop productivity and reduction in pesticide use ? A reduction in plant growth and an increase in crop canopy porosity has been shown to limit the development of the grapevine powdery mildew (powdery mildew regulation service), which is a major disease in viticulture. However, this could also limit grapevine yield through a reduction in light interception and biomass production through photosynthesis. Can regulation of powdery mildew be increased without grapevine yield impairment ? In other words, do these two services trade off ? To address this question, two experiments were used. A field experiment was conducted in Montpellier from 2010 to 2012 on Shiraz, and a network of non-sprayed vineyard plots was monitored by the French Institute of Vine and wine in the Bordeaux region from 2007 to 2013. Data analyses showed that: (i) 65 to 70 \% of grapevine yield in year n were determined by the effect of water and nitrogen stresses on inflorescence formation in the latent buds at flowering in year n-1; (ii) the effect of grapevine vegetative development on powdery mildew depended on epidemic earliness and was significant only when first symptoms were detected on leaves between flowering and bunch closure. Grapevine vegetative development at flowering was therefore a relevant indicator of the powdery mildew regulation service. Based on these results, the hypothesis of a trade-off between grapevine yield and powdery mildew regulation was experimentally confirmed and water stress at flowering was identified as a shared driver of these two services. Then, a simple model was built that accounted for the effect of water stress at flowering on the two services, where grapevine yield depended mostly on year n-1 and grapevine vegetative development depended only on year n conditions. Analysis of the model's mathematical properties showed that "win-win" scenarios (high level of both services) did exist and were reached when specific climatic sequences occured (a wet year followed by a dry year). The "win-win" scenarios could not be reached two consecutive years and were therefore temporally unstable. Decision rules for pesticides application may be adapted in function of the inter-annual climatic variability and its effect on the trade-off between grapevine yield and regulation powdery mildew.

The aim of the Diploma thesis is elaboration of a design documentation for execution of a wellness hotel. The building is operationally divided into two parts – part accommodation and wellness part. The accommodation part includes four above-ground floors and one under-ground floor. In the under-ground floor are situated garages. In the first above-ground floor is designed restaurant and in other above-ground floors are situated hotel rooms. Wellness part is designed with two above-ground floors and one under-ground floor. In the under-ground floor are situated garages. In the first above-ground is designed wellness, which includes relaxation pool, whirpool, five indoor saunas, three outdoor saunas, kneipp and relaxation rooms. In the second above ground floor are designed solariums, massages, beauty salon and hairdressing salon. The part of the floor is also café with large terrace. A roof above 2.NP is designed as vegetative with extensive grassing. A roof above 4.NP is designed as a one-layer flat roof with classical sequence of layers. The building is designed as prefabricated skelet. Filling masonry is from a POROTHERM system. Floor structure is designed from prestpressed panel SPIROLL.