A presente dissertação busca trabalhar o problema do debate liberal-comunitarista, tomando por base a filosofia política de Charles Taylor. A proposta é a de explicitar alguns dos termos do debate, no tocante à situação do patriotismo, ou virtude republicana, na sociedade moderna e no Estado Liberal dito "neutro". Partindo da filosofia do self de Charles Taylor, a dissertação busca esquematizar as características do self moderno. Esse self, advoga-se, é próprio de um determinado Estado: o Estado Liberal dito "neutro", isto é, "neutro" no sentido de negar privilégios a determinados estilos de vida em detrimento de outros. E esta mesma neutralidade, em contrapartida, seria um espelho das características desse self moderno. Analisa-se as relações desse self moderno com esse Estado liberal dito "neutro", e de como as teorias tipicamente liberais, ou procedimentalistas, segundo Charles Taylor, falham em reconhecer essas relações, levando a crer que o self moderno não contaria com nenhuma fonte moral que o mantivesse ligado à sociedade política, ao Estado liberal dito "neutro" que é, ao mesmo tempo, possibilitador e reflexo desse self moderno. O trabalho busca, por fim, com auxílio da filosofia de Charles Taylor, resgatar a noção de patriotismo, dentro da esfera das virtudes republicanas, a fim de sugerir uma resolução do conflito, reestabelecendo a integridade das relações entre o self moderno e o Estado liberal dito "neutro". Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliográfica com ênfase nas obras de Charles Taylor "Argumentos Filosóficos", "Fontes do Self" e "A Secular Age", com auxílio de outras. Examinou-se profundamente a bibliografia de Charles Taylor a fim de identificar seu método com clareza, para utilizá-lo no presente trabalho. / This dissertation seeks to address the problem of the liberal-communitarian debate, based on the political philosophy of Charles Taylor. The proposal is to clarify some of the terms of the debate regarding the situation of patriotism and the republican virtues in the modern society and the supposedly "neutral" liberal State. Based on the philosophy of self Charles Taylor, the dissertation outlines the characteristics of the modern self. This self, this dissertation advocates, is proper of a particular state: the supposedly "neutral" liberal State, ie, "neutral" in the sense of denying privileges to certain lifestyles over others. And this same neutrality, in contrast, would be a mirror of the characteristics of modern self. The dissertation analyses the relationship of self with that modern liberal state called "neutral", and how typically liberal theories, or proceduralists, according to Charles Taylor, fail to recognize these relationships, leading to the belief that the modern self would not count on any source moral to keep it connected to the political society, the supposedly "neutral" liberal State which is at the same time, enabler and a reflection of modern self. The job search, finally, with the aid of the philosophy of Charles Taylor, to rescue the notion of patriotism, within the sphere of republican virtues, in order to suggest a resolution of the conflict, reestablishing the integrity of relationships between the self and the supposedly "neutral" liberal State. To that end, a bibliographical references research with emphasis on the works of Charles Taylor "Philosophical Arguments", "Sources of the Self" and "A Secular Age" has been developed, with the addition of some others. The works of Charles Taylor have been researched deeply in order to identify clearly his method, to put it in use it in this work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:38:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO Ariadne.pdf: 1821005 bytes, checksum: ddbdff7dddf66e435194f917f99f51a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Reflecting on the importance of virtues in moral development, our goal was to investigate the children love concepts. We interviewed 40 students, 6 and 9 years old, in a private school in Vila Velha-ES, according to the clinical method proposed by Piaget. We analyzed the cited examples of love, what would be the most and least important, the judgment about the possibility of loving a child of the opposite sex, of same sex, a friend, an enemy and a stranger. We found that children have an ample concept; including mainly giving love to others‟ and love for (a) particular person/people, which increased with age, and actions with love‟, which showed a decrease. These examples were also considered most important by participants, and love for (a) particular person/people increased with age. On the least important examples of love, mostly students aged 9 said they did not exist, and the 6-years old elected the actions with love‟. Most respondents stated the possibility of loving a child of the opposite sex and same-sex friend. However, a minority has confirmed the relationship of love for an enemy, and still less with a stranger. In general, the justifications referred to the existing ties, the positive consequence for oneself, positive feature of the love object and observation of lived experience, and tended to increase with age. We emphasize the importance of love in development and hope to encourage further discussion on this virtue, contributing to proposals for education in moral values / Refletindo sobre a importância das virtudes no desenvolvimento moral, nosso objetivo foi investigar a concepção de amor em crianças. Entrevistamos 40 escolares, de 6 e 9 anos, em uma escola particular de Vila Velha-ES, de acordo com o método clínico proposto por Piaget. Analisamos os exemplos de amor citados, qual seria o mais e o menos importante, o juízo sobre a possibilidade de amar uma criança do sexo oposto, do mesmo sexo, amigo, inimigo e desconhecido. Verificamos que a concepção de amor que as crianças têm é ampla: incluem principalmente ações de amor para outrem‟ e o amor por determinada(s) pessoa(s)‟, que aumentaram com a idade, e ações com amor‟, que apresentaram um decréscimo. Estes exemplos também foram considerados os mais importantes pelos participantes, sendo que amor por determinada(s) pessoa(s)‟ aumentou com a idade. Quando perguntados sobre os exemplos de amor menos importantes, os escolares de 6 anos elegeram as ações com amor‟, ao passo que os escolares de 9 anos afirmaram não existir exemplo menos relevante. A maioria dos entrevistados afirmou a possibilidade de amar uma criança do sexo oposto, mesmo sexo e amigo. Entretanto, a minoria confirmou a relação de amor para com o inimigo e, menos ainda, para com o desconhecido. De forma geral, as justificativas se referiram aos vínculos existentes, à consequência positiva para si próprio, à característica positiva do objeto de amor, bem como à observação de experiência vivenciada, e tenderam ao aumento com a idade. Ressaltamos a importância do amor no desenvolvimento, e esperamos incentivar outras discussões sobre essa virtude, contribuindo para propostas de educação em valores morais

A partir do exame minucioso de alguns aspectos da sociedade hodierna, e como são vivenciados sob a ótica de uma reivindicação ética, o objetivo dessa dissertação é compreender, analisando e comparando, o agir ético e moral de culto à aparência e ao sucesso em nossos tempos, com a moral das virtudes (eupraxia) e o conceito de felicidade (eudaimonía) aristotélicos. Assim, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, descrição de fenômenos atuais e abordagem que parte de conceitos-chave (como a felicidade, o prazer, a virtude, o ser, a comunidade e a prudência), retomados da ética aristotélica e reinterpretados por filósofos contemporâneos, demonstrar como a Ética das Virtudes pode contribuir ao resgate do viver bem e conduzir-se bem sem abrir mão do desfrute de outros bens tão caros aos indivíduos contemporâneos. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. / From the scrutiny of some aspects of current society, and how it is experienced from the perspective of an ethical claim, the objective of this dissertation is to understand, analyzing and comparing the ethical and moral act of worship to appearance and to success in our times, with the moral virtues (eupraxia) and the concept of Aristotelian happiness (eudaimonía). Thus, through bibliographic research, current phenomenon description and key concepts (such as happiness, pleasure, virtue, being, the community and prudence), taken from the Aristotelian Ethics and reinterpreted by contemporary philosophers, to demonstrate how Virtue Ethics can contribute to the rescue of good life and lead own life well without giving up enjoy other importants properties to contemporary individuals.

Esta pesquisa apresenta um breve exame acerca da teoria ética aristotélica apresentada na obra Ética a Nicômaco, com ênfase no estudo dos conceitos de virtude e de justiça no intuito de cotejar o pensamento aristotélico com questões da teoria jurídica brasileira contemporânea. Foram analisados conceitos basilares da ética aristotélica, dentre eles felicidade, ação, deliberação e escolha, os quais restaram relacionados às questões éticas atuais. Quando do estudo da teoria da virtude e da justiça buscou-se perceber a existência deste legado no estudo da Ciência Jurídica contemporânea. No que diz respeito à justiça, especificamente, foram verificadas definições fundamentais ao seu estudo como equidade e meio-termo. / This research presents a brief examination of the Aristotelian ethical theory presented in the work Nicomachus Ethics, with emphasis on the study of the concepts of virtue and justice in order to compare Aristotelian thinking with issues of contemporary Brazilian legal theory. Basic concepts of Aristotelian ethics were analyzed, among them happiness, action, deliberation and choice, which remained related to the current ethical issues. When the study of the theory of virtue and justice sought to perceive the existence of this legacy in the study of contemporary Juridical Science. With regard to justice, specifically, fundamental definitions have been verified for its study as equity and middle ground.

O presente trabalho objetiva examinar a formação do caráter humano segundo suas fontes de prazer, desejo e razão através do estudo e análise da teoria das virtudes aristotélicas. O problema proposto consiste em compreender em que medida a parte da alma irracional comandada pelos desejos contribui ou não na formação do caráter humano, e como eles se relacionam com a parte racional da alma, abordada na Ética Nicomaquéia. Nessa perspectiva, destaca-se a importância das sensações prazerosas e dolorosas na distinção e identificação do bem e do mal moral procurando entender os tipos de desejos e prazeres do corpo e da alma e, ainda, o papel deles na prática das virtudes morais e intelectuais. A partir da exposição dos desejos virtuosos e viciosos, evidencia-se a necessidade de aprender a desejar corretamente como condição necessária para a aquisição da sabedoria prática do homem prudente e virtuoso. O desfecho do estudo tenta esclarecer o domínio da razão sobre os desejos, e a influência da razão para a busca do ma ior bem a partir do que a teoria aristotélica compreende ser a felicidade. / This paper proposes to examine the formation of human character according to its sources of pleasures, desires and reason for the study and analysis of the Aristotelian virtues theory. The proposed problem consists to understand in which mesure the irrational part of the soul headed by desires, contributes or not in the formation of human character and how it relates to the rational part of the soul, according to the Nicomachean Ethics. From this perspective, it highlights the importance of pleasurable and painful sensations in the distinction and identification of good and bad moral and seeks to understand the types of desires and pleasures of the body and of the soul and also, their role in the practice of moral and intellectual virtues.From this exhibition of the virtuous and vicious desires, it points the need to learn to wish correctly, as a necessary condition for the practical knowledge performane of the prudent and virtuous man. The study denouement tries to clarify the domain of the reason over the desires and the influence of the reason for the pursuit of the greater good, which the Aristotelian theory understands to be happiness.

A economia solidária é pautada pela solidariedade nas relações de produção, elaboração e comercialização, portanto seus participantes precisam desenvolver a cooperação, o respeito e a generosidade a fim de garantir os princípios defendidos por ela. Por sua vez a Psicologia investiga como as pessoas desenvolvem virtudes e as incorporam em si, desenvolvendo uma personalidade ética. Dessa forma a pesquisa tem por objetivo averiguar as representações de si dos atores da economia solidária e verificar se possuem valores morais que nos permitam inferir uma personalidade ética. Para tanto foram realizadas vinte e duas entrevistas semi-dirigidas, gravadas e transcritas com participantes da economia solidária na cidade de Araguaína e Palmas - TO. Os resultados apontam para três grupos distintos: o primeiro, classificado como personalidade ética, em que aparecem elementos que nos permitem expressar uma trajetória de vida, de escolhas e de projeção de futuro ético, encontram-se nesse grupo as seguintes sub-categorias: 1) Fatores familiares e de origem de vivências comunitárias; 2) Escolhas solidárias; 3) Princípios solidários e sua incorporação a valores pessoais; 4) Relações Cooperativas; 5) Futuro ético. O segundo, chamado de necessidades absolutas I, em que as necessidades básicas de manutenção da vida se fazem presentes e prioritárias, não aparecendo referência a si ou aos demais de forma valorativa; nesse encontram-se as seguintes sub-categorias: 1) Fatores que derivam do outro e das necessidades básicas e de sobrevivência física e emocional; 2) Escolhas Necessárias ou única escolha; 3) Ausência de princípios solidários e de sua incorporação aos valores pessoais; 4) Relações Individuais; 5) Sem perspectiva de futuro. No terceiro grupo necessidades absolutas II, em que percebemos uma diminuição da fragilidade física e emocional e uma incorporação no discurso de princípios solidários, com as seguintes sub-categoria: 1) Fatores que derivam dos outros e das necessidades básicas físicas; 2) escolhas necessárias ou única escolha; 3) presença no discurso de princípios solidários, mas ausência de incorporação aos valores pessoais; 4) Relações individuais, mas com discurso cooperativo; 5) Futuro incerto. Concluímos que o estudo permite identificar características morais importantes dos atores da economia solidária, uma vez que seus princípios pedem por pessoas que tenham em sua vida aspectos morais que valorizem o ser humano em detrimento da lucratividade econômica. Encontramos em nossa pesquisa, tanto aqueles que desenvolveram sua personalidade, pautados pela ética, quanto os que não desenvolveram e encontram-se ligados a necessidade de sanar suas necessidades mais elementares de sobrevivência. Nesse último grupo ainda identificamos que pessoas vinculadas a um grupo minimamente estruturado e que passou por processos de intervenção parecem apresentar características mais desenvolvidas de moralidade, fazendo crer que empreendimentos de economia solidária podem ser favorecedores de tal desenvolvimento. Assim acreditamos que tanto as incubadoras quanto as organizações que fomentam a economia solidária precisam conhecer e implantar em suas metodologias aspectos referentes aos estudos da Psicologia voltados à incorporação de aspectos morais na personalidade humana / The solidary economy is guided by solidarity in production relations, elaboration and commercialization, therefore, its participants need to develop the cooperation, the respect and the generosity in order to guarantee the principles advocated by the solidary economy. On the other hand, Psychology investigates how people develop virtues and incorporate them into the center of their personality by developing an ethical personality. Thereby, our research aims to investigate the representations that the actors of the solidary economy have about themselves, and ascertain if they have moral values that allow us to infer an ethic personality. Hence, we conducted twenty two semi-structured interviews, recorded and transcribed, among the participants of the solidary economy in the city of Araguaína/TO. The results indicate three distinct groups: the first one, classified as ethic personality, in which appears some elements that allow us to infer a life\'s trajectory of choices and a forecast of an ethical future; in this group, are the following subcategories: 1) Family factors and of community interactions; 2) Solidary choices; 3) Solidary principles and their incorporation into personal values; 4) Cooperative relations; 5) Ethical future; The second one, classified as absolute necessities I, in which the basic needs of lifes support are present and prioritary, not demonstrating references to themselves or others in a valuative way; in this group are the following subcategories: 1) Factors that derive from the other and from the basic needs - physical and emotional survival; 2) Necessary choices or only choice; 3) Lack of solidary principles and their incorporation into personal values; 4) Individual relations; 5) No future prospects; and in the third group, \'absolute necessities II\', in which we realized a reduction of physical and emotional fragility and an embodiment of the discourse of solidary principles, with the following sub-categories: 1) Factors that derive from others and from the basic physical needs; 2) Necessary choice or only choice; 3) Presence in the discourse of solidary principles, but lack of incorporation into their personal values; 4) Individual relations, but with cooperative discourse; 5) Uncertain future. We conclude that the study identifies important moral characteristics among the actors of solidary economy, since its principles need people who have moral aspects in their lives and also those who value the human being instead of economic profitability. In our research, we found both those who have developed their personality guided by ethics, and those who have not develop it and are linked to the need to solve their most basic survival needs. In the latter group, we also identified that people linked to a minimally structured group which has underwent by intervention processes seem to present characteristics more developed of morality, making believe that solidary economy enterprises may be favoring such development. Thus we believe that both incubators and organizations that promote solidary economy need to know and implement within their methodologies aspects related to the studies of psychology focused on the incorporation of moral aspects in the human personality

The aim of this work is to show that criticisms of Kantian ethics from the field of virtue ethics misfire because they rely on a widespread reading of Kant which centers on the Groundwork and the Formula of Universal Law as the key elements in his moral philosophy. This reading, I argue, is susceptible both to charges of “empty formalism” and moral “rigorism” as well as the complaint voiced by virtue ethicists that Kantian ethics lacks a full-blooded account of the virtues, along with the attendant desiderata of sociality, character and the emotions. In response, I defend the proposal that the Formula of Humanity and the Doctrine of Virtue in the Metaphysics of Morals represent the final form of Kant’s ethical thought. If this is accurate, a rich and novel ethical theory emerges, and many of the criticisms from the field of virtue ethics are subsequently disarmed.

This thesis demonstrates key imperial virtues communicated on Roman Imperial triumphal monuments. A closer examination of monuments located in Rome reveals the presentation of personality traits such as military valor, piety, and mercy through symbolism, nature scenes, and personifications of abstract qualities. Each monument is dedicated to an emperor and exemplifies his virtues. The representation of imperial virtues conveys an emperor's worth to the public by communicating his better qualities. Architecture and coin evidence served as media to convey an emperor's qualities to the public and fostered general acceptance of his rule among the public. Valor (virtus), piety (pietas), and mercy (clementia) are each examined to demonstrate their importance, their multiple types of representations in architecture, and their presentation and reach on coins. Chapters 2 through 4 look at the symbolism and representation of military courage and honor. As a military virtue, valor is easiest to represent and point out through battle scenes, military symbols, and gods who assisted the emperor in war. Honor (honos), as a close association to valor is also a promotable trait. Chapters 5 through 7 look at the multiple representations of an emperor's piety. Piety, being the Roman empire's oldest virtue, can be seen through sacrificial scenes, mythological scenes, and symbols associated with these same gods and sacrifices. Chapter 8 looks at personifications of abstract qualities and natural phenomena and their role in Roman cosmology. Chapter 9 looks at the last virtue, mercy, which is demonstrated as the most valuable but also rare because it demands special skills and balance within a ruler. Mercy's rarity makes its symbolism and representational scenery smaller in comparison to the first two but still evident in architecture and coins. Possession of each trait awarded the possessor honor and divinity heaped on him, as discussed in Chapter 10. The Romans saw divinity as an honor which the senate awarded upon display of these superior virtues. Several arguments are considered and add different viewpoints to how divinity was acquired whether for the possession of these qualities or the actions that resulted from them. This analysis of symbolism and relevant divine scenes associated with imperial virtues demonstrate the emperor's superiority through possession of these virtues and show their subtle inclusion in imperial architecture.

Baroque piety has been the centre of research of some historians, who tried to describe the main and unique features of this time. They studied some sources to find out that this time`s piety was emotional, Christocentric and using some violent means. The present study tries to find typical virtues of holy people in the Baroque era and so describe the piety and name the character qualities which Jesuit scholars wanted to input and influence so that Czech people follow them. I used structural analysis to separate stories of the lives of saints and find the desired virtues. I found out that most important virtues were taken from the Gospel of Matthew, i.e. mercy, fasting and prayer. The sources tended to describe quite normal people so that there appeared to be some tendency to democratize sanctity. These findings help us to understand features of Baroque piety as well as its influence into the modern times.

The current Afro-communitarianism (AC) articulation and analysis of botho is characterised by two main approaches. First it treats botho as if it is a universal concept that can be expounded independently in a theoretical manner devoid of any specific cultural perspective that give it meaning and authority. Second it abstracts the Sesotho proverb “motho ke motho ka batho” (MKKB) from the rest of Sesotho narrative elevating it as foundational to the definition and meaning of the concept, where a particular reading of this proverb has come to be taken as the quintessential articulation of the meaning of this concept. This thesis problematizes this account within the context of Sesotho culture from which the proverb derives. Firstly, it rejects the abstraction and exceptionalism of MKKB as poor scholarship and a deficiency in the knowledge of the ethical significance of narratives in Sesotho culture, arguing that this is an unjustified abstraction of MKKB from Sesotho narratives inconsistent with how proverbs are interpreted and used. It asserts that MKKB is best understood not in isolation, but within the context of the unity of African narratives and their meaning and unique role as the chief means of moral education into botho. Secondly, the thesis questions the dominance of one specific reading of Ubuntu in the current botho discourse and the privileged status this reading has enjoyed over other, equally justified, interpretations. It argues for a definition of botho (moral personhood ) based on the definition of this term as a moral statement describing good admirable moral qualities of character of motho. The study thus starts from the premise that talk about botho turns out to be talk about character of motho because botho cannot be fully realised independently of the characters of individuals who make it a reality. The study recommends a character centric definition of botho as a fresh alternative, where an understanding of the possession of botho by motho, entails inculcation of makhabane or virtues of botho, many of which are found narratives especially proverbs. Its attractiveness is that it is consistent with the nature of African ethics as character-based ethic, but also underscores important assumptions behind botho including the primacy of character and the existence of a particular social order as a prerequisite for botho to flourish, all of which are worth serious consideration in the current botho discourse. / Research Institute for Theology and Religion