This study examines the within and between sex differences on the relative importances of merchandise quality and interaction quality as drivers of behavioral loyalty (share of wallet). A sample of customers of a national retail chain serves as the study setting. The results indicate that for female customers, interaction quality and merchandise quality have equally strong total influence on share of wallet. For male customers, the total effect of merchandise quality on share of wallet is significantly stronger than the total effect of interaction quality. Across sex comparisons reveal that the total effect of interaction quality on share of wallet is stronger for female customers. However, merchandise quality exerts a stronger total influence on share of wallet for male customers. Implications of the results are discussed and avenues for future research are offered.

Digital Financial Services (DFS) such as mobile money apps, have become increasingly recognized as a tool to increase Financial inclusion. Access and usage of mobile money services are expected to be beneficial in more ways than one, but one desirable outcome is enabling women to have greater control over their own finances, and thus enhance Empowerment through increased participation in household decision-making. With data collected through a phone survey distributed to 189 women in Jordan, we attempt to investigate if E-wallets are effective in achieving Financial inclusion and, if we as a result, might see a positive effect on Women’s Empowerment. Impacts on Financial inclusion are measured through a description of how women use their E-wallets, along with an OLS-regression on the likelihood of saving. Empowerment effects are analyzed through a regression on different indicators meant to reflect decision-making in the household. We find some evidence that indicates that E-wallets users might be slightly more likely to have saved money in the last year, however, results regarding empowerment indicators are more unclear. When performing regressions on subsamples of unmarried women, and only employed women, we see some indications that the e-wallet might lead to an increased control of her own finances and expenditures, but this does not seem to translate significantly to other household purchases.

No description available.

The digitalization has become increasingly central in today’s society and digital identities are one of the tangible changes that has quickly become integrated into our society. However, increased integration in societies also creates new challenges and responsibilities. The European Union (EU) has recognized this need and implemented the eIDAS regulation (electronic Identification, Authentication, and trust services). In the regulation, a digital identity wallet is also proposed. The aim of the wallet is for users to store and manage their digital identities and credentials such as driver’s licenses, university degrees, and similar documents. With this development and introduction of a digital identity wallet, questions about trust become relevant. Trust in digital identities is crucial to ensure communication and data management, as well as to get users to use the services.  The purpose of this study has been to examine aspects of trust related to the EU digital identity wallet and explore key components and actors within the wallet’s eco-system. The work has been limited to focusing on the electronic identification component of eIDAS. Furthermore, data has been collected from interviews with experts in the field from Sweden and the Netherlands. The theory used is definitions and concepts on what trust entails, as well as two frameworks explaining factors important to initially trust a system, and explaining the relationship between usability, privacy, and security.  The results conclude that users prioritize usability over security and privacy, and that an application that is simple and practical also are important features of a digital identity wallet. It also emerged that it is important for users that safety nets are built into the wallet. Furthermore, users, the EU, and the respective member states were identified as fundamental actors of the ecosystem. It was emphasized that the wallet is complex and that there are many challenges and opportunities ahead to build a trustworthy wallet.

Yes / Financial inclusion is a vital development priority for countries worldwide. Mobile wallet (m-wallet) is considered as a disruptive payment method that will substitute the traditional physical wallet to achieve the so-called cashless society and enables financial inclusion. This study aims at developing and testing a research model that integrates a set of technology factors (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, fun to use, monetary value), external factors (peer influence and perceived status benefit), and cultural factors (humane orientation and societal collectivism) to assess the intention to adopt and use m-wallet, for financial inclusion, in a developing country. The proposed conceptual model is tested using data collected from 621 m-wallet users in Cameroon. The model explains 47.5% of the variance of the actual use of m-wallet and 32.90% of the variance of financial inclusion. Finally, implications for research and practice are discussed.

Att förstå en konsument och vad som driver den har varit många forskares mål att svara på. Komplexiteten i de mänskliga processerna och konsumentens ständigt utvecklande normer och vanor är även något som försvårar processen att kunna förstå köpmönster och beteenden. Om det gick att förstå konsumenten bättre, så hade både företag och kund kunnat lära känna sig- och sina köpbeteenden bättre. Oftast vet inte ens konsumenten varför dennes konsumtion ser ut som den gör, och om konsumenten skulle ha en lite större förståelse över sin egen konsumtion borde vi kunna se ett mer ansvarsfullt konsumerande och en mer förutsägbar efterfrågan. Konsumenter blir dagligen påverkade av reklam för att konsumera mera vilket sedan styr de olika faktorerna som gör att de konsumerar på olika sätt. Något som har en stor inverkan är kundens första val i en butik vilket kan leda till att konsumenten antingen är konsekvent i sina köp eller konsumerar mer än de egentligen tänkt från första början. Studiens syfte är att påvisa att det finns skillnader i köpbeteendet hos konsumenter som väljer antingen en ohälsosam eller hälsosam vara som sitt första val. Studien har använt sig av en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi med 150 respondenter i en verklig miljö för att kunna återspegla konsumenternas beteende så trovärdigt som möjligt. Studien visar att konsumenter påverkas beroende på vad de gör för första val i en butik. Urvalsgruppen tenderar att fortsätta handla ohälsosamma varor ifall deras första val har varit något ohälsosamt, de förblir alltså konsekventa i sina köpbeteenden. Konsumenter som istället väljer något hälsosamt som första val fortsätter att vara konsekventa och handla en större andel hälsosamma varor resterande tid i butiken. Studien visar även att personer som tar beslutet att handla något tidigare under sin köpresa i butiken, köper sedan fler varor totalt. Studiens empiriska resultat påvisar ännu en gång att konsumenter går att manipulera till att konsumera annorlunda, att val vinner över inställning, och att en ökad förståelse för människan och dess konsumtionsbeteende skulle kunna bidra till en mer ansvarsfull konsumtion. / Understanding a consumer and what drives it has been a goal many researchers strive to answer. The complexity of the human processes and the consumer's ever-evolving norms and habits are also something that makes the process difficult to understand buying patterns and behaviors. If you could understand the consumer better, both companies and customers would have been able to get to know themselves and their purchasing behavior better. Usually, even the consumer does not know why his consumption looks the way it does, and if he could have a little greater understanding of his own consumption, we should be able to see a more responsible consumer and a more predictable demand. Consumers are daily influenced by advertising to consume more, which then controls the various factors that cause them to consume in different ways. Something that has a big impact is the customer's first choice in a store, which can lead to either being consistent in their purchases or consuming more than they actually intended from the beginning.  The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the difference in the buying behavior of consumers who choose either an unhealthy or healthy item as their first choice. The study has used a quantitative research strategy with 150 respondents in a real-world environment to reflect consumer behavior as credibly as possible. The study shows that consumers are affected depending on what their first choice is in a store. The sample group tends to continue to buy unhealthy goods in case their first choice has been somewhat unhealthy, they remain consistent in their buying behavior. Consumers who instead choose something healthy as their first choice continue to be consistent and shop a greater proportion of healthy products their remaining time in the store. The study also shows that people who make the decision to shop earlier during their purchase trip in the store, then buy more products in total. The study's empirical results show once again that consumers can be manipulated into consuming differently, that choices win over attitudes, and that an increased understanding of the human being and its consumer behavior would probably contribute to a more responsible consumption.

Magister Legum - LLM / This paper analyses how the Zimbabwean economic history has led to the perception and attitude of the population towards the financial industry. It has been blighted by extremes to the extent that in 2008 the Zimbabwe economy had one of the highest hyperinflation rate in the world.1 Pettinger sums up the hyperinflation journey of Zimbabwe as having begun in the 1990s shortly after the disastrous land reform.2 This is where private farms were grabbed from landowners and re-allocated to mostly peasant farmers who had no technical know-how in farming. It was also a time when the country was involved in an unbudgeted and unsolicited second Congo civil war necessitating that the Government increase salaries to cater for soldiers and other officials assigned to the Congo.3 Earlier on the government had buckled under pressure from former war liberators (war veterans) and paid out unbudgeted bonuses.4

With the rise of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency, secure e-wallets also become more important. But what makes an e-wallet secure? In this report, we compare different aspects of ewallets to see which alternatives are secure and convenient enough to be used.This report contains comparative analyses of different implementation for e-wallets. The problem area is divided into three smaller areas: Key storage, authentication, and recovery. These problem areas have defined criteria for what is considered good qualities in each respective area.The results show that for key storage, the best options are, Android’s keystore/IOS’ secure enclave, offline storage or a hybrid hot/cold storage. For authentication, the best alternatives proved to be BankID and local authentication through the phone’s OS. Good Recovery alternatives include recovery seeds that recover the whole e-wallet or using multiple keys for both signing and recovery.The proof of concept made for this project uses three different storage methods with the authentication methods for each one and with the possibility of recovery in case a key should be lost. The storage methods used are offline storage thought QR-codes, online storage with firebase and local storage with Android keystore or Secure enclave. Authentication is done with Facebook/Google sign in or local authentication. / Med blockkedja och kryptovalutornas ökande popularitet blir säkra e-plånböcker allt mer viktiga. Men vad gör en e-plånbok säker? I detta arbete ska olika implementationer för e-plånböcker undersökas för att se vilka alternativ som är tillräckligt säkra samt användarvänliga.Problemområdena delas upp i följande delar: nyckellagring, autentisering och återhämtning av stulen/förlorade nycklar. Arbetet innefattar jämförelser mellan olika lösningar till dessa områden med definierade jämförelsekriterier.Resultatet visar att för nyckellagring är de bästa alternativen Androids keystore system/IOS secure enclave som båda är en form av säker lagringsplats på telefonen, offline lagring och hybridlagring som enkelt förklarat är en tjänst som bevarar data offline och gör den online när användaren väl vill ha tillgång till datan. För autentisering är de bästa alternativen BankID och lokal autentisering genom telefonens operativsystem. För återhämtning av nycklar är de bästa alternativen recovery seed eller att använda multipla nycklar för både signering och återhämtning.En proof of concept gjordes där lagringsmetoderna papper (exempelvis QR-kod), online-lagring med Firebase och lokal lagring med Android keystore eller Secure enclave implementerats. Autentiseringen sker med hjälp av Facebook/Google login och lokal autentisering. Återhämtning görs med två utav tre nycklarna som används för både signering och återhämtning.

Master's thesis deals with description of a new trading system known as BitCoin. Bitcoin is a unique type of virtual cash in the current world without the influence of large corporations. The system is protected through the use of cryptographic methods that are discussed in detail.  The work explains the principles of integrity of transactions exchange transactions and the acquisition of new money through so-called miners. Individual miners services are mediated through software clients including a description of mining. The paper focuses on protocols for communication. It analyzes the different types of software purses for platforms Windows, Linux and Android. Examining reengineering of purses for Android. This document in no small part discusses the implementation own wallets for the Windows Phone platform 8th.

The Near Field Communication (NFC) and mobile payments are two areas in constant development in current market. Today when we use the wallet, we can found cash of different values, coins, debit and credit cards of one or two banks, loyalty cards from restaurants and shopping receipts. Even though these items found in the wallet have a symbolic value of utility, they are becoming outdated, as a plethora of plastic and paper that will not make much sense in the near future. The revolution of mobile payments is imminent and is already happening. Instead of wallets, we have mobile phones with NFC on their hardware and software that transform them into a digital wallet (e-wallet). What matters now are not the papers and cards, but stay connected to your e-wallet account\'s that has your bank details. The main objective of this dissertation is to present the development of a mobile payment system called S-Wallet system, using the technology of NFC. This work also includes the development of a protocol for mobile payments, the protocol SWEP, which performs the whole process of message exchange, data exchange and payment execution. Besides the App S-Wallet, an application interface to android users use. In addition, an account that stores users data remotely, called S-Wallet account. As part of the evaluation of the S-Wallet, we perform tests of integration of all the entities of the system. These tests showed that the S-Wallet provides usability, security and privacy to users. Further, we had performed usability tests with users showing that the S-Wallet system is easy to use and we had indicated it for the real scenario studied: payment between two users, peer-to-peer (P2P) and retail vending. This work shows that the NFC technology is secure for mobile payments and is very useful for its expansion in the commercial sector. / A Comunicação por Proximidade de Campo do inglês Near Field Communication (NFC) e os pagamentos móveis são duas áreas em constante desenvolvimento no mercado atual. Hoje ao utilizar a carteira são encontradas cédulas de diferentes valores, moedas, cartões de débito e de crédito de um ou dois bancos, cartões fidelidade de restaurantes e recibos de compras. Mesmo que esses itens encontrados na carteira tenham um valor simbólico de utilidade, eles estão se tornando ultrapassados, como uma infinidade de plástico e papel que não fará muito sentido em um futuro próximo. A revolução dos pagamentos móveis é iminente e já está acontecendo. No lugar das carteiras estão entrando os celulares com dispositivos NFC em seu hardware e software que os transformam em uma carteira digital (e-wallet). O que interessa não são mais os papeis e os cartões, mas sim estar conectado com sua conta da e-wallet que possui seus dados bancários. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar o desenvolvimento de um sistema de pagamentos móveis denominado sistema S-Wallet, utilizando como base a tecnologia NFC. Este trabalho também inclui o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de pagamentos móveis, o protocolo SWEP, que realiza todo o processo de troca de mensagens, troca de dados e execução do pagamento. Além da App S-Wallet, uma aplicação com interface android para os usuários utilizarem. Assim como uma conta que armazena os dados dos usuários remotamente, denominada conta S-Wallet. Como parte da avaliação do sistema S-Wallet, foram realizados testes de integração das entidades desse sistema. Esses testes mostraram que o sistema S-Wallet proporciona usabilidade, segurança e privacidade aos usuários. Além disso foram realizados testes de usabilidade com usuários que mostraram que o sistema S-Wallet é fácil de usar e que pode ser indicado para o cenário pesquisado: pagamento entre dois usuários do inglês peer-to-peer (P2P) e máquinas de venda do varejo. Este trabalho mostra que a tecnologia NFC é segura para pagamentos móveis e é de grande utilidade para a expansão da mesma no setor comercial. / Mestre em Ciências