Due to the high metabolic demand and low capacity for energy storage of the brain, neurons are vitally reliant on a constant oxygen supply. Under chronic mild hypoxic conditions (10% oxygen), angiogenesis is induced in the brain in an attempt to restore tissue oxygen tension to normal levels. In brain hypoxia, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in angiogenesis; however, the role of its homolog placental growth factor (PlGF) is unknown. Using PlGF knockout (PlGF-/-) mice exposed to whole body hypoxia (10% oxygen) for 7, 14 and 21-days, we show that PlGF-/- animals exhibit a delay in the angiogenic response of the brain to hypoxia. PlGF-/- microvessels had a significant increase in fibrinogen accumulation and extravasation, which correlated with disruption of the tight-junction protein claudin-5. These vessels displayed large lumens, were surrounded by reactive astrocytes, lacked mural cell coverage and endothelial VEGF expression, and regressed after 21 days of hypoxia. The lack of PlGF, in combination with reduced VEGF expression levels observed in the brain of PlGF-/- animals during the first 5 days of hypoxia, is likely the cause of the delayed angiogenic response and the prothrombotic phenotype of these mice. In vitro studies conducted to analyze mechanisms involved in the impaired angiogenic phenotype and enhanced astrocytic reactivity to hypoxia of PlGF-/- animals indicated that: i) PlGF-/- mouse brain endothelial cells exhibit alterations in intracellular signaling pathways associated with sprouting (ERK1/2) and vessel branching morphogenesis (GSK-3β) and ii) PlGF-/- astrocytes overexpress VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) which through activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway leads to a more proliferative astrocytic phenotype. These astrocytes were more resistant to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) than PlGF+/+ astrocytes, a characteristic that was shown to be independent of the classical antiapoptotic VEGFR-2-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway. The findings presented in this thesis demonstrated a critical role of PlGF in vascular remodeling in the hypoxic brain.

Free analyte is measured to be able to understand the pharmacological effects of a drug in the body, the binding to its ligand, and the effective drug level among other things. Thereby, it is important with correct measurements of free analyte, although it is not that easy to achieve since overestimations can occur. In this project, several immunoassays were developed for the bioanalytical methods Gyrolab and ELISA to measure free analyte, where the biotherapeutics Avastin® and Lucentis®, and the ligand VEGF were used as analytes. One difference between the methods is the short contact time of just a few seconds for Gyrolab compared to the sample incubation time of a couple of hours for ELISA. One difference between the antibodies is that Lucentis is an affinity-matured Fab region, and therefore, has a stronger affinity to VEGF compared to Avastin. When free Avastin was measured, the difference was significant, with ELISA estimating higher concentrations compared to Gyrolab. However, this was not the case for all assays. In some cases, this was probably due to differences between the methods that could not be seen. Otherwise, the results with no difference between the methods, when measuring free analyte with Lucentis as the drug, were expected due to the stronger affinity and longer halftime of dissociation. However, the difference with the longer sample incubation time for ELISA compared to the short contact time for Gyrolab seems to influence the measurement of free analyte, depending on the affinity of the components being measured.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22323号 / 医博第4564号 / 新制||医||1041(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 大森 孝一, 教授 横出 正之, 教授 山下 潤 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause for visual impairment in the elderly. The etiology of AMD remains unclear. Clinical and histopathological studies suggest that photoreceptors play a role in disease progression. Here, we found that photoreceptors of AMD patients show adaptive changes in gene expression, suggestive of a nutrient shortage. To study the effect of these changes, we mimicked the metabolic alteration in mouse photoreceptors, by disruption of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). This led to AMD hallmarks, including the advanced stages of geographic atrophy (GA) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Furthermore, we found that disease onset requires the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). To study the contribution of photoreceptors to disease, we profiled retinal phospholipids as photoreceptors are rich in phospholipids. We found a reduction in two docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing phospholipids. Feeding DHA to mutant mice, alleviated most AMD-associated hallmarks. To study the inflammatory complications seen with current anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments for CNV we used rAAV-mediated gene transfer to overexpress an anti-VEGF protein. We found that inhibition of VEGF can promote retinal inflammation. The data suggests that targeting photoreceptor metabolism may provide novel therapies to treat AMD.

La scoliose idiopathique de l'adolescent (SIA) est une courbure rachidienne tridimensionnelle de plus de 10° qui affecte 4% de la population pédiatrique. L’hétérogénéité de ce désordre musculo-squelettique complexe explique notre incompréhension des causes de la SIA. Néanmoins, plusieurs facteurs biologiques ont été associées à son étiologie. Les réponses osseuses aux stimulations mécaniques normalement appliquées sont nécessaire au fonctionnement optimal du système squelettique. Cependant, la mécanotransduction des tissus musculo-squelettiques dans la SIA est méconnu. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'étudier l'apport de la mécanotransduction dans l'étiologie de la SIA au niveau cellulaire et moléculaire. Nous avons étudié les ostéoblastes des patients atteints de SIA et des sujets témoins. L'induction mécanique a été réalisée à l'aide d'une application d'écoulement de fluide oscillatoire. L’immunofluorescence (IF) et la microscopie confocale ont été utilisées pour évaluer les cils, l'actine et les tests fonctionnels. Les modifications moléculaires ont été étudiés par qPCR ou ELISA. Un séquençage d'exome entier sur une cohorte de 73 SIA et 70 sujets témoins appariés a été fait, pour vérifier l'hypothèse que l'accumulation de variants rares dans des gènes impliqués dans la mécanotranduction cellulaire contribueraient à l'étiologie de la SIA. Nous avons découvert une élongation anormale des cils des ostéoblastes SIA, qui étaient significativement plus longs que ceux des sujets témoins dans des conditions de ciliogenèse. Les cellules SIA soumises à une application d'écoulement de fluide, n'ont pas été capable d'ajuster la longueur de leurs cils proportionnellement à la force appliquée. La réponse de l'ajustement de la longueur des cils était significativement différente de celle des ostéoblastes témoins, par des stimulations à court et à long terme.. L'expression des facteurs ostéogéniques était significativement réduite dans les ostéoblastes SIA, suggérant une diminution de la mécanosensibilité. De plus, l'analyse transcriptomique en réponse aux forces appliquées a révélé une altération de l'expression des gènes impliqués dans la voie canonique de Wnt. L'augmentation de la sécrétion du facteur VEGF-A en réponse aux forces appliquées dans les ostéoblastes témoins n'a pas été détectée dans les ostéoblastes SIA. Notre analyse SKAT-O des données du séquençage d’exomes entiers a confirmé l’accumulation de variants rares dans la SIA au niveau de gènes associés à la mécanotransduction cellulaire. Les conséquences de ces anomalies de mécanotransduction ont été étudié par des études cellulaires fonctionnelles, démontrant que les ostéoblastes SIA n’ont pas réussi à se positionner ni à s’allonger proportionnellement au flux bidirectionnel appliqué. Le réarrangement des filaments d'actine induit par l’application d’un flux a été compromis dans la SIA. . Enfin, il a été démontré que le flux de fluide avait un effet inhibiteur sur leur migration. Nos données suggèrent une mécanotransduction altérée dans les ostéoblastes SIA affectant les cils, les voies moléculaires de signalisation, le cytosquelette et le comportement de la cellule en réponse à l'écoulement appliqué. La réponse cellulaire à ces stimulations joue un rôle dans la structure, la force, la forme et le fonctionnement du système squelettique. Etudier le profil de réponse altérée des cellules osseuses scoliotiques peut mener à la conception des approches thérapeutiques plus efficaces / Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional spinal curvature that affects up to 4% of children. As a complex disorder, the cause of AIS is still poorly understood. However, multiple categories of biological factors have been found to be associated with its etiology. The role of biomechanics has been acknowledged by clinicians both in the description of deformity and in relation to bracing treatments. Bone responses to routinely applied forces are an important part in a tightly regulated network that is necessary for the optimal function of the skeletal system. However, little is known about the mechanotransduction of musculoskeletal tissues in AIS. The main goal of this dissertation was to investigate the contribution of mechanotransduction in the etiology of AIS from a cellular-molecular aspect. We studied primary osteoblasts obtained intraoperatively from AIS patients and compared them to samples from trauma cases as controls. Fluid flow application was used for mechanical induction. Immunofluorescence staining, and confocal microscopy was used to assess cilia, actin and cellular tests. Molecular changes were followed using RT-PCR or ELISA. We also performed whole exome sequencing (WES) to test the hypothesis that rare variants accumulation in genes involved in cellular mechanotransduction could contribute to AIS etiology. We found an abnormal cilia elongation among AIS osteoblasts, which grew significantly longer than controls. AIS cells after fluid flow application failed to adjust their cilia length in proportion to the applied force. Under both short- and long-term flow applications, their cilia length adjustment was significantly different from controls. Notably, the elevation in the expression of osteogenic factors, that was normally observed with control osteoblasts, was significantly reduced in AIS osteoblasts, suggesting a decrease in their mechanosensitivity. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis following the applied forces revealed an altered expression of genes involved in the Wnt canonical pathway. Strain induced increase in secreted VEGF-A in control osteoblasts was not detected in AIS flow-conditioned media. At the genomic level, our SKAT-O analysis of the WES data also supported the involvement of heterogenous defects in genes pertaining to the cellular mechanotransduction machinery. We tested the consequence of these mechanotransduction abnormalities in a series of functional cellular studies. As expected and unlike controls, AIS osteoblasts failed to position or elongate themselves in proportion to the bidirectional applied flow. The strain-induced rearrangement of actin filaments was compromised in AIS osteoblasts. Finally, fluid flow showed to have an inhibitory effect on their migration contrasting with control cells that migrated significantly faster under flow. In summary, our data strongly suggest an impaired mechanotransduction in AIS osteoblasts that affect cilia, downstream signaling molecular pathways, cytoskeleton and finally the behaviour of the whole cell in response to flow. Fluid flow is one of the main mechanical forces applied physiologically to the bone cells. Cellular responses to these stimulations play a critical role in the structure, strength, shape and optimal performance of the skeletal system. Mapping the impaired profile response of scoliotic bone cells can help in designing more efficient therapeutic approaches or explaining the mechanisms behind less than optimal bracing outcomes.

Retinale Venenverschlüsse kann man in Astvenenverschlüsse und Zentralvenenverschlüsse unterteilen. Beide Erkrankungen werden primär mit intravitrealen Injektionen behandelt, wie den Anti-VEGF-Antikörpern oder dexametasonhaltigen Implantaten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Evaluation der Therapiewirksamkeit von Anti-VEGF- Injektionen bei Patienten mit geringem Visus von ≤ 0,2 bei Behandlungsbeginn anhand von OCT und Visus von 150 Patienten im Behandlungsverlauf von bis zu zwölf Monaten. Die Gruppe der Patienten mit Baseline-Visus >0,2 stellt dabei die Vergleichsgruppe dar. In der Patientengruppe A mit Visus ≤ 0,2 bei ZVV stellte sich ein Visusanstieg von 0,10 auf 0,20 ± 0,18 nach zwölf Monaten ein. Im Patientenkollektiv B mit Visus >0,2 und ZVV stellte sich eine Visusbesserung von 0,43 auf 0,61 ± 0,27 ein. In der Patientengruppe A mit Visus ≤ 0,2 bei VAV stellte sich ein Visusanstieg von 0,11 auf 0,27 ± 0,07 nach zwölf Monaten ein. Im Patientenkollektiv mit Visus > 0,2 und VAV stellte sich eine Visusbesserung von 0,52 auf 0,68 ± 0,18 ein. Damit ist bei allen Gruppen eine signifikante Visusverbesserung nachweisbar, wobei es ersichtlich ist, dass der bessere initiale Visus auch einen besseren Endvisus determiniert. Bei der Patientengruppe mit Anfangsvisus ≤ 0,2 konnte signifikant eine größere absolute Netzhautdickenabnahme bei stets höherer Netzhautdicke als in der Referenzgruppe nachgewiesen werden.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Netzhautanatomie.....................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Blutversorgung der Netzhaut...............................................................................2 1.1.2 Venenverschlüsse der Retina..............................................................................3 1.2 Makulaödem..............................................................................................................7 1.3 Der molekulare Signalweg beim Makulaödem......................................................8 1.4 Diagnostik................................................................................................................10 1.4.1 Symptome.........................................................................................................10 1.4.2 Sehschärfenprüfung..........................................................................................10 1.4.3 .Ophthalmoskopie..............................................................................................11 1.4.4 Bildgebende Diagnostik.....................................................................................12 1.4.4.1 Fluoreszeinangiographie............................................................................12 1.4.4.2 Optische Kohärenz-Tomografie.................................................................13 1.5 Therapie der Venenverschlüsse............................................................................15 1.5.1 Intravitreale Injektionen.....................................................................................15 1.5.1.1 VEGF-Antikörper........................................................................................16 Bevacizumab.....................................................................................................17 Ranibizumab......................................................................................................17 Aflibercept..........................................................................................................17 1.5.1.2 Therapieschemata von intravitrealen Anti-VEGF-Injektionen....................18 1.5.1.3 Kortikosteroide...........................................................................................19 1.5.2 Laserkoagulation...............................................................................................20 Fokale Laserkoagulation....................................................................................20 Periphere Laserkoagulation...............................................................................21 1.6 Prognose.................................................................................................................21 2 Arbeitshypothese und Fragestellung..........................................................................23 3 Materialien und Methoden.............................................................................................24 3.1 Behandlungsablauf................................................................................................24 3.2 Patientenkollektiv und Statistik............................................................................26 4 Ergebnisse......................................................................................................................27 4.1 Patientenkollektiv...................................................................................................27 Demografie des Patientenkollektivs...................................................................30 4.2 Art der Behandlung................................................................................................35 4.3 Laserkoagulation....................................................................................................40 4.4 Patientengruppe Lucentis und ZVV......................................................................41 4.5 Patientengruppe Lucentis und VAV......................................................................49 5 Diskussion......................................................................................................................54 6 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit......................................................................................59

No description available.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species generated by several metabolic pathways in mammalian cells. Endothelial cells are extremely susceptible to oxidative stress. H2O2 has been reported to increase the permeability in these cells. Using rat heart endothelial cell culture as a model system, we examined the effect of H2O2 on the gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent mitogen of endothelial cells and a vascular permeability factor. By Northern blot analysis we found that VEGF mRNA responded to H2O2 in a dose-and time- dependent manner. The induction was superinduced by cycloheximide and blocked by actinomycin D. N-Acetylcysteine, a synthetic antioxidant, was able to suppress the induction. H7, a protein kinase C inhibitor, could also block the induction. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed an enhanced binding of transcription factors, AP-1 and NF-κB. Immunoblot analysis showed that the amount of secreted VEGF was elevated in the medium 4 h after H2O2 stimulation. Our results demonstrate that VEGF gene expression is upregulated by H2O2 in these endothelial cells.

No description available.

No description available.