Chankuotseh is a literary historical masterpiece. The characters with in this book are not only of a great amount but also of wide variety. And all the minor details are exquisitely. This thesis is based on the importance or distinctive vividness of the characters and divide them into three groups¡G¡]A¡^Princes and feudal barons¡F¡]B¡^Courtiers to propose strategies¡Fand ¡]C¡^Chivalrous men and ladies. And the characters will be discussed in three major respects¡G¡]A¡^the Action and Wording of the characters¡F¡]B¡^the dialogues between the characters¡F¡]C¡^the relationship between the characters.

This study makes a unique contribution to applied game theory and to the studies of Shiji (Records of Grand Historian) and the Warring States Period of ancient China (453-221B.C.) by constructing and analyzing the annual series of alliance structures or partitions of the seven states during the period of two hundred thirty three years. It shows that twenty six of the eight hundred seventy seven possible partitions were observed, and that the three most frequent partitions were the finest partition (146 years), partitions with four singletons and one three-member coalition (63 years), and partitions with five singletons and one two-member coalition (33 years). Such quantitative results have future applications in alliance studies, game theory, and international economics. They also provide a list of future research topics such as the unknown statistical properties of a series of partition of seven elements with 233 observations.

¡@¡@The present study investigates the flux and reflux of the Qin Country,Qi Country and Chu Country during the Warring States Period . Marking researches into the ancient books which are Shi Ji ¡]¡m¥v°O¡n¡^, Zhan Guo Ce¡]¡m¾Ô°êµ¦¡n¡^, Shang Jun Shu¡]¡m°Ó§g®Ñ¡n¡^and archaeological materials of the tombs and bamboo slips of Qin Country in Shui Hu Di¡]¡mºÎªê¦a¯³¹Ó¦Ë²¡n¡^,Zhan Guo Zong Heng Jia Shu¡]¡m¾Ô°êÁa¾î®a®Ñ¡n¡^. The study consists of five chapters . ¡@¡@Chapter One , Introduction , presents the motivation and purpose , research materials and methods , and ths present study.of Qin Country Empire . ¡@¡@Chapter Two consists of three parts. The first part introduce the changes of society during the Spring and Autumn States Period . The second part discuss about the topics of the polity , finance , social values , military affairs ,and the international position . The Qin Country establish the concept which were agriculture and military affairs after the innovation by Shang Yang . The Qin Country grow fase through the efficient administration and strong enough to attack other countries . The third part is a conclusion of the innovation from the Qin Country , Qi Country and Chu Country . ¡@¡@Chapter Three consists of three parts. Making good use of human resources to break obstacles to the diplomacy is the main ideas of the chapter . First part discusses opportunist have two features on valuing timing and vicissitudes . Part two reveals The Qin Country have more talents than Qi Country and Chu Country and let them show slick strategy of diplomacy . Part three discusses means of diplomacy which are analyzed and inducted to Nine Types of Intervening in enemy state heirdom , Setting a prime minister in enemy state , Using means of bribery , Hostage , Connecting by marriage , Territory , Holding Audiences , Holding Conferences , Testing the water temperature . The Qin Country could make good uses of the diplomatic skills and adjust to changing circumstance quickly . ¡@¡@Chapter Four combining three parts investigate the concept of ability in the united wars . ¡@¡@Chapter Five ¡V Conclusion , according to several chapters represents the study construction of the win-lost various factors and gives the results of the study. ¡@¡@Key words¡GThe Warring States Period , Qin Country , Qi Country , Chu Country , innovation , diplomacy

This thesis mainly discusses the System of Counties in the Period of Spring And Autumn, the System of Prefectures and the Placement of Officials in the Period of Warring States.It contains various countries' prefectures and counties' officers and the origin of the placement of officials, its changing conditions, as well as its development and the distributed situation.The study is focused on whether these systems were closely conneted to its time and various districts.

<p>This paper is a Master thesis for the Master’s program in International and European Relations in the Department of Management and Economics at Linköping University. As the title indicates, the aim of this thesis is to make a comparative analysis of the conflict resolution initiatives that were employed in the Sierra Leonean and Liberian conflicts. The research questions are:</p><p> • What were the root causes and trajectories of the Sierra Leonean and Liberian conflicts? </p><p>• What were the conflict resolution initiatives employed in resolving both conflicts? </p><p>• Why did the Lome Peace Accord succeed in the case of Sierra Leone whilst the Abuja Peace Accord failed in bringing peace to Liberia? </p><p>In order to answer the afore-mentioned questions and fulfil the aim of this paper, a qualitative research method has been chosen. The study is mainly based on secondary sources such as textbooks, official documents from ECOWAS and the UN, articles, magazines and newspapers as well as internet resources. In making the comparative analysis the Conflict Transformation Model as espoused by Kumar Rupesinghe has been utilized. This model has specifically helped in explaining the reasons why peace returned to Sierra Leone but eluded the people of Liberia for a long time. The conclusion drawn from the study is that a multi-track approach is required in dealing with conflicts in West Africa so that it would touch on the context of the conflict, the conflict structure, the intra-party as well as the inter- party divisions and the broader system of society and governance within the conflict area.</p>

This paper is a Master thesis for the Master’s program in International and European Relations in the Department of Management and Economics at Linköping University. As the title indicates, the aim of this thesis is to make a comparative analysis of the conflict resolution initiatives that were employed in the Sierra Leonean and Liberian conflicts. The research questions are: • What were the root causes and trajectories of the Sierra Leonean and Liberian conflicts? • What were the conflict resolution initiatives employed in resolving both conflicts? • Why did the Lome Peace Accord succeed in the case of Sierra Leone whilst the Abuja Peace Accord failed in bringing peace to Liberia? In order to answer the afore-mentioned questions and fulfil the aim of this paper, a qualitative research method has been chosen. The study is mainly based on secondary sources such as textbooks, official documents from ECOWAS and the UN, articles, magazines and newspapers as well as internet resources. In making the comparative analysis the Conflict Transformation Model as espoused by Kumar Rupesinghe has been utilized. This model has specifically helped in explaining the reasons why peace returned to Sierra Leone but eluded the people of Liberia for a long time. The conclusion drawn from the study is that a multi-track approach is required in dealing with conflicts in West Africa so that it would touch on the context of the conflict, the conflict structure, the intra-party as well as the inter- party divisions and the broader system of society and governance within the conflict area.

The chapter “Regulations of a King” 王制 illustrates a new pragmatic form of governance through morality around five issues. First, the chapter practically discusses three modes of statecraft, detailing which mode of statecraft is most effective and why. Next, it discusses the importance of the existence of law fa 法. Third, it transforms the concept of ritual as a tool of governance and an extension of law. Fourth, it describes rewards and punishments as political tools to reinforce an educational and transformational program for moral quality. Finally, it discusses perhaps the most unique tool of governance, definitive judgment lei 類. Through the examination of these five issues in “Regulations of a King”, I intend to show that the chapter “Regulations of a King” illustrates a new pragmatic form of governance through morality by displaying a more practical style of rhetoric and political tools for effective administering of a state.

This study examines the centralization and territorialization of state power in early China by analyzing the long-term developments in the sociopolitical structures, spatial organization, and political economy of the Qi 齊 state in present-day Shandong Province. It argues that the rise of the centralized and autocratic territorial states of Warring States China (453–221 BCE) was underpinned by the emergence of a particular matrix of sociopolitical and economic institutions that were, in a departure from the lineage- and kin-based power structures prevalent in the early first millennium BCE, predicated on certain principles of territoriality including direct infrastructural and administrative control over lands, populations, and resources. To demonstrate this shift, this study synthesizes a wide range of paleographic, archaeological, received textual, and numismatic evidence to offer a fundamental reassessment of the spatial and institutional dynamics of state power in Qi over the course of the first millennium BCE. Chapter 1 broadly examines the longue durée changes in the organization of the power structures and state institutions most prevalent across the Zhou world. It focuses especially on two main institutions: (1) the Zhou lineage system upon which the sociopolitical order of the Zhou ecumene was based until it lapsed into obsolescence toward the final few centuries of the Zhou period, and (2) the land tenure systems based upon the Zhou lineage order that correspondingly transitioned from one in which state lands were partitioned on the basis of aristocratic lineage settlements to one in which they were centrally reorganized into standardized and multi-tiered territorial-administrative units. Chapter 2 interrogates bronze inscriptions, archaeological data, and received texts to establish the geographic parameters of Qi territorial expansion from the initial Qi core region in present-day Zibo first across northern Shandong and then eventually into adjacent regions in eastern and southern Shandong. It identifies a notable shift in the strategies employed to incorporate Qi’s newly conquered territories around the sixth century BCE whereby instead of appropriating existing local kin-based power networks, Qi rulers began to implement more centralized and direct administrative control. Moreover, this chapter charts the long-term political, administrative, and spatial construction of Qi’s southern frontier in the late Spring and Autumn and early Warring States periods, the figurative and literal capstone of which was the construction of the Long Wall of Qi in the late fifth century BCE. Chapters 3 and 4 further scrutinize the territorial and administrative centralization of Qi by analyzing the internal institutional developments that occurred in Qi in parallel to its external wars of conquest. Chapter 3 investigates how the destructive internecine conflicts between Qi’s elite lineages fundamentally reshaped traditional lineage-based power networks in the state and enabled the consolidation of autocratic rulership, which the Chen lineage ultimately usurped from the old ruling house of Qi in the Warring States period. Chapter 4 examines concomitant developments in the structure of Qi officialdom, military organization, and territorial administration especially of the metropolitan region centered on the Qi capital city of Linzi by analyzing bronze and pottery inscriptions and the archaeological evidence for Linzi. Finally, chapter 5 investigates the relationship between the economic integration of northern Shandong and the centralization of state power in Qi by analyzing the evidence for salt production on the Laizhou Bay coast and the circulation of Qi knife coins to reconstruct the political economic networks of the region. This analysis suggests that state-led production and distribution of key economic resources facilitated the territorial and administrative integration of the Qi state in the Warring States period, thereby shaping Qi into a cohesive political space.

這篇論文聚焦在考察戰國秦漢文本中的黃帝形象，而非其人之真實事蹟。從戰國到秦漢，黃帝具有多元的形象。作者試圖探詢的問題如下：戰國秦漢文本的黃帝形象為何？這些形象如何演變？演變發生的原因何在？期望這一研究能夠促使我們反思相關歷史的一個起點。 　　黃帝在血緣與文化方面的重要性，長時間以來都是中國民族主義史學中的重點。不過，並不是每一種黃帝形象都得到歷史學家同等的關注。純從現代人的角度進行研究，可能使研究者忽略，或扭曲另一個時代的人對黃帝形象的想像。本篇論文的目的即在全面探索黃帝在戰國秦漢政治、文化、民生、信仰中的多元角色及其受重視的程度。 　　戰國秦漢時期，人們對黃帝已經推崇備至。然而，當時人對黃帝形象的認識卻和今日有著微妙的差異。舉例來說，古人以黃帝為共祖的行為，除了表示血緣上的聯繫之外，也可能根基於當事人在所屬情境下，對歷史的解釋與認同感。作為聖王，黃帝受到學者讚揚與統治者效法；但是對於其人之成就與發明，仍然處於眾說紛紜的狀態。當時人的日常生活與信仰可能時常接觸黃帝之名，但其形象並不統一，有時甚至相互矛盾的。令人好奇的是，這些不一定都彼此吻合的形象，卻又不約而同地給予了黃帝正面的評價。 　　環繞黃帝形象的爭議並不罕見，尤其是在漢代。學者與朝廷對於整理與過濾相關史料的工作有過許多嘗試，《史記‧五帝本紀》是其中的代表之一。儘管當時學者可能有不同看法，由於能夠跨越大、小傳統之間的界線，多元形象對傳播黃帝故事或許是有利的。 / This thesis is a study of the images of Yellow Emperor in the texts from Warring States to Han, not his true deeds. The author tries to inquire following questions: what images of Yellow Emperor were depicted in texts of that period, how did those images change, and why did those changes happen. I hope that this study could eventually cause me reflex our understanding of relevant historical subjects. Since the turn of twentieth century, the positions of Yellow Emperor in the genealogy of kinship / culture have been one of the major concerns of Chinese national historians. However, not all kinds of images were concerned equivalently. Besides, those images of Yellow Emperor in ancient Chinese texts were sometimes neglected, or even distorted by modern historians according to their contemporary needs. Consequently, I try to rediscover the images of Yellow Emperor in the ancient Chinese texts as it were and try to explore their political, social, cultural, and religious implications in their own term. Though the images of Yellow Emperor had already enjoyed high profile from Warring states to Han dynasty, they were different from the modern popular knowledge and were shaped in different historical contexts. For example, the image as a common ancestor of ancient people is a fabrication / construction based upon the different needs of historical explanation and family identity. The images as a sage king, though admired by ancient scholars, imitated by ancient rulers, never reached consensus. People in that era might highly appraise his images in daily and religious life, but those images were far from consistent. Interestingly, though inconsistent they were, they gave him positive evaluations. Disputes about images of Yellow Emperor were not rare, especially in Han Period. Scholars and royal court kept on trying to rearrange and filter the historical status of Yellow Emperor. One of the representative works is the “Basic Annals of the Five Emperors (五帝本紀)” by Ssuma Chien (司馬遷). However, those versatile and vivid images could not be regulated, by royal court or by scholars, into a unified one, they were able to stride over the barrier between grand and little tradition, and help to spread those legends of Yellow Emperor.

This thesis analyses a change in the ways people composed and engaged with texts during the Warring States (481-221 BCE) period in Early China. It examines changes in the textual sphere as a result of an emergent manuscript culture, that is to say, the increased spread and reliance on manuscript texts for the communication of ideas. This shift moved away from the predominantly oral, commemorative, and ritual use of text in earlier periods, and provided key elements that would function in the text based discourse of the early empires. It influenced the way text across a variety of genres of writing was used and understood, structured and composed, and how it was collected and combined to form new arguments. I focus on texts from the Documents ?, and Odes ? genres, in addition to philosophical texts dealing with the past, and collections of sayings and arguments dealing with questions from cosmological to ethical issues. These materials form the mainstay of Warring States intellectual discourse, and exemplify the following textual developments: 1) the rise of collecting materials into compilations; 2) the emergence of genre classification; 3) the development of new authorship functions, 3) an increase in textual structuring and the integration of lore about the past, 4) the development of commentarial traditions, 5) the emergence of an explicit, self-reflexive understanding of writing and transmission, 6) advances in material structuring of manuscript-texts that interrelate form and content. The analysis is based primarily on excavated materials not edited during the early empires, and engages with comparative and interdisciplinary theory. It argues against models solely based on transmitted sources, which explained Warring States developments as a response to socio-political contexts. Instead, it posits developments in the textual culture itself as a necessary condition to explain the changes in intellectual discourse of the period.