Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-01T21:26:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IsaqueRenovatoDeAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 831101 bytes, checksum: 9e8fc92c0ea997de47c3bf464cb71271 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-07T23:24:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IsaqueRenovatoDeAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 831101 bytes, checksum: 9e8fc92c0ea997de47c3bf464cb71271 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T23:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsaqueRenovatoDeAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 831101 bytes, checksum: 9e8fc92c0ea997de47c3bf464cb71271 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho buscou compreender e analisar de que maneira uma empresa enquadrada como agente no mercado livre de energia possui sua estrat?gia percebida por seu gestor, sendo utilizado para tal estudo as cinco for?as competitivas, relacionando-as com as estrat?gias gen?ricas para, dessa forma, compreender como o mercado ? caracterizado, juntamente com a percep??o do gestor acerca dele e as for?as de Porter no mercado de energia e?lica. Para tanto, utilizou-se de question?rio Likert listando quest?es com as cinco for?as, sendo tamb?m feitos coment?rios junto as quest?es visando preencher lacunas que pudessem vir a aparecer observadas pelo question?rio. Como resultado p?de-se compreender nuances do mercado quanto a sua dimens?o e especificidades, tanto de maneira mais abrangente como com enfoque no mercado livre de energia, quanto ao gestor foi poss?vel compreender a posi??o de sua empresa no mercado e tamb?m sua forma de atua??o no mesmo, sendo ainda poss?vel fazer an?lise a partir das cinco for?as na forma como os demais players no mercado atuam quanto e suas estrat?gias gen?ricas. A pesquisa serviu n?o somente para elucidar a forma que o mercado crescente de renov?veis est? sendo trabalhada, mas tamb?m foi satisfat?ria quanto a seu questionamento principal que visava entender como ela atuava na busca por vantagem competitiva e como ? a rela??o com as cinco for?as / The present work sought to identify and analyze how a company classified as an agent in the free energy market has its strategy perceived by its manager, being used for such study the five forces of Porter, relating them with the generic strategies, in this way Understand how the market is characterized along with the manager's perception about it and Porter's strengths in the wind power market. To do this, a Likert questionnaire has been used, listing questions with the 5 forces, and comments were also made in the questions to fill in gaps that might appear to be observed by the questionnaire.As a result, it was possible to understand market nuances as to its size and specificities, both more comprehensively and with a focus on the free energy market, as the manager was able to understand the position of his company in the market and also his way of acting in the market. Even though it is still possible to analyze the five forces in the way other players in the market act as their generic strategies. The research served not only to elucidate the way in which the growing renewable market is being worked on, but was also satisfactory in its main question that aimed to understand how it worked in the search for competitive advantage and how is the relationship with the five forces

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-01T22:40:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WinstonDeAraujoTeixeira_DISSERT.pdf: 1204463 bytes, checksum: ce6f9db56353b5a238b14f5f7b448a3a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-14T00:33:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 WinstonDeAraujoTeixeira_DISSERT.pdf: 1204463 bytes, checksum: ce6f9db56353b5a238b14f5f7b448a3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T00:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WinstonDeAraujoTeixeira_DISSERT.pdf: 1204463 bytes, checksum: ce6f9db56353b5a238b14f5f7b448a3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / A presente disserta??o trata da dura??o razo?vel do processo, especificamente, na justi?a do trabalho. Nesse contexto, abordam-se as quest?es constitucionais referentes ? problematiza??o da dura??o razo?vel do processo, enquanto direito fundamental, bem como sua aplicabilidade na justi?a trabalhista. O estudo do tema escolhido ? importante porque traz a discuss?o acerca da ?demora? na presta??o jurisdicional, notadamente, ?quela que assegura os direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores, proporcionando a an?lise das causas e consequ?ncias do tempo do processo. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma abordagem constitucional da dura??o razo?vel do processo na justi?a do trabalho, considerando o tempo razo?vel do processo no ordenamento jur?dico brasileiro como um direito fundamental. Levantando a problem?tica dos efeitos do tempo na atividade jurisdicional e o crescente fen?meno da sumariza??o da cogni??o processual, em que o processo de amplo conhecimento come?a a ser visto como uma via residual para solu??o de conflitos. Empregando a t?cnica da documenta??o indireta, atrav?s de pesquisa bibliogr?fica, analisa-se a concep??o de tempo razo?vel do processo adequada ao processo p?trio; a rela??o entre efic?cia, efetividade, seguran?a jur?dica e o tempo razo?vel da presta??o jurisdicional; a positiva??o formal da dura??o razo?vel do processo na Constitui??o Federal de 1988, no direito internacional e em alguns pa?ses latinoamericanos; e a aplicabilidade imediata desse direito fundamental. Desenvolve-se o tema com base no vi?s constitucional de interpreta??o de direitos fundamentais e na principiologia constitucional, abordagem que ter? sempre presente a preocupa??o de pautar-se numa metodologia que contemple os campos normativo, emp?rico-dogm?tico e de concretiza??o do direito fundamental ao tempo razo?vel do processo. Adota-se como corte metodol?gico o estudo dessa problem?tica no ?mbito judicial, mais especificamente, no campo do processo trabalhista. S?o indicadas a crise do Judici?rio e a demora processual como problemas relacionados diretamente aos limites e possibilidades de concretiza??o do direito fundamental em estudo. Por fim, numa vis?o anal?tica e cr?tica, apresenta-se as conclus?es, as quais demonstram as alternativas e/ou mecanismos que podem ser utilizados na supera??o dos limites impostos ? concretiza??o imediata do direito fundamental ao tempo razo?vel do processo na justi?a do trabalho. / The present dissertation deals with the reasonable length of the process, specifically, in labor justice. In this context, we address the constitutional issues regarding the problematization of the reasonable duration of the process, as a fundamental right, as well as its applicability in labor justice. The study of the chosen topic is important because it brings the discussion about the "delay" in the jurisdictional provision, notably to the one that assures the fundamental rights of the workers, providing the analysis of the causes and consequences of the time of the process. The present work aims to develop a constitutional approach to the reasonable length of the process in labor justice, considering the reasonable time of the process in the Brazilian legal system as a fundamental right. The problem of the effects of time on the jurisdictional activity and the growing phenomenon of the summarization of procedural cognition, where the process of extensive knowledge begins to be seen as a residual way to solve conflicts. Using the technique of indirect documentation, through a bibliographical research, the design of reasonable time of the process appropriate to the process of the country is analyzed; the relationship between efficacy, effectiveness, legal certainty and the reasonable time of judicial service; the formal validation of the reasonable duration of the process in the Federal Constitution of 1988, in international law and in some Latin American countries; and the immediate applicability of this fundamental right. The theme is developed based on the constitutional bias of fundamental rights interpretation and constitutional principles, an approach that will always have the concern of being guided by a methodology that contemplates normative, empirical-dogmatic and fundamental right to time process. The study of this problematic in the judicial scope, more specifically, in the field of the labor process, is adopted as methodological section. The crisis of the Judiciary and procedural delays are indicated as problems directly related to the limits and possibilities of realization of the fundamental right under study. Finally, in an analytical and critical view, the conclusions are presented, which demonstrate the alternatives and / or mechanisms that can be used in overcoming the limits imposed to the immediate realization of the fundamental right to the reasonable time of the process in the labor courts.

Submitted by Programa de P?s-Gradua??o Engenharia El?trica (ppgee@ifpb.edu.br) on 2018-04-17T14:25:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 26- Ant?nio Ventura Gon?alves de Oliveira - ENSAIO ELETROMAGN?TICO PARA DETEC??O DE FASE SIGMA EM A?OS INOXID?VEIS DUPLEX.pdf: 4925441 bytes, checksum: f1ba4b7e79a04e961d5bdd5fb9b93ac3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Programa de P?s-Gradua??o Engenharia El?trica (ppgee@ifpb.edu.br) on 2018-04-17T14:26:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 26- Ant?nio Ventura Gon?alves de Oliveira - ENSAIO ELETROMAGN?TICO PARA DETEC??O DE FASE SIGMA EM A?OS INOXID?VEIS DUPLEX.pdf: 4925441 bytes, checksum: f1ba4b7e79a04e961d5bdd5fb9b93ac3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T14:26:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 26- Ant?nio Ventura Gon?alves de Oliveira - ENSAIO ELETROMAGN?TICO PARA DETEC??O DE FASE SIGMA EM A?OS INOXID?VEIS DUPLEX.pdf: 4925441 bytes, checksum: f1ba4b7e79a04e961d5bdd5fb9b93ac3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / Os A?os Inoxid?veis Duplex s?o usados largamente na ind?stria devido ?s suas propriedades de resist?ncia mec?nica e ? corros?o. Contudo quando submetidos a tratamentos t?rmicos superiores a 600?C, estes apresentam fases fragilizantes, que podem colocar em risco suas estruturas alterando suas propriedades. Entre essas fases destaca-se a fase ? por comprometer a capacidade de absorver energia por impacto. Essas mudan?as em suas propriedades, s?o devido ? fase ? ser rica em Cromo e possuir dureza em torno de 1000 HV, e uma quantidade de 4% j? ser suficiente para fragilizar o material. A presen?a da fase ? pode ser detectada por in?meras t?cnicas de ensaios, como: ensaios por correntes parasitas, ru?do magn?tico de Barkhausen e ultrassom. Neste trabalho buscou-se desenvolver uma t?cnica de ensaio n?o destrutivo baseada na intera??o entre densidade de fluxo magn?tico e microestrutura capaz de acompanhar a forma??o da fase ?. Amostras com diferentes quantidades de fase ? foram obtidas atrav?s do envelhecimento nas temperaturas de 700?C, 750?C, 800?C, 850?C, 900?C, 950?C e 1000?C. As amostras tratadas foram caracterizadas por microscopia ?tica, ensaios de dureza, difra??o de Raios X e testes de impacto. O percentual volum?trico de fase ? foi determinado pelo m?todo da grade atrav?s das imagens obtidas por microscopia ?tica, comprovando que este volume aumenta com o tempo de envelhecimento. As medidas de densidade de fluxo magn?tico foram determinadas a partir de valores de tens?o obtidas por um sensor de efeito Hall. Os resultados confirmam que maiores quantidades de fase ?, implicam em redu??es da permeabilidade magn?tica e da densidade de fluxo magn?tico resultante da intera??o. A t?cnica mostrou ser capaz de acompanhar a forma??o da fase ? bem como a fragiliza??o do material.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-21T19:08:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Carolina Pinto de Carvalho Martins.pdf: 2719813 bytes, checksum: 08db0a2e7e431eef3eda17f0326785fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Carolina Pinto de Carvalho Martins.pdf: 2719813 bytes, checksum: 08db0a2e7e431eef3eda17f0326785fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / The rich chemical composition and the high moisture content make the watermelon has a limited useful life. The production of a concentrate can avoid fruit wastage, available it in the off season and concentrate important bioactives, such as lycopene and citrulline that can be used in the production of foods with high nutritional and functional value. The whey becomes a potent environmental pollutant when improperly scorned. In addition, the discard means loss of great technological and functional potential, especially of the benefits attributed to proteins. The popsicles are widely appreciated throughout the world. When incorporated the whey and the watermelon in the formulation of these dairy desserts we are adding the flavor and color from the fruit, besides other technological and biological functionalities of these ingredients. This study aimed was to develop popsicles using the whey and concentrated watermelon juice under vacuum at different temperatures (45?C, 55?C and 65?C, coded A, B and C, respectively). Physicochemical analyzes were carried out, including phenolic compounds, lycopene, citrulline, antioxidant capacity, volative compounds, color and melting parameters, sensory analysis of acceptance and preference and the free listing for consumer study. The vacuum concentration was considered an effective alternative for concentration of bioactive compounds, all temperatures used promoted good results and were promising for the production of watermelon juice concentrates. Only lycopene was negatively affected by the strong negative correlation with the concentration temperature, being its best retention at 45 ?C. The developed popsicles also obtained good physico-chemical and functional composition, with emphasis on the whey protein content and preservation of the contents of phenolic compounds, lycopene and citrulline even after the pasteurisation and freezing stages. The sensory analysis indicated preference for in natura popsicle, differing from A popsicle only by the lower acceptance of the aroma attribute. This difference was justified by the lower quality of the volatile profile of the A popsicle, in which the 3,6-nonadienol alcohol, responsible for the sweet peeled watermelon aroma, was absent only in this popsicle. No significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between A, B and C popsicles regarding preference and sensorial acceptance for all attributes. The free listing revealed that the descriptors characteristic flavor of watermelon, sweet taste and soft texture were the most frequently cited, being the most relevant for the popsicles developed from the watermelon juice and the whey. As for the color parameters, the in natura popsicle was identified as the reddest. According to the melting analysis, the A popsicle was considered the most resistant to initial melting, an important characteristic for these products. We concluded that all the concentrates were considered suitable for the reconstitution and development of the popsicle, since they were able to offer good physicochemical and functional composition and to preserve the sensorial characteristics of the watermelon. / A rica composi??o qu?mica e o elevado teor de umidade fazem com que a melancia tenha vida ?til limitada. A produ??o de um concentrado pode evitar o desperd?cio da fruta, disponibiliz?-la na entressafra e concentrar bioativos importantes, como o licopeno e a citrulina, podendo ser utilizado na produ??o de alimentos com elevado valor nutricional e funcional. O soro de leite torna-se um potente poluente ambiental quando desprezado inadequadamente. Al?m disso, o descarte significa perda de grande potencial tecnol?gico e funcional, principalmente dos benef?cios atribu?dos ?s prote?nas. Os gelados comest?veis s?o amplamente apreciados em todo mundo. Quando incorporamos o soro de leite e a melancia na formula??o dessas sobremesas l?cteas estamos conferindo o sabor e a cor da fruta, al?m de outras funcionalidades tecnol?gicas e biol?gicas destes ingredientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um gelado comest?vel do tipo picol? utilizando soro de leite e suco de melancia concentrado a v?cuo em diferentes temperaturas (45?C, 55?C e 65?C, codificados A, B e C, respectivamente). Foram realizadas an?lises f?sico-qu?micas, incluindo compostos fen?licos, licopeno, citrulina, capacidade antioxidante, compostos vol?teis, par?metros de cor e derretimento, al?m da an?lise sensorial de aceita??o e de prefer?ncia, e a listagem livre (free listing) para o estudo do consumidor. A concentra??o a v?cuo foi considerada um alternativa eficaz para concentra??o de compostos bioativos, todas as temperaturas utilizadas promoveram bons resultados e mostraram-se promissoras para a produ??o de concentrados de suco de melancia. Apenas o licopeno foi prejudicado pela forte correla??o negativa com a temperatura de concentra??o, sendo sua melhor reten??o a 45 ?C. Os picol?s desenvolvidos tamb?m obtiveram boa composi??o f?sico-qu?mica e funcional, com destaque para o teor de prote?nas do soro de leite e preserva??o dos teores de compostos fen?licos, licopeno e citrulina mesmo ap?s as etapas de pasteuriza??o e congelamento. A an?lise sensorial indicou prefer?ncia pelo picol? in natura, diferindo do picol? A apenas pela aceita??o inferior do atributo aroma. Essa diferen?a foi justificada pela menor qualidade do perfil de vol?teis do picol? A, em que o ?lcool 3,6-nonadienol, respons?vel pelo aroma de melancia descascada doce, estava ausente apenas neste picol?. N?o houve diferen?a significativa (p<0,05) entre os picol?s A, B e C quanto ? prefer?ncia e aceita??o sensorial para todos os atributos. A listagem livre revelou que os descritores sabor caracter?stico de melancia, gosto doce e textura macia foram os mais frequentemente citados, sendo os mais relevantes para os picol?s desenvolvidos ? base de suco de melancia e soro de leite. Quanto aos par?metros de cor, o picol? in natura foi identificado como o mais vermelho. De acordo com a an?lise de derretimento, o picol? A foi considerado o mais resistente ? fus?o inicial, caracter?stica importante para gelados comest?veis. Com isso, todos os concentrados foram considerados aptos para a reconstitui??o e desenvolvimento do picol?, pois foram capazes de oferecer boa composi??o f?sico-qu?mica e funcional e preservar as caracter?sticas sensoriais da melancia.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-27T17:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 main_old.pdf: 8825994 bytes, checksum: 363343ed7cc0b9cad81c747d8ce8c193 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-10T12:31:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 main_old.pdf: 8825994 bytes, checksum: 363343ed7cc0b9cad81c747d8ce8c193 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T12:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 main_old.pdf: 8825994 bytes, checksum: 363343ed7cc0b9cad81c747d8ce8c193 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present work uses a numerical computational methodology and the concept of gravity current to determine the effect of the variable properties on a sediment flow. Through two different numerical approaches, it compares the advantages of using an ILES or DNS in order to reduce computational time and still keep physics of the problem. Four different cases are compared, with and without variable properties, totaling eight simulations. To verify the code a case (CASE 0) was simulated based on the article of cite espath13 by varying the coefficient of dynamic viscosity and the fall velocity using a DNS methodology. For CASE I, the effect of the ILES methodology was verified with the same parameters of CASE 0. Finally, to increase the concentration and the Reynolds number, CASES II and III use sediment parameters such as coal and pume in Boussinesq approach. It was observed that the effect of the variable fall velocity helps to reduce the velocity of the front and maintains more material in suspension for longer time periods, being this effect observed in experimental cases, which demonstrates the even greater approximation of numerical simulations with cases real. / Com o objetivo de determinar qual o efeito do da varia??o do coeficiente de viscosidade din?mica e da velocidade de queda num escoamento com sedimentos, o presente trabalho faz uso de uma metodologia num?rica computacional e do conceito de corrente de gravidade. Por meio de duas abordagens num?ricas distintas, compara as vantagens de utilizar uma abordagem do tipo ILES com DNS, afim de reduzir o tempo computacional e ainda manter grande parte do efeito da f?sica no problema. S?o comparados quatro casos distintos, com e sem propriedades vari?veis, totalizando oito simula??es. Para verificar o c?digo, foi simulado um caso (CASO 0) baseado no artigo de Espath et al. (2013) variando o coeficiente de viscosidade din?mica e a velocidade de queda utilizando uma metodologia DNS. Para o CASO I, foi verificado o efeito da metodologia ILES, com os mesmos par?metros do CASO 0. Por fim, para aumentar a concentra??o e, por consequ?ncia, o n?mero de Reynolds, os CASOS II e III utilizaram par?metros de sedimentos como carv?o e pume na aproxima??o de Boussinesq. Foi observado que o efeito da velocidade de queda vari?vel auxilia na redu??o da velocidade da posi??o da frente e mant?m mais material em suspens?o por mais tempo, sendo tal efeito observado em casos experimentais, o que demonstra a aproxima??o ainda maior das simula??es num?ricas com casos reais.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsaelCJ_DISSERT.pdf: 3710521 bytes, checksum: ffcd6197d140a1f366f43dd76204f72c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / With the technology progess, embedded systems using adaptive techniques are being used frequently. One of these techniques is the Variable Structure Model- Reference Adaptive Control (VS-MRAC). The implementation of this technique in embedded systems, requires consideration of a sampling period which if not taken into consideration, can adversely affect system performance and even takes the system to instability. This work proposes a stability analysis of a discrete-time VS-MRAC accomplished for SISO linear time-invariant plants with relative degree one. The aim is to analyse the in uence of the sampling period in the system performance and the relation of this period with the chattering and system instability / Com o avanco da tecnologia, sistemas embarcados utilizando t?cnicas adaptativas est?o sendo utilizados com mais frequencia. Uma dessas t?cnicas ? o Controlador adaptativo por Modelo de Referencia e Estrutura Variavel (VS-MRAC). A implementa??o dessa t?cnica em sistemas embarcados, requer a considera??o de um per?odo de amostragem que se n?o for levado em considera??o, pode afetar de maneira negativa a performance do sistema e at? mesmo lev?-lo a instabilizacao. Este trabalho prop?e uma an?lise de estabilidade do VS-MRAC para o caso discreto para uma planta SISO linear, invariante no tempo, de grau relativo unit?rio. O objetivo ? analisar a influ?ncia do per?odo de amostragem no desempenho do sistema, e a rela??o desse per?odo com o fen?meno de "chattering" e instabiliza??o do sistema

Caffeine is frequently used in cosmetics due to its well-characterised skin permeation properties and is widely incorporated in cosmetic-related products intended for skin (Samah & Heard, 2013:631). Despite its polar characteristics (Dias et al., 1999:41), caffeine is an important biologically and cosmetically active compound (Herman & Herman, 2012:13). This active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) has a broad range of advantages in the world of cosmetics, including the improvement of microcirculation in the capillaries (Lupi et al., 2007:107), showing anti-cellulite activity in the fatty tissue (Velasco et al., 2008:24), anti-oxidation activity in sunscreens & anti-ageing products (Koo et al., 2007:964) and the stimulation of hair growth (Fisher et al., 2007:27). Caffeine has also shown significant decreases in UV-induced skin tumour multiplicity (Lu et al., 2001:5003, 5008) and has been proven to prevent photo-damaged skin, which includes the formation of wrinkles and histological alterations (Mitani et al., 2007:86). It is therefore clear that the challenge for the dermal delivery of the hydrophilic caffeine is for it to be retained in the specific skin layers (dermal delivery) where it can exert its action, rather than to permeate through the skin and into the hydrophilic systemic circulation (transdermal delivery) (Wiechers et al., 2008:10). In this study the calculated skin delivery gap (SDG) values, and the transdermal and dermal delivery of caffeine from three different semi-solid topical formulations were compared. The SDG theory was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of dermal delivery of API from topical formulations and is known as the ratio between the concentration required to achieve minimum effect relative to the concentration obtained at the target site (JW Solutions, 2011). During this study the principle of the SDG was investigated by using the formulating strategy, Formulating for Efficacy (FFE™), which aims to optimise skin delivery of APIs from different formulations. The SDG was therefore implemented and in vitro transdermal studies were utilised to ultimately prove or disprove the hypothesis of SDG on the prediction of the topical delivery of caffeine. The human skin consists of two distinctive layers namely the epidermis (including the stratum corneum (SC) and viable dermis) and the dermis (Menon, 2002:S3). The main barrier to dermal and transdermal permeation is the outermost layer of the skin, the SC (Fang et al., 2007:343). The difference between the target site for dermal and transdermal delivery of APIs is crucial to be mentioned. Dermal delivery includes the delivery of an API to the skin surface, SC, viable epidermis or dermis, whereas transdermal delivery requires the API to permeate all the way through the various skin layers and into the systemic circulation (Wiechers, 2000:42). Since this study involves the optimisation of the topical delivery of caffeine, the physicochemical properties of this API as well as those of the skin should be considered. As mentioned before, caffeine is a rather polar molecule (Dias et al., 1999:41), whereas the SC (lipophilic) provides the rate-limiting barrier to the percutaneous absorption of polar (hydrophilic) molecules, such as caffeine (Barry, 1983:105). Caffeine was incorporated into three different formulations: a gel and two creams (differing only in the ratio of the primary and secondary emollient). The three topical formulations each had different polarities, where the Gel represented the hydrophilic formulation (more polar than the skin), whereas the first cream, Cream 1 (containing 5% DMI and 9% glycerine), served as the intermediate formulation (similar polarity as the SC), and the second cream, Cream 2 (10% DMI and 4% glycerine), was the formulation less polar (therefore more lipophilic) than the SC. Franz cell type transdermal diffusion studies were performed on the three semi-solid formulations (Gel, Cream 1 and Cream 2). The diffusion studies were conducted over a period of 12 h, followed by the tape stripping of the skin directly after each diffusion study. Caucasian female abdominal skin was obtained with consent from willing donors. Ethical approval for the acquisition and use of the donated skin was granted under reference number NWU-00114-11-A5. The formulations each contained 1% of caffeine as API. The skin used for the diffusion studies was prepared with the use of a Zimmer Dermatome®. The receptor phase of each Franz cell was withdrawn at predetermined time intervals and subsequently analysed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to determine the concentration of caffeine that permeated through the skin. Stratum corneum-epidermis (SCE) and epidermis-dermis (ED) samples were prepared and left overnight at a temperature of 4 °C, and they were analysed the following day with the use of HPLC in order to determine the concentration of caffeine that had accumulated in the particular skin layers. The SDG value for each caffeine formulation was calculated and it was compared to the flux and tape stripping results obtained from the diffusion studies. To ultimately prove or disprove the SDG theory, the skin diffusion studies and tape stripping results were used to determine whether any difference occurred in the absorption or penetration of the API from the different formulations into the skin. The formulation with the intermediate polarity (Cream 1) produced the highest transdermal flux of caffeine due to the hydrophilic and lipophilic nature of caffeine and the formulation, respectively. Cream 1 is sufficiently lipophilic to transport caffeine into the SC and at the same time sufficiently hydrophilic (more polar than Cream 2) to cause a greater driving force of caffeine through to the more hydrophilic epidermis, dermis and systemic circulation. The results from the tape stripping yielded that Cream 2 (the more lipophilic formulation) produced the highest concentration of caffeine into the SCE due to the hydrophilic and lipophilic nature of caffeine and the formulation, respectively. The difference in polarity between the formulation and the API in Cream 2 was the greatest compared to the other formulations, which significantly increased the driving force of caffeine to partition into the SC (Wiechers et al., 2004:177). The hydrophilic gel showed the highest concentration of caffeine in the ED layer of the skin due to the hydrophilic compounds formulated in the Gel, which showed greater ability to partition into the aqueous dermis and viable epidermis (Imai et al., 2013:372). Cream 2 had the lowest calculated SDG value compared to that of the Gel and Cream 1. The smaller the delivery gap, the greater the delivery of the API should be into the skin (Wiechers, 2010). Considering this, it was expected that Cream 2 would deliver greater amounts of caffeine into the skin than the more hydrophilic formulations. Cream 2, which showed the lowest calculated SDG value delivered the highest amount of caffeine into the SCE during the diffusion studies. The calculated SDG values therefore are consistent with the concentration of caffeine in the SCE (the lowest SDG value produced the highest concentration of API in the SCE). However, no correlations were found between the calculated SDG values and ED delivery or the flux of caffeine. The final conclusion for this study is that the SDG theory proved to be effective and trustworthy regarding the delivery of caffeine into the SC. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Caffeine is frequently used in cosmetics due to its well-characterised skin permeation properties and is widely incorporated in cosmetic-related products intended for skin (Samah & Heard, 2013:631). Despite its polar characteristics (Dias et al., 1999:41), caffeine is an important biologically and cosmetically active compound (Herman & Herman, 2012:13). This active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) has a broad range of advantages in the world of cosmetics, including the improvement of microcirculation in the capillaries (Lupi et al., 2007:107), showing anti-cellulite activity in the fatty tissue (Velasco et al., 2008:24), anti-oxidation activity in sunscreens & anti-ageing products (Koo et al., 2007:964) and the stimulation of hair growth (Fisher et al., 2007:27). Caffeine has also shown significant decreases in UV-induced skin tumour multiplicity (Lu et al., 2001:5003, 5008) and has been proven to prevent photo-damaged skin, which includes the formation of wrinkles and histological alterations (Mitani et al., 2007:86). It is therefore clear that the challenge for the dermal delivery of the hydrophilic caffeine is for it to be retained in the specific skin layers (dermal delivery) where it can exert its action, rather than to permeate through the skin and into the hydrophilic systemic circulation (transdermal delivery) (Wiechers et al., 2008:10). In this study the calculated skin delivery gap (SDG) values, and the transdermal and dermal delivery of caffeine from three different semi-solid topical formulations were compared. The SDG theory was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of dermal delivery of API from topical formulations and is known as the ratio between the concentration required to achieve minimum effect relative to the concentration obtained at the target site (JW Solutions, 2011). During this study the principle of the SDG was investigated by using the formulating strategy, Formulating for Efficacy (FFE™), which aims to optimise skin delivery of APIs from different formulations. The SDG was therefore implemented and in vitro transdermal studies were utilised to ultimately prove or disprove the hypothesis of SDG on the prediction of the topical delivery of caffeine. The human skin consists of two distinctive layers namely the epidermis (including the stratum corneum (SC) and viable dermis) and the dermis (Menon, 2002:S3). The main barrier to dermal and transdermal permeation is the outermost layer of the skin, the SC (Fang et al., 2007:343). The difference between the target site for dermal and transdermal delivery of APIs is crucial to be mentioned. Dermal delivery includes the delivery of an API to the skin surface, SC, viable epidermis or dermis, whereas transdermal delivery requires the API to permeate all the way through the various skin layers and into the systemic circulation (Wiechers, 2000:42). Since this study involves the optimisation of the topical delivery of caffeine, the physicochemical properties of this API as well as those of the skin should be considered. As mentioned before, caffeine is a rather polar molecule (Dias et al., 1999:41), whereas the SC (lipophilic) provides the rate-limiting barrier to the percutaneous absorption of polar (hydrophilic) molecules, such as caffeine (Barry, 1983:105). Caffeine was incorporated into three different formulations: a gel and two creams (differing only in the ratio of the primary and secondary emollient). The three topical formulations each had different polarities, where the Gel represented the hydrophilic formulation (more polar than the skin), whereas the first cream, Cream 1 (containing 5% DMI and 9% glycerine), served as the intermediate formulation (similar polarity as the SC), and the second cream, Cream 2 (10% DMI and 4% glycerine), was the formulation less polar (therefore more lipophilic) than the SC. Franz cell type transdermal diffusion studies were performed on the three semi-solid formulations (Gel, Cream 1 and Cream 2). The diffusion studies were conducted over a period of 12 h, followed by the tape stripping of the skin directly after each diffusion study. Caucasian female abdominal skin was obtained with consent from willing donors. Ethical approval for the acquisition and use of the donated skin was granted under reference number NWU-00114-11-A5. The formulations each contained 1% of caffeine as API. The skin used for the diffusion studies was prepared with the use of a Zimmer Dermatome®. The receptor phase of each Franz cell was withdrawn at predetermined time intervals and subsequently analysed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to determine the concentration of caffeine that permeated through the skin. Stratum corneum-epidermis (SCE) and epidermis-dermis (ED) samples were prepared and left overnight at a temperature of 4 °C, and they were analysed the following day with the use of HPLC in order to determine the concentration of caffeine that had accumulated in the particular skin layers. The SDG value for each caffeine formulation was calculated and it was compared to the flux and tape stripping results obtained from the diffusion studies. To ultimately prove or disprove the SDG theory, the skin diffusion studies and tape stripping results were used to determine whether any difference occurred in the absorption or penetration of the API from the different formulations into the skin. The formulation with the intermediate polarity (Cream 1) produced the highest transdermal flux of caffeine due to the hydrophilic and lipophilic nature of caffeine and the formulation, respectively. Cream 1 is sufficiently lipophilic to transport caffeine into the SC and at the same time sufficiently hydrophilic (more polar than Cream 2) to cause a greater driving force of caffeine through to the more hydrophilic epidermis, dermis and systemic circulation. The results from the tape stripping yielded that Cream 2 (the more lipophilic formulation) produced the highest concentration of caffeine into the SCE due to the hydrophilic and lipophilic nature of caffeine and the formulation, respectively. The difference in polarity between the formulation and the API in Cream 2 was the greatest compared to the other formulations, which significantly increased the driving force of caffeine to partition into the SC (Wiechers et al., 2004:177). The hydrophilic gel showed the highest concentration of caffeine in the ED layer of the skin due to the hydrophilic compounds formulated in the Gel, which showed greater ability to partition into the aqueous dermis and viable epidermis (Imai et al., 2013:372). Cream 2 had the lowest calculated SDG value compared to that of the Gel and Cream 1. The smaller the delivery gap, the greater the delivery of the API should be into the skin (Wiechers, 2010). Considering this, it was expected that Cream 2 would deliver greater amounts of caffeine into the skin than the more hydrophilic formulations. Cream 2, which showed the lowest calculated SDG value delivered the highest amount of caffeine into the SCE during the diffusion studies. The calculated SDG values therefore are consistent with the concentration of caffeine in the SCE (the lowest SDG value produced the highest concentration of API in the SCE). However, no correlations were found between the calculated SDG values and ED delivery or the flux of caffeine. The final conclusion for this study is that the SDG theory proved to be effective and trustworthy regarding the delivery of caffeine into the SC. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 419801.pdf: 963193 bytes, checksum: b8672ca14116da738f06d50680fc1435 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-07 / O ideal de justi?a ? o objetivo mais importante da organiza??o social, presente nos diferentes est?gios da hist?ria da humanidade. Sua fundamenta??o adquire maior vitalidade considerando as gritantes desigualdades que assolam as sociedades, caracterizadas pelo acelerado processo de globaliza??o. Ao mesmo tempo, ocorre um aumento sem precedentes da produ??o de bens, da inova??o tecnol?gica e da capacidade de comunica??o. Essa contradi??o amea?a a legitimidade e a estabilidade social, pol?tica, econ?mica e cultural, sendo respons?vel, em muitas situa??es, pelo desequil?brio das rela??es entre as pessoas e entre os pa?ses. O ordenamento social que prioriza o acesso aos bens, a maximiza??o da liberdade individual e avalia o agir humano e a organiza??o social pela sua utilidade ? insuficiente para a equaliza??o dos graves dilemas contempor?neos. Especificamente, as desigualdades simbolizadas na distribui??o dos bens, nas limitadas formas de participa??o pol?tica, na utiliza??o indiscriminada dos recursos dispon?veis e na defici?ncia ou inexist?ncia dos mecanismos e das institui??es democr?ticas demonstram a fragilidade das estruturas sociais, da mesma forma que impedem as condi??es para a justi?a. As diferen?as, por sua vez, s?o caracter?sticas que integram a din?mica da natureza, da a??o humana e do funcionamento da sociedade. Estas, ao contr?rio das desigualdades, dinamizam e contribuem para a evolu??o de uma organiza??o social equitativa. Desconsider?-las representaria a op??o por uma organiza??o social linear, o que exclui o valor moral substantivo da liberdade, essencial para a constru??o da justi?a. A Teoria da Justi?a de Amartya Sen, estruturada com base no valor moral substantivo da liberdade, ? decisiva para a implementa??o e a avalia??o da justi?a nas sociedades contempor?neas. Nessa perspectiva, as pessoas t?m as condi??es indispens?veis para o exerc?cio das liberdades substantivas, a escolha de um conjunto de funcionamentos essenciais para o desenvolvimento das capabilidades e, na condi??o de sujeito ativo, atuar em vista de uma estrutura social justa. A fundamenta??o filos?fica, integrada com a reflex?o das ci?ncias econ?micas, caracteriza uma abordagem com as condi??es de contemplar, al?m dos interesses individuais e coletivos, as condi??es indispens?veis para uma arquitetura social comprometida com os valores e os recursos da democracia que se consagrou como o sistema de organiza??o social, que, com seus m?ltiplos recursos e instrumentos, respeita, dinamiza e fortalece as diferen?as existentes no seu interior; corrige equitativamente as defici?ncias e as 6 desigualdades; administra as demandas internas e externas com vista ? efetiva??o da justi?a. Por isso, uma sociedade justa tamb?m ? livre, sustent?vel e democr?tica. O atual modelo de desenvolvimento, que prioriza essencialmente o crescimento econ?mico, o aumento da produ??o e do consumo, o acesso ?s novas tecnologias e a expans?o do com?rcio, n?o tem legitimidade moral porque limita a pessoa ? condi??o de meio para a realiza??o dos fins previamente planejados; utiliza indiscriminadamente os recursos naturais, sem a necess?ria avalia??o dos impactos e das consequ?ncias para o equil?brio ambiental e para as rela??es sociais, da mesma forma que inviabiliza as condi??es de exist?ncia segura das futuras gera??es. O modelo de desenvolvimento que prima pela sustentabilidade representa um ideal que impulsiona e orienta a estrutura??o das rela??es entre as pessoas, com os bens dispon?veis, os recursos naturais e as futuras gera??es de forma equitativa e orientado pelo valor moral substantivo da liberdade. A atua??o do Estado, do mercado e das demais institui??es, garantidas as suas especificidades, ocorre de forma integrada e complementar, aprimora a democracia e fortalece a constru??o da justi?a. Uma concep??o de justi?a que tem como refer?ncia o valor moral substantivo da liberdade tem especial preocupa??o com a estabilidade e a legitimidade das sociedades, representadas, prioritariamente, no atendimento das necessidades humanas, nas rela??es entre as diferentes culturas, no princ?pio de sustentabilidade, nas rela??es internacionais e na op??o e consolida??o da estrutura democr?tica, sem a qual n?o se podem fundamentar as condi??es de igualdade e de justi?a social.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:56:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 402612.pdf: 2135404 bytes, checksum: 1527ce17a59e224199f1a3aa6908a00b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / O objetivo principal dessa disserta??o ? estudar e implementar um sistema de alimenta??o eletr?nico, tendo como gerador de energia el?trica o m?dulo comercial de c?lulas de combust?vel INDEPENDENCE 1000, para compatibilizar os n?veis de tens?o, entre o m?dulo gerador com um inversor trif?sico comercial modelo CFW-07 da WEG S.A., foi desenvolvido um conversor elevador realimentado, os interruptores utilizados no circuito de pot?ncia s?o IGBT s operando em freq??ncia de 20 KHz. Foi realizada uma revis?o bibliogr?fica sobre c?lulas de combust?vel, um estudo sobre o m?dulo INDEPENDENCE 1000 para a correta instala??o e opera??o. Foi pesquisado sobre as caracter?sticas do inversor comercial para determinar os valores nominais do conversor elevador, determinado os par?metros partiu-se para o estudo e projeto do controlador e em seguida a implementa??o f?sica do conversor elevador realimentado e ensaios para valida??o do projeto. O trabalho faz parte dos produtos esperados no projeto Estudo e Aplica??es de C?lulas de Combust?vel na Gera??o de Energia patrocinado pela ANEEL e CEEE no ciclo de 2004.