Textbooks are essential to Foreign Language (FL) curricula. They contribute to the homogenization of instruction between multiple-language courses; they provide learners with an advance organizer; they help train novice teachers, and they supply both novice and experienced instructors with a variety of resources (Allen, in press). In a context where the textbook appears to be the pillar of FL instruction, we find numerous studies about teachers' beliefs concerning FL textbooks (Ariew, 1982; Apple, 1986; Menke, 1994; Graden, 1996; Richards & Mahoney, 1996; Masuhara, 1998; Bancheri, 2006); however, there are very few studies on students' self-perceived needs (Jan & Glenn, 1984), and equally few on both teachers' and students' perspectives on language teaching materials (Donovan, 1998). Thus, the goal of this study is to examine both students' and teachers' views of FL textbooks in light of current Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory. In so doing, this project addresses three research questions: 1) what role should authenticity of the L2, target culture, and tasks play in language teaching materials?, 2) what place should grammar take in FL textbooks?, and 3) what part should technology play in language teaching materials? 48 French teachers and 1023 learners from four major North-American universities were surveyed using an online questionnaire containing not only closed-response questions rated on a four point Likert-type scale but also open-ended questions. This mixed-design methodology allowed the researcher to draw tentative conclusions on how to reconcile language teaching materials design with SLA research, teachers' beliefs and students' self-perceived needs. Practical implications for language teacher training programs and FL textbook development are offered.

Residential crowding is frequently associated with impoverished segments of the population, often living in distressed neighbourhoods, and with detrimental consequences for crowded households. The aim of this thesis is to apply a sociological and historical perspective on residential crowding by analyzing Swedish governmental texts and quantitative survey data. Politically defined welfare standards, as well as the subjective experience of crowding are analyzed and interpreted through sociological welfare and governmentality theory. The arguments justifying the official governmental standards on residential crowding – first formulated in the mid-1930s – are explored in a discourse analysis. The analysis shows that there is a strong link between what is regarded to be appropriate dwelling space and what is regarded to be morally good housing conditions. In the 1930s and 1940s experts’ decided on what was adequate dwelling space, however in the mid- 1980s experts’ ability to decide on dwelling space was highly questioned. Instead it became an individual responsibility to decide on how to reside. Hence, what constitutes morally good and morally bad dwelling conditions is debated and dispersed on many actors. Two parallel discourses on crowding, a ”gentrified” and a “distressed” are further explored by analyzing the data from a survey study. Subjective as well as objective elements are analyzed by relating socio-economic profiles of the crowded residents in a distressed and a gentrified neighbourhood. Despite income differences within the crowded population, depending on what neighbourhood you live in, the crowded residents in all neighbourhoods experience less freedom regarding their dwelling situation than do non-crowded residents. The least amount of freedom is experienced by those who are crowded both according to the Swedish housing standard and according to a subjective measure of crowding.

Background Young people constitute a fast growing group of Internet users and they are considered an important market segment. In Sweden, on average nearly 97 % of the people between the ages of 15-19 use Internet every day. A great deal of these people use online communities, and in order for these communities to succeed, it is vital to understand what content the youths perceive as valuable and useful. Furthermore, since using an online community takes time and effort, the community should fulfil a need among its users. Since it is no easy task to understand what motivates consumers, online communities should strive to reach a consensus in common characteristics among these individuals, in terms of what needs and wants they seek to satisfy in online communities. Purpose         The purpose of this thesis is to explore what needs and wants youths in Sweden seek to satisfy in online communities. To demonstrate the findings, Ungdomar.se will be evaluated, and given recommendations accordingly.  Method          In order to fulfil the purpose of this thesis, a descriptive and explorative study was conducted, consisting of both quantitative and qualitative data. The collection of data was made through a survey among youths, and by semi-structured interviews with Ungdomar.se and two people working at the Youth Centre Brunnen. Conclusion The authors have identified a set of needs and wants, that youths seek to satisfy in online communities. This has further been applied to the online community Ungdomar.se, and they have been provided with recommendations on how to satisfy these needs and wants.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in Education. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-132). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR45946

在探討殊價慾望的規範性意義時，必先瞭解殊價慾望在規範意義上的爭議，而欲瞭解其爭議所在，則首先需從殊價慾望的定義與特性著手。然而困難之處就在於，殊價慾望的定義不僅有失明確，且有因人而異、各陳己見的情況，甚至Musgrave本人亦數度更改對殊價慾望意義的認定。 殊價慾望與殊價財在意義與所具備之特性，眾學者認知上的差異性頗大。主要的差異，一為殊價慾望與殊價財之間觀念的混淆，一為對殊價慾望本身意見之分歧。對於前者，Musgrave在說明殊價慾望與殊價財的意義與特性時，有其清楚的區別。因此，依Musgrave的原意，對殊價慾望的探討才應是較為適切的方向。至於後者，則引發了學者之間對於殊價慾望在傳統規範性公共經濟學中，是否具有規範性意義的爭辯。在消費者主權的光環下，嚴守新古典福利經濟學的學者對其提出嚴厲的批判。 在殊價慾望或殊價財意識型態方面爭論不休之餘，已有多位學者進一步探求殊價財是否亦適用極大化福利之模型分析，並藉由特殊的模型設定推導出殊價財的最適條件，計有一、外部性（效用依存性），二、資訊與學習效果，三、社會的偏好，四、社會計劃者，以及五、福利經濟的事後概念。然而這些學者仍舊以財貨之特殊設定來試圖解釋殊價慾望之規範性的方法，可信度方面不得不有所保留；此外，即使較著重於最適條件的推導，但仍因各位學者對於殊價財特性之認知不一，所特殊設計之模型各異，致使其所得出之殊價財最適條件顯然只能適用其所認知之殊價財，實不足以完整涵蓋殊價慾望的真義。 晚近多有學者以不同角度來解釋殊價慾望。他們已認清除非擺脫新古典個人主義所代表之典範，轉移至另一個典範之內探討，方有釐清殊價慾望的可能。包括從個人偏好的分類出發，提出除了個人的私人偏好外，尚有個人之社會偏好，為一種對於整體經濟社會運行法則的偏好。其次，亦有藉由辯證提供殊價財的制度觀點來證明殊價慾望與殊價財的規範性意義，並且認清了除了消費者主權以外，尚存在如選民主權之其他主權。另外，亦有借重哲學思考，以可能性條件論述殊價慾望的滿足，認為殊價慾望必使得經濟學需納入道德正義的考量，因此必為社會經濟學。並將之應用於歸類並支持政府的一些職責，諸如制度上的設計安排，目的在使得自由市場得以運作，並得以有效率地運作，更可以人性化地運作。然而其中仍有許多不足之處，甚至誤解的情形。 問題的癥結確實在於新古典經濟理論的個人主義並不切合實際。真正的個人主義對於社會人行為的分析，是無法與其身處之社會環境以及複雜的人際關係相分離的。因此為了擺脫不合宜的分析方法，首先必需透過解釋學理論的第一人稱觀點解釋決定的形成與選擇，必基於瞭解個人如何認知。因此第一人稱觀點必成為客觀之主觀論者理論，同時社會科學研究者亦必須投入所欲分析的世界。並在輕「均衡」而重「認知」的理解下，考量第一人稱觀點所重視的動機、利益，與人際關係的交互影響，並捨棄於解釋人類行為並無助益之均衡理論、部分的預測行為，以及細瑣的數學推導。 因此，社會科學係研究「社會問題」，即人與人之間關係的研究，對於同時具備「經濟人」與「社會人」的身份的個人，其私人慾望與社會慾望的分類當依人際關係的有無加以區分。並對個人主觀之偏好輔以「第三者評判」，或某種「公共的正確性準則」。另外亦釐清慾望衡量的原則，以及構成原則與衡量法原則之間的不同之處。最後則詳加分析由消費者主權、私人主權，擴展到個人主權，各個主權原則之間的關係，清楚可知消費者主權實非唯一最重要的主權原則。 如此則殊價慾望之內涵已顯露無疑。其包含了利他的慾望、規範強制的慾望，以及集體狀態的慾望。由是可得本文對於殊價慾望意義之重要結論：係殊價慾望決定了財貨的殊價性，而非財貨提供的特性使其成為殊價財。且殊價慾望必涉及個人的社會慾望，亦絕非外部性所足堪解釋，同時並不因所得分配正義的達成而消滅。對於由政府提供滿足殊價慾望之規範性意義，亦因人際關係愈顯疏離的今日，共同的規範若不經由公權力執行，即合法的強制力，勢必已無法約束利害攸關的人際互動，而得到證實。

The purpose of this study is to approach the understanding of viewing of reality television with the intention to explore emotional responses in the reception since emotions are crucial part in the emotionalized television genre of reality television. The German adaption of the format The Farmer Wants a Wife was chosen for this case study to examine tendencies of portraying contestants in unpleasant situations. Humiliation, embarrassment or discrediting the contestants creates a balancing act between fun and ridicule. The protagonists are located between the status of (temporary) cult figures and/or figures of fun. The thesis’ main aim is to find out which emotions are perceived and addressed in the watching experience of the format being named in the context of ‘fremdschämen’. The winged German word for vicarious or empathic embarrassment was thereby addressed beyond its descriptive metaphor for current programs. Emotional responses in connection with shame and embarrassment were previously predominantly neglected in research on reality television. Its relevance and occurrence in media is insofar important, as the concept of ‘fremdschämen’ found the way into German mainstream language use. The thesis delivers qualitative approaches to capture the mediation of emotions in reality TV: In a narrative analysis, the question on how emotions actually are staged was approached. Subsequently, four focus group discussions with overall 18 German-speaking discussants were conducted to understand individual and social watching preferences, emotional involvement, attachment styles and positioning in the reception. The study’s findings suggest that the contestants’ ordinariness is challenged by mainly focusing on extraordinarity in the docusoap. Thereby, new opportunities of audience positioning, identification and anti-identification and constructions of appealing figures are encouraged. Gentle mockery in the style of presentation contains furthermore self-criticism of the genre and expresses a critical stance of viewing. Emotions are performed on different levels to increase entertaining values in the program. Especially embarrassment can be connected to its function of ridicule and the maintenance of social order.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Harrison Parizotto da Paixao.pdf: 1704488 bytes, checksum: 84c3ae673fbd8a0a91a11b5fd90f3a4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this paper is a reflection upon both the importance and the possible academic contributions that needs analysis may bring to high school Portuguese classes in technical studies in informatics, based on evaluations reported by students, (HUTCHINSON and WATERS, 1987; BERWICK, 1989; BRINDLEY, 1989; DUDLEY-EVANS and ST. JOHN, 1998; RAMOS, 2004; PRAXEDES, 2006; CINTRA, 2009); as well as identifying the needs presented by these students. Students needs are raised through interviews and classroom observation and interpreted based on studies that discuss the relationship between language teaching and students reality and daily practices, proposing mother tongue teaching practice to distance from a pure grammatical linguistic study that does not shimmer students needs, lacks and wants concerning language (BERWICK, 1989; SOUZA and SILVA, 1990; MARQUESI, 1996; BRASIL, 2000; DAVIES, 2004; ROJO, 2005; PRAXEDES, 2006; AZEVEDO and ROWELL, 2009). Designed around Applied Linguistics (MOITA LOPES, 1996; BRUMFIT, 1997; CELANI, 1998; 2000) this research finds itself under a methodology guided by the qualitative paradigm (MINAYO, 1994/2010), and is characterized as a case study (CHIZZOTTI, 2006; YIN, 2010). Data analysis is based on an interpretation that considers students manifestations on the interviews and classroom participation (ERICKSON, 1986). This data emphasizes students dissatisfaction towards Portuguese classes focused on grammatical aspects; furthermore, according to previous experiences, students present the importance between classes content and practical activities as part of technical studies. Therefore, this research craves for contributing on rethinking the Portuguese teaching-learning process for students in technical studies in informatics along with regular high school / Este trabalho propõe-se a refletir a importância e as possíveis contribuições acadêmicas que a análise de necessidades (HUTCHINSON e WATERS, 1987; BERWICK, 1989; BRINDLEY, 1989; DUDLEY-EVANS e ST. JOHN, 1998; RAMOS, 2004; PRAXEDES, 2006; CINTRA, 2009), a partir das avaliações relatadas por estudantes, pode trazer às aulas de Português, em uma turma de Ensino Médio de um curso técnico de Informática; bem como identificar as necessidades apresentadas pelos mesmos estudante. Identificadas por meio de entrevistas e observação de aulas, as necessidades são interpretadas à luz de estudos que discutem a relação do ensino de língua com a realidade e as práticas cotidianas dos alunos, visando a um ensino de língua materna que se afaste de um estudo linguístico puramente gramatical e que não vislumbre as necessidades, lacunas e desejos dos estudantes sobre a língua (BERWICK, 1989; SOUZA e SILVA, 1990; MARQUESI, 1996; BRASIL, 2000; DAVIES, 2004; ROJO, 2005; PRAXEDES, 2006; AZEVEDO e ROWELL, 2009). Configurada à luz da Linguística Aplicada (MOITA LOPES, 1996; BRUMFIT, 1997; CELANI, 1998; 2000), esta pesquisa é metodologicamente orientada pelo paradigma qualitativo (MINAYO, 1994/2010), caracterizando-se como um estudo de caso (CHIZZOTTI, 2006; YIN, 2010). A análise de dados está pautada em uma interpretação que leva em conta as declarações dos alunos nas entrevistas e sua participação em aulas (ERICKSON, 1986). Tais dados evidenciam a insatisfação dos estudantes perante aulas de Português que tenham como foco os aspectos gramaticais; além disso, os estudantes, a partir de suas experiências, expõem a importância da relação entre os conteúdos das aulas e suas atividades práticas como aprendizes em um curso técnico. Nessa direção, esta pesquisa deseja contribuir com o repensar do processo de ensino-aprendizagem de Português para estudantes de um curso técnico de Informática, concomitante ao Ensino Médio regular

This research investigates what rural villagers perceive as important and develops recommendations for improved electrification project implementation centring on user-perceived values (UPVs). UPVs capture more than the basic definition of value in the sense that they include benefits, concerns, feelings and underlying drivers that vary in importance and act as the main motivators in the lives of project beneficiaries as perceived at a given time. Low access to energy continues in rural sub-Saharan Africa despite significant investment by the development community. One fundamental reason is that energy infrastructure adoption remains low, as evidenced by the lack of project sustainability. To counter this, the challenge for energy project developers is to achieve sustainable long-term interventions through the creation of value for beneficiaries, rather than the traditional approach of focusing on short-term project outputs. The question of what is valuable to people in rural communities has historically not played into the design and diffusion of energy infrastructure development projects. This research drew on design and marketing approaches from the commercial sector to investigate the UPVs of rural Ugandans. To better understand the UPVs of rural villagers a new method, consisting of a UPV game and UPV framework, was developed. This method is suitable for capturing, understanding and mapping what rural populations perceive as important. Case study analyses were carried out in seven villages across rural Uganda. The case studies included the UPV game supplemented by non-energy-specific and energy-specific interviews with villagers. Additionally, interviews with experts were conducted to verify the UPV framework and to identify the gap between experts’ opinion and villagers’ perception of what is important. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the UPV game in deducing the values of rural villagers. The findings demonstrate a disconnect in the ability to accurately capture and design projects which resonate with and respond to the UPVs of recipients of rural electrification projects. A comparison between the villagers’ statements and experts’ opinion regarding what is most valuable to rural communities reveals striking differences that point to a fundamental misunderstanding of rural community UPVs which are likely to be contributing to widespread electrification project failure.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka kunders erfarenheter av och önskemål kring interaktionen med klädbutikers personal. Vidare undersöker studien på vilket sätt kunder vill att interaktionen ska ske samt inom vilka zoner och vid vilka tillfällen. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och den empiriska datan är framtagen genom 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnliga konsumenter. Studien har till en början en deduktiv ansats som sedan övergår i inslag av induktiv ansats inom vilka studien sedan växlar mellan. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat visar att kunder har önskemål om ett individanpassat bemötande under interaktion med personal samt att kunder lägger vikt vid personalens beteende och tillgänglighet. Studien visar även att kunders erfarenheter av interaktion med personal i klädbutiker inte överensstämmer med kunders önskemål kring detta fenomen. Många kunder har visat sig ha relativt låga förväntningar gällande denna interaktion men trots detta har det visat sig att personal i många fall inte lyckas leva upp till dessa förväntningar. Interaktionen med personal i klädbutiker har även visat sig vara av stor vikt för såväl kundens image av företaget som för kunders upplevelse av ett butiksbesök. Det framgår att denna interaktion har stor inverkan på kunders fortsatta beteende gentemot företaget vilket visar på att interaktionen utgör en viktig del av klädbutikers konkurrenskraft. / Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to examine customers' experiences and wants regarding the interaction with clothing store personnel. Furthermore, the thesis explores how customers would like this interaction to occur as well as in what zones and in which situations. Method: The study in this thesis follows a qualitative research method and the empirical data is gathered through semistructured interviews with 15 female consumers. Conclusion: The thesis' results show that customers have the desire for an individualized response in interaction with personnel, and that customers attach importance to the personnel behavior and availability. The thesis also shows that customers' experiences of interaction with personnel in clothing stores do not match customer wants concerning this phenomenon. Many customers have been shown to have relatively low expectations regarding this interaction, but in spite of this, it has been found that in many cases personnel fail to live up to these expectations. The interaction with personnel in clothing stores has also proved to be of great importance to both the customer's image of the company and the customer's experience of a shop visit. It appears that this interaction has a major impact on customers' continued behavior towards the company, which shows that interaction is an important part of clothing stores' competitiveness.