A tese tem como objetivo o estudo da construção dos personagens-vilões e suas criações na concepção do tipo de vilania em telenovelas brasileiras do horário das 21 horas exibidas pela tevê Globo na década de 2000 a 2010. Concluímos que o processo de criação e de construção da vilania nos principais personagens-vilões depende do estilo de cada autor e pertence à estrutura de suas narrativas teledramatúrgicas, para representar, na ficção, os conflitos sociais da vida real cotidiana brasileira no período correspondente ao da criação de cada obra. Foram selecionados, como exemplo, três autores que construíram os vilões mais representativos da teledramaturgia deste período. Este percurso resultou na seleção das seguintes obras e autores de teledramaturgia brasileira: Passione, (2010/11), escrita por Silvio de Abreu, Senhora do destino, (2004/05), escrita por Aguinaldo Silva, e Celebridade, (2003/04), escrita por Gilberto Braga. Eles possibilitaram a elaboração de tipologias de vilanias presentes na vida urbana das principais metrópoles brasileiras no período delimitado. Para uma melhor compreensão destas proposições da tese apresentamos informações sobre os contextos correspondentes aos momentos históricos da sociedade brasileira e internacional, que implicaram, direta ou indiretamente, nos temas centrais das telenovelas selecionadas. Demonstram, na ficção televisiva, as relações com a realidade social integrada no cotidiano político, profissional e doméstico brasileiro desta época. Mostram como se processam as motivações para a construção da vilania desencadeada nos personagens-vilões, como, por exemplo, as diferentes ações de corrupção decorrentes de conflitos político-econômicos, psicológicos e de relações sociais na época e que permanecem na atualidade. Foram descritos, paralelamente, estudos sobre o gênero melodrama e suas formas de construção em diferentes momentos históricos nos meios de comunicação, em manifestações de diferentes linguagens, tais como no teatro, no cinema e no romance-folhetim, nos aspectos que propiciaram subsídios formais para a construção de personagens-vilões nestas narrativas teledramatúrgicas. Como apoio teórico para as reflexões, também foram selecionados alguns conceitos e algumas noções, como referência, apreendidos em obras de Mikhail Bakhtin, como as relações dialógicas na Comunicação e, principalmente, sobre as noções de personagem de ficção monofônicos, polifônicos e de estilo em seus estudos sobre a poética do romance nas obras de Dostoievski, comparados à poética do teledrama. / The thesis aims to study the construction of villain characters and their creations in designing the type of villainy in Brazilian soap operas for the 9 p.m. broadcast by Globo Channel in the decade from 2000 to 2010. We conclude that the process of creation and construction of the main villainous characters depends on the style of each author and belongs to the structure of narratives of their soap operas stories, to represent in fiction, the real-life social conflicts in the Brazilian society corresponding to the creation of each work. It has been selected, for example, three authors who built the villains more representative of the Brazilian soap operas of this period. This route resulted in the selection of the following works and authors of Brazilian soap operas: Passione, (2010/11), written by Silvio de Abreu, Lady of the destination, (2004/05), written by Aguinaldo Silva, and Celebrity, (2003/04), written by Gilberto Braga. The authors enabled the creation of these types of villainy that are part of urban life of the main Brazilian cities in the period defined. So, for a better understanding of the propositions of the thesis, we present information about the contexts corresponding to the historical moments of Brazilian and international society, which led directly or indirectly, to the central themes of the soap operas selected. It has shown in television dramas, relations with the social reality integrated to the daily Brazilian political, professional and domestic way of life for this period of time and present how to process, the motivations for the construction of the villainous characters triggered, for example, the different actions of corruption due to political, economic, psychological conflicts and social relations at the time represented in the soap operas and that has remained until these days. In this thesis have been reported, in parallel, studies on the melodrama genre and their forms of construction in different historical moments in the media, manifested in different ways, such as theater, film and the novel-feuilleton, that have brought benefits to the formal of the construction of characters-villains in these soap operas stories.Finally, as theoretical support for the reflections, we also selected certain concepts and notions such as reference, seized in the works of Mikhail Bakhtin, as dialogical relations in the communication, and mainly, on the notions of fictional monophonic and polyphonic character and the style of his studies on the poetics of the novel in the works of Dostoyevsky, compared to the poetics of television drama.

Miljöfrågor är i dagsläget ett ämne som intresserar och engagerar mångamänniskor på olika plan och inom olika ämnesområden. Kraven från vår regeringoch från EU blir allt stramare och inom området byggteknik finns idag krav på enbyggnads specifika energianvändning vid nybyggnation. Problemet är att det intefinns något specifikt krav på det befintliga beståndet och dessa byggnader har oftahög energiförbrukning. Möjligheten att det inom en snar framtid kommer kommakrav på det befintliga beståndet, likt det som finns för nybyggnation, är inteorimligt. Det är därför viktigt att redan nu se på vilka åtgärder det finns att vidtaför att sänka energiförbrukningen hos äldre byggnader och som riktlinje strävaefter att nå det krav som ställs på nybyggnation. Det finns många möjligheter och tillvägagångssätt till att energieffektivisera detäldre beståndet av bostäder. För att uppnå kvalitet i arbetet har en avgränsninggjorts till att endast studera 1960-talshus och se vilka åtgärder det finns att vidtasamt dess lönsamhet. För att kunna ge ett svar har tre frågeställningar tagits framsom behandlar energideklarationer för 1960-talshus inom Jönköpings kommun,samt en fallstudie av ett 1960-talshus. Studien av energideklarationerna gav kunskap om de vanligaste energibovarna ochvilka kostnadseffektiva åtgärder som kommunen rekommenderar. De vanligasteenergibovarna konstaterades vara köldbryggor, självdragventilation,varmvattenförluster samt värmeförluster via öppen spis. Kommunensrekommenderade kostnadseffektiva åtgärder visade sig som förväntat hautgångspunkt i de vanligaste energibovarna och är vattenbesparingsprodukter, nyregleringsteknik för inomhustemperaturen, fönsteråtgärder, tilläggsisolering avvind samt installation av kassett i öppen spis. Fallstudien med dessenergiberäkningar av 1960-talshuset visade på samma energibovar som varvanligast enligt energideklarationerna. För att förbättra byggnaden urenergisynpunkt togs olika totalrenoveringsförslag för energieffektivisering avbyggnaden fram, och de olika förslagens lönsamhet beräknades.Renoveringsförslagen består av byte av uppvärmningskälla, tilläggsisolering avfasad, vind och grund, byte av fönster samt vilken effekt solfångare bidrar med.För att få fram lönsamheten ställs energiårskostnaden för de olikatotalrenoveringsförslagen mot det ursprungliga oljeuppvärmda husets årligaenergikostnad. De framtagna totalrenoveringsalternativen ger alla en lägre årligenergikostnad jämfört med det oljeuppvärmda ursprungshuset, och inom 20 år harman tjänat in renoveringen. Enligt beräkningar är det mest lönsammatotalrenoveringsalternativet att efter 15 år ha valt putsad fasad medpelletsuppvärmning, och efter 20 år har det varit mest lönsamt att välja putsadfasad med kombinerad sol- och pelletsuppvärmning. Nackdelen med totalrenoveringsförslagen är att alla inte har möjligheten att utföraallt, men att exempelvis enbart byta värmekälla och tilläggsisolera vinden kan göraen skillnad för plånbok och miljö. / Environmental issues are in the current situation a subject of interest and concernto many people at various levels and in different subject areas. The demands fromour government and the EU is becoming increasingly tight and the study ofconstruction technology available today requires a building's specific energyconsumption in new buildings. The problem is that there is no specificrequirement for existing buildings and these buildings often have high energyconsumption. The possibility that in the near future there will come demands forthe existing population, like the demands which exists for new construction, is notunreasonable. It is therefore important that we now look at what action that ispossible to take to reduce energy consumption in older buildings and as aguideline strive to achieve the requirements for new construction. There are many possibilities and approaches to energy efficiency of the olderpopulation of housing. In order to achieve quality of work has a boundary madeto only study house from the 1960s and see what actions it is possible to take andits profitability. In order to give an answer, three questions were presented dealingwith energy declarations for buildings from the 1960s in the municipality ofJönköping, and a case study of a 1960s building. The study of energy declarations gave knowledge of the most common energyleaks and the cost-effective measures that the municipality is recommended. Themost common energy leaks were found to be thermal bridges, natural ventilation,water loss and heat loss through the fireplace. The cost-effective measures that themunicipality’s recommended proved to be, as expected, based on the mostcommon energy leaks and are water saving products, new adjustment techniquesfor indoor temperature, window measures, supplementary insulation of the atticand an installation of a cassette in the fireplace. The case study with its energycalculations of the house from the 1960s showed the same energy villains whowere most common according to the energy declarations. In order to improve thebuilding from an energy perspective was different complete renovation proposalsfor improving energy efficiency of building raised, and the various proposalsprofitability was calculated. Renovation proposals consist of replacing the heatingsource, additional insulation of facade, wind and ground, the replacement ofwindows as well as solar power contribute to. To obtain profitability is annualenergy cost for the complete renovation proposals compared to the originaloil-heated house's annual energy costs. All the designed renovation options gives alower annual energy costs compared to the original oil-heated house, and within20 years it has earned the renovation. According to estimates, the most profitablecomplete renovation proposal after 15 years is to have chosen plaster façade withpellet heating, and after 20 years it has been most profitable to choose plasterfaçade with combined solar and pellet heating. The disadvantage of the complete renovation proposals is that not everyone hasthe ability to accomplish everything, but for example to only change the source ofheat and can make a difference both for his wallet and the environment.

A tese tem como objetivo o estudo da construção dos personagens-vilões e suas criações na concepção do tipo de vilania em telenovelas brasileiras do horário das 21 horas exibidas pela tevê Globo na década de 2000 a 2010. Concluímos que o processo de criação e de construção da vilania nos principais personagens-vilões depende do estilo de cada autor e pertence à estrutura de suas narrativas teledramatúrgicas, para representar, na ficção, os conflitos sociais da vida real cotidiana brasileira no período correspondente ao da criação de cada obra. Foram selecionados, como exemplo, três autores que construíram os vilões mais representativos da teledramaturgia deste período. Este percurso resultou na seleção das seguintes obras e autores de teledramaturgia brasileira: Passione, (2010/11), escrita por Silvio de Abreu, Senhora do destino, (2004/05), escrita por Aguinaldo Silva, e Celebridade, (2003/04), escrita por Gilberto Braga. Eles possibilitaram a elaboração de tipologias de vilanias presentes na vida urbana das principais metrópoles brasileiras no período delimitado. Para uma melhor compreensão destas proposições da tese apresentamos informações sobre os contextos correspondentes aos momentos históricos da sociedade brasileira e internacional, que implicaram, direta ou indiretamente, nos temas centrais das telenovelas selecionadas. Demonstram, na ficção televisiva, as relações com a realidade social integrada no cotidiano político, profissional e doméstico brasileiro desta época. Mostram como se processam as motivações para a construção da vilania desencadeada nos personagens-vilões, como, por exemplo, as diferentes ações de corrupção decorrentes de conflitos político-econômicos, psicológicos e de relações sociais na época e que permanecem na atualidade. Foram descritos, paralelamente, estudos sobre o gênero melodrama e suas formas de construção em diferentes momentos históricos nos meios de comunicação, em manifestações de diferentes linguagens, tais como no teatro, no cinema e no romance-folhetim, nos aspectos que propiciaram subsídios formais para a construção de personagens-vilões nestas narrativas teledramatúrgicas. Como apoio teórico para as reflexões, também foram selecionados alguns conceitos e algumas noções, como referência, apreendidos em obras de Mikhail Bakhtin, como as relações dialógicas na Comunicação e, principalmente, sobre as noções de personagem de ficção monofônicos, polifônicos e de estilo em seus estudos sobre a poética do romance nas obras de Dostoievski, comparados à poética do teledrama. / The thesis aims to study the construction of villain characters and their creations in designing the type of villainy in Brazilian soap operas for the 9 p.m. broadcast by Globo Channel in the decade from 2000 to 2010. We conclude that the process of creation and construction of the main villainous characters depends on the style of each author and belongs to the structure of narratives of their soap operas stories, to represent in fiction, the real-life social conflicts in the Brazilian society corresponding to the creation of each work. It has been selected, for example, three authors who built the villains more representative of the Brazilian soap operas of this period. This route resulted in the selection of the following works and authors of Brazilian soap operas: Passione, (2010/11), written by Silvio de Abreu, Lady of the destination, (2004/05), written by Aguinaldo Silva, and Celebrity, (2003/04), written by Gilberto Braga. The authors enabled the creation of these types of villainy that are part of urban life of the main Brazilian cities in the period defined. So, for a better understanding of the propositions of the thesis, we present information about the contexts corresponding to the historical moments of Brazilian and international society, which led directly or indirectly, to the central themes of the soap operas selected. It has shown in television dramas, relations with the social reality integrated to the daily Brazilian political, professional and domestic way of life for this period of time and present how to process, the motivations for the construction of the villainous characters triggered, for example, the different actions of corruption due to political, economic, psychological conflicts and social relations at the time represented in the soap operas and that has remained until these days. In this thesis have been reported, in parallel, studies on the melodrama genre and their forms of construction in different historical moments in the media, manifested in different ways, such as theater, film and the novel-feuilleton, that have brought benefits to the formal of the construction of characters-villains in these soap operas stories.Finally, as theoretical support for the reflections, we also selected certain concepts and notions such as reference, seized in the works of Mikhail Bakhtin, as dialogical relations in the communication, and mainly, on the notions of fictional monophonic and polyphonic character and the style of his studies on the poetics of the novel in the works of Dostoyevsky, compared to the poetics of television drama.

This study aims to examinehow and what Disney communicate to their target audience, by analyzing the four animated feature films Peter Pan (1953), The Lion King (1994), Pocahontas (1995), and Princess and the Frog (2009). The animated movies have been analyzed through a qualitative method to get a better understanding of how Disney portray their male antagonists through queer coding. Through semiotics, and Peter Dahlgren's approach to analyzing media texts, we have gained a deeper understanding of what Disney is communicating. The study shows that there are many obvious cases of queer coding because of the stereotypically feminine way that the male villains are portrayed. The villains show signs of this femininity through everything from facial features to bodily movements. Through this detailed analysis it has come to our attention, that there is no doubt that the villains are being portrayed in a much more feminine way in comparison to the remaining characters in the movies. / Den här studien syftar till att undersökahur och vad Disney kommunicerar genom de fyra animerade filmerna Peter Pan (1953), Lejonkungen (1994), Pocahontas (1995) och Prinsessan och grodan (2009). Målet har varit att få en djupare förståelse för hur Disney porträtterar sina manliga antagonister utifrån queer coding. I den här studien analyserades filmerna genom en kvalitativ och semiotisk textanalys med hjälp av Peter Dahlgrens metod för att analysera medietexter. Studien visar att det förekommer flera antydningar till queer coding, nämligen stereotypiska porträtteringar av genuskonstruktioner, hos de manliga skurkarna. Vi har analyserat att de signalerar stereotypisk femininitet genom allt från ansiktsdrag till rörelsemönster. Att de manliga antagonisterna porträtteras med tydligt feminina drag, särskilt i jämförelse med övriga karaktärer inom filmerna, är uppenbart.

This study conducts a video game character content analysis to examine villains and heroes in video games by visual design, specifically how the visual design differs from one another between the alignments. Samples were collected by browsing a list of top rated video games, sorted by year, at least one villain and hero were chosen from a number of games until a sample of (N=100) was reached. After the samples had been examined according to a number of variables and codes, they were analysed using a chi-square analysis. The results indicate that villains’ visual design is done in a way to create a negative impression towards the villainous character, whilst the heroes’ design is intended to appeal to the player. The villains tend to be larger in size and look older than the heroes, meanwhile the heroes tend to have rounder face- and eye shapes, in contrast to the villains’ narrow eyes and faces. / Denna studie utför en innehållsanalys på spelfigurer inom datorspel för att granska skurkars och hjältars visuella design inom datorspel, specifikt hur den visuella designen skiljer sig åt mellan dem. Urvalen samlades genom att granska topplistor för videospel enligt årtal, där minst en skurk och hjälte valdes från ett antal spel tills ett urval av (N=100) nåddes. Efter att urvalen undersökts enligt en uppsättning av variabler och koder analyserades de med en chi-square analys. Resultaten indikerar att skurkars visuella design är gjord på ett sätt som skapar ett negativt intryck av den skurkaktiga spelfiguren, medan hjältarnas design är menad att tilltala spelaren. Skurkarna tenderar att vara större i storlek och ser äldre ut än hjältarna, medan hjältarna tenderar att ha rundare ansikts- och ögonformer i kontrast till skurkarnas smala ögon och ansikten.

<p dir="ltr">This thesis explores the dynamic evolution of cartoons as a medium of public pedagogy, focusing on the portrayal of morality, the changing landscape of moral narratives across networks or studios through time, and its intricate influence on relationships. Cartoons, spanning from the American classic era of Looney Tunes and Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! to the contemporary phenomena of The Dragon Prince and Miraculous: The Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir, act as potent agents of social education. Understanding cartoons as an accessible form of public pedagogy, this research examines the moral dichotomy of good and evil archetypes depicted in these animations. By analyzing the diverse approaches of networks and studios across time, this thesis uncovers the nuances of moral storytelling, revealing the intricate interplay of social values and creative choices. Furthermore, the thesis investigates the portrayal of relationships within these moral contexts, emphasizing the impact of animated narratives on societal perceptions of interpersonal connections.</p>

The aim of this study is to explore the correlation between contemporary political agenda and film themes, how and if the antagonists’ behavior is depicted in relation to whom the political opponent was at the time of the making of the film. The literature is concurrent: movies are used to spread norms and political messages. There are several examples; during the Cold War people and antagonist behavior could clearly be linked to the Soviet Union. During the Gulf War the antagonists was often depicted as Arabic terrorists, but after the war the villain character became unclear and was often represented by natural disasters, organized crime, corruption etc. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Arabic terrorists once again became the new antagonists. The film selection is made out of the five most profitable movies (adjusted for inflation) that take place in our world that was produced during the Cold War, and five films that fill the same criteria that was produced after the Cold War. My goal was to see if I could see a correlation between the political agenda at the time of the making of the movie, how the antagonists are portrayed and what political themes were addressed. Unexpectedly, I found no such correlation in my film selection. However, I could see similarities in certain genres, such as action, thrillers and adventure movies, that support the theories in the literature. / Jag studerar huruvida man kan dra en parallell mellan den rådande politiska agendan och filmens politiska teman samt hur skurkgestaltningen ter sig i relation till vem den politiska motståndaren var då filmen gjordes. Litteraturen är tydlig kring att film används för att sprida normer och politiska budskap. Det finns flera exempel kring hur man under kalla kriget främst hade Sovjet eller personer och beteenden som tydligt kunde kopplas till Sovjet som skurkar. Efter kalla kriget, i samband med Gulfkriget, blev det under en tid araber för att därefter vara en mer oklar skurkroll (ofta naturkatastrofer, organiserad brottslighet, korruption, etc.). Efter terrorangreppen mot USA den 11:e september 2001 fick man återigen en tydlig motståndare och den arabiske terroristen blev den nya antagonisten. I min studie utgår jag från de fem filmer som drog in mest pengar (justerat för inflation), som utspelar sig i vår värld och som kom under kalla kriget, samt de fem filmer inom samma kategorier som kom därefter. Detta för att se om jag kan se en tydlig parallell mellan den rådande politiska agendan och hur skurkarna gestaltas samt vilka politiska teman som tas upp. Oväntat nog finner jag att ingen sådan tydlig koppling finns i de exemplen. Jag finner liknande paralleller inom vissa genres, såsom actionfilm, thrillers och äventyrsfilm, men ingen direkt koppling till filmen generellt kan göras.

The focus of fighting tyranny and the justifications of the consecutive wars in fantasy literature for children and young adults play a noteworthy role in the intertwinement of literature and its educational potential. This genre is filled with numerous images of violence, in particular different scenarios of war and its justifications. In the books war constitutes the final battle between good and evil, and thus manifests the protagonists’ ultimate moral decisions between these two forces. The following books constitute the corpus: C. S. Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia (1950-56), Susan Cooper’s The Dark Is Rising Sequence (1965-77), Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials (1995-2000), J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series (1997-2007), Christopher Paolini’s Inheritance Cycle (2002-11), Amanda Hemingway’s Sangreal Trilogy (2005-07), and P. C. Cast and Kristin Cast’s House of Night novels (2007-2014). Although not all the books feature wars, all display justifications for war and the imperative to fight tyranny. Located within an intersection of diverse critical theories, my thesis engages literary texts in order to reflect on their capacity to negotiate, challenge, subvert, and perpetuate values and power structures. Motif analysis forms the centre of this analysis. I deploy a varied approach to literary analysis, relying upon literary and cultural theories (especially theories of ideology) to understand the realizations of the different motifs. Through issues of character construction, (political) authority, religion, and the construction of difference, the reader learns much about the culture and values of the respective world. Furthermore, this analysis invites the reader to find parallels between the fabricated world and the real world, and thus transfer what s/he has learned from the texts his/her own world. Engaging in such a reading ensures the drawing of direct connections between the reality constructed in the books on the one hand, and politics, the construction of difference, religion, and just war theory in the reader’s world on the other. The content analysis leads to broader cultural messages, which comprise assumptions about gender, power, ethnicity, religion, and morality. This methodology emphasizes the relevance as well as the complexity of the books and their educative potential, and facilitates the analysis of the books as tools for the defence and perpetuation of Western values and culture.