Nos últimos anos, a elevada demanda do mercado por produtos oriundos de florestas plantadas levou a expansão das áreas de plantio, com isso investidores buscando a implantação de culturas com elevada produção e baixo custo de implantação começaram a explorar várias partes do país, e encontraram no Tocantins condições ideais para a implantação e exploração de florestas plantadas, por possuir áreas extensas e preço da terra reduzido. Entretanto, essa atividade vem se expandindo no Estado sem um planejamento prévio quanto à seleção do melhor material para cada região. Uma vez que o Estado apresenta temperaturas elevadas e baixos níveis de precipitação durante o ano, são necessários estudos sobre as espécies mais adaptadas às condições edafoclimáticas regionais, principalmente no que se refere à resistência dos materiais ao estresse hídrico. Com isso, objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas, bioquímicas e morfológicas, em três clones de eucalipto submetidos a estresse hídrico. O experimento foi instalado em fevereiro de 2017 na Estação Experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi em casa de vegetação. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em um esquema fatorial 3x3, com três clones (Clone 1- Eucalyptus urophylla, Clone 2- E. urophylla x E. grandis, Clone 3- E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis) e três manejos hidricos (Irrigado, retomada da irrigação e déficit). Foram utilizadas dez plantas de cada espécie em cada tratamento, sendo seis plantas para avaliação das variáveis bioquimicas e quatro plantas para avaliações das variáveis fisiológicas e morfológica. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto condutância estomática (gs), taxa de assimilação líquida de carbono (A), taxa de transpiração (E), eficiência da carboxilação (A/Ci) e eficiência instantânea no uso de água (EUA), teor de clorofila a e b, prolina, atividade de enzimas do mecanismo antioxidante (superóxido dismutase e catalase) e matéria seca total. Foram obtidas respostas diferentes dos materiais avaliados em relação aos manejos hídricos. O clone 2 apresentou os menores valores de condutância estomática (0,005 mol.m- 2.s-1), taxa de assimilação líquida (7,08 μmol.m-2.s-1), eficiência da carboxilação (0,028 μmol.m-2.s-1) e eficiência do uso da água (2,12 μmol.mmol-1), e maior atividade da catalase no manejo irrigado (7,90, podendo indicar maior sensibilidade às condições climáticas da região. Entretanto, o clone 3 apresentou resultados que evidenciaram boa adaptabilidade em condições ótimas de disponibilidade hídrica. As maiores taxas de assimilação líquida de carbono (10,57 μmol.m-2.s-1) e condutância estomática (0,20 mol.m-2.s-1), apresentadas no regime de retomada da irrigação mostram que o clone 1 apresenta uma rápida recuperação do crescimento. No manejo de déficit hídrico, pode-se notar que os maiores valores de condutância estomática (0,07 mol.m-2.s-1), taxa de assimilação líquida (8,05 μmol.m-2.s-1), eficiência da carboxilação (0,056 μmol.m-2.s-1) e eficiência do uso da água (4,18 μmol.mmol-1), foram obtidos pelo clone 3, mostrando ser o mais indicado para plantio em áreas com baixa disponibilidade hídrica. Por outro lado, as menores taxas de assimilação líquida de carbono e o maior teor de prolina apresentados pelos clones 1 e 2 indicam maior sensibilidade desses materiais em condições de déficit hídrico. / In recent years, the high market demand for products from planted forests has led to the expansion of planting areas, with investors seeking the implantation of crops with high production and low implantation costs, began to explore several parts of the country, and found in the Tocantins ideal conditions for the implantation and exploitation of planted forests, for having extensive areas and reduced land prices. However, this activity has been expanding in the state without prior planning as to the selection of the best material for each region. Since the state presents high temperatures and low levels of precipitation during the year, studies are needed on the species most adapted to the regional edaphoclimatic conditions, especially with respect to the resistance of the materials to the water stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological, biochemical and morphological responses in three eucalypt clones subjected to water stress. The experiment was installed in February 2017 at the Experimental Station of the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi under greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design was used in a 3x3 factorial scheme, with three clones (Clone 1- Eucalyptus urophylla, Clone 2- E. urophylla x E. grandis, Clone 3- E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis) and three water manures (Irrigated, resumption of irrigation and deficit). Ten plants of each species were used in each treatment, being six plants for the evaluation of the biochemical variables and four plants for evaluations of the physiological and morphological variables. The plants were evaluated for stomatal conductance (gs), net carbon assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), carboxylation efficiency (A / Ci) and instant water use efficiency (USA), chlorophyll content aeb, proline, enzyme activity of the antioxidant mechanism (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and total dry matter. Different responses were obtained from the evaluated materials in relation to water management. Clone 2 showed the lowest values of stomatal conductance (0.005 mol.m-2.s-1), net assimilation rate (7.08 μmol.m-2.s-1), carboxylation efficiency (0.028 μmol.m And water use efficiency (2.12 μmol.mmol-1), and higher activity of catalase in irrigated management (7.90, indicating greater sensitivity to the climatic conditions of the region). clone 3 presented results that showed good adaptability under optimal conditions of water availability. The highest rates of net carbon assimilation (10.57 μmol.m-2.s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.20 mol.m-2.s-1), presented in the regimen of irrigation recovery show that the clone 1 exhibits rapid growth recovery. In the management of water deficit, it can be observed that the highest values of stomatal conductance (0.07 mol.m-2.s-1), net assimilation rate (8.05 μmol.m-2.s-1) , the efficiency of the carboxylation (0.056 μmol.m-2.s-1) and water use efficiency (4.18 μmol.mmol-1) were obtained by clone 3, showing to be the most suitable for planting in areas with low water availability. On the other hand, the lower rates of net carbon assimilation and the higher proline content presented by clones 1 and 2 indicate higher sensitivity of these materials under water deficit conditions.

A disponibilidade por água direcionou e motivou o desenvolvimento das atividades e das ocupações territoriais na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Tietê (BAT). Nessa trajetória, a água subterrânea passou a ser uma das grandes reservas disponíveis para suprir a essa crescente demanda onde atualmente existem aproximadamente 12 mil poços fornecendo cerca de 10m³/s. Na BAT este cenário de dependência ao recurso hídrico subterrâneo se acentua, na medida em que a disponibilidade de água superficial diminui. Dessa forma, a intensa extração de água, concentrada na área urbana da bacia, tem causado rebaixamentos nos níveis dos aquíferos. A situação é agravada, pois parte da água fisicamente disponível torna-se qualitativamente indisponível por contaminações provenientes das atividades antrópicas mal operadas. Hoje na BAT são reconhecidas 2.018 áreas onde os aquíferos e os solos são contaminadas, ademais de existirem outras 53 mil atividades com potencial para gerar contaminação aos aquíferos. Nessa pesquisa foi realizado um mapeamento das áreas críticas integradas de qualidade e quantidade, onde a área da BAT foi dividida em células de 500x500m. De um total de 23.867 áreas em toda a BAT, foi possível identificar, 943 áreas de alta, 1876 áreas de média e 3120 áreas de baixa criticidade. Entretanto, essa situação é desconhecida pelos usuários dos recursos hídricos. Apesar desse cenário, a gestão das águas subterrâneas ainda é bastante incipiente na bacia. A limitação é ainda maior, pois a identificação dos poços é difícil e os problemas, quando detectados, não são de responsabilidade de apenas um, mas de um conjunto de usuários. Assim, como em outras regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, a BAT possui uma alta densidade de poços ilegais, onde a sua explotação acarreta em um rebaixamento excessivo nos níveis dos aquíferos, reduzindo a oferta de água, diminuindo assim, a segurança hídrica da bacia. Experiências recentes na gestão das águas subterrâneas têm indicado que o gerenciamento desse recurso terá mais sucesso quanto maior for a participação do usuário, portanto a gestão da água, aplicada nesse trabalho através da integração de informações relativas ao meio físico, uso e ocupação do solo, aspectos sócios econômicos, do balanço hídrico, e os aspectos hidrogeológicos torna-se fundamental para prover o conhecimento e as ferramentas gerenciais para a tomada de decisões e conscientização dos usuários, que levarão à proteção e ao uso controlado dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos. / The availability of water directed and motivated the development of activities and land occupations along the Alto Tiete Basin (BAT). In this way, groundwater has become one of the major reserves available to supply the growing demand, where there are currently approximately 12 thousand wells supplying almost 10m³/s. In the BAT, the scenery of groundwater resource dependence increases whereas the availability of surface water decreases. In this way, the intense water extraction, concentrated in the urban area of the basin, has led downgrades in the levels of aquifers. The situation is exacerbated because the water physically available becomes qualitatively unavailable due to chemical contamination from chemicals used in productive activities and services. The BAT has serious quality problems in part of the aquifers, having 2.018 contaminated areas recognized by CETESB, furthermore there are other 53.000 activities with the potential to generate contamination to aquifers. In the BAT, 23.867 areas of 500x500m, it was identified by mapping of the integrated critical areas, 943 high critical areas, 1876 medium critical areas, and 3120 low critical areas. However, this scenario is unknown to users. . Despite this scenario, the management of groundwater is still incipient in the basin. The limitation is even greater, since identification of the wells is difficult and problems, when detected, are not the responsibility of just one, but a number of users. As well as in other metropolitan areas of Brazil, BAT has a high density of illegal wells, where the illegal exploitation may result in an excessive drawdown of groundwater levels, reducing the supply of water, thus reducing water security of the basin. Recent experiments in management of groundwater have indicated that the management of this resource will be more successful with greater user participation. Therefore, water management applied in this work through the integration of information relating to the environment, use and occupation of land, socio economics aspects, of the water balance and hydrogeological aspects becomes essential to provide the knowledge and managerial tools for making decisions and user awareness, which will lead to the protection and controlled use of groundwater resources.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une démarche d’optimisation des performances de la PEMFC, à travers le développement d’outils de diagnostic dédiés à la gestion de l’eau. Celle-ci est un des éléments clé de l’augmentation des performances et de la durée de vie des piles à combustible. La technique du bruit électrochimique a été utilisée pour détecter des phénomènes liés au comportement de l’eau lors du fonctionnement de la pile dans différentes conditions opératoires (humidité relative des gaz, température et courant). Le bruit électrochimique enregistré pendant ces expériences a été associé à des mécanismes source grâce à une démarche expérimentale appropriée et à un traitement de signal basé sur l’analyse fréquentielle et temporelle. Les résultats de l’analyse spectrale et statistique ont permis de décrire l’état de santé de la pile à combustible (assèchement et noyage), par la génération des descripteurs dans le domaine fréquentiel et temporel, signatures de chaque état de fonctionnement de la pile à combustible. Enfin, de manière à compléter l’approche effectuée sur la détection de l’assèchement de la membrane et le noyage de la cellule par l’étude des bruits électrochimiques, des capteurs de mesure de pression en amont de la cellule de PEMFC ont été utilisées et comparer au signaux de tension pour détecter le phénomène de noyage d’une mono-cellule de PEMFC. / This thesis deals to optimize the performance of the PEMFC, through the development of diagnostic tools dedicated to water management. This water management is one of the key elements to increase the performance and life of fuel cells. The electrochemical noise technique was used to detect the phenomena related to the water behavior during the operation of the cell, under different operating conditions (relative humidity of the gases, temperature and current). The electrochemical noise recorded during these experiments was associated with mechanisms through an appropriate experimental approach and signal processing based on frequency and time analysis. The results of spectral and statistical analysis made it possible to describe the state of health of fuel cell (drying and flooding), by the generation of the descriptors in the frequency and time domain, signatures of each operating state of the fuel cell. Finally, in order to complete, the approach carried out on detecting the drying of the membrane and flooding of the cell by electrochemical noise analysis, the pressure measurement was combined with voltage signals, to detect the flooding phenomena of fuel cell.

A opção epistemológica escolhida como categoria de análise para compreender as dinâmicas do circuito espacial produtivo da banana em Missão Velha - Ceará, abrange a elaboração teórica do geografo Milton Santos sobre os sistemas de objetos e sistemas de ações. Para tanto, fora necessário um esforço de reflexão na tentativa de superar as complexidades desta categoria de análise do espaço. A pesquisa fora estruturada em três partes. Na primeira procurou-se abordar a estrutura organizacional do estado do Ceará em sua política de desenvolvimento econômico materializada em incentivos fiscais e reestruturação do Estado. Neste percurso a Agência de Desenvolvimento Econômico do Estado do Ceará ADECE participa da administração pública de forma indireta por se tratar de uma Sociedade Anônima SA de economia mista. Na reestruturação do estado, a construção de novas estradas, o asfaltamento de estradas antigas, e a construção do Cinturão das Águas do Ceará CAC, constituem-se objetos técnicos a serviço dos interesses econômicos da diminuta classe de empresários que investe não somente no agronegócio, mas também no setor industrial e de serviços. O Estado através da ADECE vem divulgando que a construção do Cinturão das Águas do Ceará CAC, irrompe como a obra que propiciará ao estado a seguridade hídrica para atrair o empresário, sobretudo na agricultura irrigada e/ou no agronegócio. O segundo capítulo busca compreender o circuito espacial produtivo da fruticultura irrigada da banana no município de Missão Velha CE, sob essa perspectiva tomam destaque duas empresas: Sítio Barreiras Fruticultura LTDA e Sítio Paraíso Verde Fruticultura LTDA-ME. Como método optou-se por averiguar no Banco de Dados Agregados do IBGE a quantidade produzida de bananas nos municípios do Brasil, exatamente os dados referentes à área destinada ao plantio, área colhida e valor médio da produção. Desta forma, fora feita análise tornando-se possível comparar os dados no período de 2006 e 2015, com o objetivo de averiguar a variação na produção de banana no país. Diante dos dados o município de Missão Velha toma destaque no circuito espacial produtivo da banana entre os dez municípios do Brasil que mais produz banana. Com a preocupação de constatar se houve redução na produção dos gêneros alimentícios (feijão, milho, amendoim e mandioca), o último capítulo surge na tentativa de entender a substituição da policultura desses gêneros alimentícios pela monocultura da banana, para tanto fora feito recorte temporal de duas décadas com o intuito de identificar em que momento ocorre esse processo de transição e as consequências que a inserção desse novo modo de produção, pautadas na maximização do lucro, que o agronegócio impõe, pode causar à condição de vida do agricultor. Para isso verificar o perfil do trabalhador do campo e os possíveis impactos socioeconômicos que esse venha a sofrer é de fundamental importância na elaboração de políticas públicas que priorizem as necessidades sociais ao invés dos interesses capitalistas na contramão do que o mercado impõe ao Estado e consequentemente à sociedade. / The epistemological option chosen as a category of analysis to understand the dynamics of the productive space circuit of the banana in Missão Velha - Ceará, covers the theoretical elaboration of the geographer Milton Santos on the systems of objects and systems of actions. For that, an effort of reflection was necessary in order to overcome the complexities of this category of space analysis. The research had been structured in three parts. In the first one, it was tried to approach the organizational structure of the State of Ceará in its policy of economic development materialized in fiscal incentives and restructuring of the State. In this course the Economic Development Agency of the State of Ceará - ADECE participates in the public administration indirectly because it is a Joint-stock Company SA of mixed economy. In the restructuring of the state, the construction of new roads, the asphalting of old roads, and the construction of the Ceará Water Belt - CAC constitute technical objects in the service of the economic interests of the small class of entrepreneurs who invest not only in agribusiness , but also in the industrial and services sector. The State through ADECE has been announcing that the construction of the Ceará Watercourse Belt - CAC, erupts as the work that will provide the state with water security to attract the entrepreneur, especially in irrigated agriculture and / or agribusiness. The second chapter tries to understand the productive space circuit of the irrigated fruit tree of the banana in the municipality of Missão Velha - CE, under this perspective two companies stand out: Sítio Barreiras Fruticultura LTDA and Sítio Paraíso Verde Fruticultura LTDA-ME. As a method, it was decided to check the IBGE Aggregated Data Bank for the quantity of bananas produced in the municipalities of Brazil, exactly the data referring to the area for planting, area harvested and average value of production. Thus, an analysis was made making it possible to compare the data in the period of 2006 and 2015, with the objective of ascertaining the variation in banana production in the country. Given the data, the municipality of Missão Velha takes prominence in the productive space circuit of the banana among the ten municipalities in Brazil that produces the most banana. With the aim of verifying whether there was a reduction in the production of foodstuffs (beans, corn, peanuts and cassava), the last chapter arises in an attempt to understand the substitution of the polyculture of these foodstuffs by banana monoculture, to both had been made a temporal cut of two decades in order to identify when this transition process occurs and the consequences that the insertion of this new mode of production, based on the profit maximization, that agribusiness imposes can cause to the condition of life of the farmer. In order to verify the profile of the rural worker and the possible socioeconomic impacts that this will suffer is of fundamental importance in the elaboration of public policies that prioritize the social needs instead of the capitalist interests against what the market imposes to the State and consequently to the society.

Orientador: Ricardo Antonio Ferreira Rodrigues / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Marlene Cristina Alves / Resumo: O arroz é o principal alimento consumido pela população brasileira, demonstrando assim a importância sócio-econômica que este cereal representa para a economia nacional. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento de cultivares de arroz (Primavera e Maravilha) em função do preparo do solo com arado de aiveca, sistema plantio direto e manejo de água, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO de cerrado, na área experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia - UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada em Selvíria (MS). Trabalhou-se com dois manejos de água, calculados através do Kc e aplicados por um sistema de irrigação por aspersão, controlado pelo tanque "Classe A" e água proveniente apenas da chuva. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições, sendo as mesmas constituídas pelos manejos de água e as subparcelas pelos cultivares. Durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: número de dias para o florescimento, características físicas do solo, altura de planta, número de colmos e de panículas m-2, colmos férteis, número de grãos/panícula, fertilidade das espiguetas, renda de benefício, rendimento de grãos, massa de 100 grãos, massa hectolítrica e produtividade. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nas condições em que foi conduzido o experimento, concluiu-se que os sistemas de cultivo não apresentaram diferenças para a densidade do solo, a macro e microporosidade nas profundidades de 0,0 a 0,05 m e 0,30 a 0,35 m. A irrigação suplementar proporcionou maior produtividade à cultura do arroz de terras altas. O cultivar Maravilha é mais indicado para o sistema de manejo, do solo com o arado de aiveca. O preparo do solo com arado de aiveca comparado ao sistema plantio direto propiciou maior produtividade do arroz de terras altas. / Abstract: Rice is the main food consumed by people, demonstrating the social-economic importance that this cereal represents for national economy. The present work was developed to evaluate rice cultivars (Primavera and Maravilha) under no till and mold-board plow and water management, in a Red Latosol of Brazilian Cerrado, in an experimental area at Faculdade de Engenharia - UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, situated in Selvíria (MS). Were evaluated two different water management, one calculated by Kc and used sprinkle irrigation, controlled by Class A tank, and the rain water. The experiment design was randomized blocks in a split plot scheme with four repetitions, being water management in the plots and the cultivars in the sub plots. The following evaluations were done: numbers of days for flowering, soil physical characteristics, plant height,number of stems and panicles per m-2, numbers of stems/panicles, number of grains/panicles, spikelet fertility, processing efficiency, grains yield, mass of 100 grains, hectoliter mass and yield. According to the results obtained under the conditions that the experiment was carried out, concluded that Primavera cultivar obtained better values for yield parameters. Bulk density, macro and micro porosity had the same values for the depths of 0,0 to 0,05 m and 0,30 a 0,35 m on both tillage systems. The different water regimes did not affect soil structure. Additional irrigation provided higher yields to the upland rice crop. The cultivar Maravilha is the most indicated for the mold-board plow tillage of the soil. The tillage with this equipament provided a higher yield for up land rice. / Mestre

Les Contrats de rivière et les Schémas d’Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux font partie des nouveaux instruments d’action publique misant sur un gain d’efficacité environnementale par leur territorialisation. La recherche pose l’hypothèse que cette efficacité dépend de la manière dont les acteurs qui mettent en œuvre ces dispositifs se saisissent de leurs dimensions territoriales. Elle propose la notion de ressort territorial pour désigner l’ensemble des ressources territorialisées et territorialisantes issues des processus dialectiques et diachroniques entre les constructions territoriales autour de l’eau et les projets pour sa gestion. La recherche explore les stratégies territoriales déployées dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces dispositifs et analyse leurs implications en termes de modification des représentations et des pratiques des usagers de l’eau et in fine de l’état environnemental des ressources et des milieux aquatiques. La démonstration s’appuie sur le cas empirique de la vallée de la Drôme dans les quatre dernières décennies. Le corpus est constitué de comptes-rendus de réunions, de documents de projets et d’articles de presse ainsi que d’entretiens et de cartes mentales réalisés auprès des usagers et des gestionnaires de l’eau.Les résultats de la recherche portent sur les mécanismes et les conditions par lesquels la gestion territoriale de l’eau peut être gage d’efficacité environnementale. Des facteurs déterminants sont mis en évidence : (i) la mise en synergie des projets de développement territorial avec ceux de la gestion environnementale ; (ii) la mobilisation des dimensions identitaires des dispositifs de gestion des eaux et (iii) les intentions et les capacités d’action de certains gestionnaires. A cet égard, les structures intercommunales, et en leur sein, les binômes élus/agents de développement, constituent des acteurs moteurs de l’activation des ressorts territoriaux de la gestion de l’eau. / River contracts and Plans for Water Development and Management are some of the new public action instruments aiming to improve environmental efficacy through regionalisation. Research suggests the hypothesis that this efficacy depends on how actors implementing these systems apprehend their regional dimensions. It proposes the idea of territorial feedback to indicate all the regional and regionalising resources resulting from dialectic and diachronic processes between regional constructions concerning water and projects for its management.The research explores the regional strategies used in drawing up and implementing these systems and analyses their implications in terms of modification of representations and practices and water uses, and hence the environmental condition of resources and aquatic environments. The demonstration uses the empirical case of the Drome valley over the past four decades. The body of the work consists of minutes of meetings, project documents and press articles as well as interviews and mind maps produced with water users and managers.The results of the research concern the mechanisms and conditions through which regional water management can be an indicator of environmental efficacy. Determining factors are provided: (i) assurance of synergy between regional development projects with those of environmental management; (ii) the use of identification dimensions of water management systems and (iii) the intentions and ability to act of certain managers. In this respect, intercommunity structures, and within these, the association of elected representative/development agents, act as the driving force in activating territorial feedback relative to water management.

Le développement des Piles à Combustible (PàC) est en plein essor dans le contexte de transition énergétique mondial. La production d'énergie électrique par les PàCs possède l'atout majeur de ne rejeter que de l'eau et de la chaleur, sans émission de gaz à effet de serre. Pour un développement et une commercialisation plus large des PàCs comme générateurs d'énergie, leur fiabilité et leur durée de vie. Cette thèse est dédiée au Contrôle Tolérant aux Fautes appliquée à la gestion de l'eau dans les Piles à Combustibles de type PEM. Une gestion appropriée de l'état d'hydratation de la PEMFC contribue à éviter les dégradations irréversibles de ses composants et ses performances, et par conséquent à un allongement de sa durée de vie et une augmentation de sa fiabilité. La stratégie de Contrôle Tolérant aux Fautes Actif proposée est constituée d'une méthode de diagnostic basée modèle pour la détection et l'isolation des fautes et d'un contrôleur PID auto-adaptatif régulant la surstoechiométrie en oxygène. Il est à noter que cette stratégie a été validée en ligne sur un système PàC réel. / Fuel Cell (FC) development is expending due to global energy transition. Power generation using FC results in water and heat as by-products, without emission of greenhouse gases. To continue developing and expanding its use as power generators, FC lifetime and reliability have to be enhanced. This thesis work is dedicated to Fault Tolerant Control System (FTCS) applied to water management in PEM Fuel Cells. An appropriate water management of FC allow to avoid irreversible degradations of FC components and performance that lead to an improvement of FC reliability and lifetime.The proposed FTCS is composed of a model-based diagnosis method applied to fault detection and isolation, and a self-tuning PID strategy for oxygen excess ratio control. This strategy is tested and validated on-line on a real FC system.

Guarulhos, o segundo município paulista em população, tem tentado aumentar sua importância no Estado e no país também nos aspectos sócio-econômicos. Como parte das necessidades inerentes a essa mudança de patamar, por sua alta taxa de crescimento, e devido à crônica e histórica deficiência no planejamento da cidade, nos últimos anos vários planos diretores setoriais foram lançados, todos relacionados direta ou indiretamente aos recursos hídricos. Ora por questões orçamentárias, ora por conveniência administrativa, foram executados separadamente o plano diretor de desenvolvimento do município apenas com diretrizes -, e os planos diretores de abastecimento de água, de esgoto sanitário e de drenagem, além do novo plano de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário, este atendendo à Lei 11.445/2007. O plano diretor de resíduos sólidos encontra-se em elaboração. A fragmentação desses planos diretores, apesar de justificada em função das condições em que surgiram e pelas demandas que visavam a atender, pode não ser a mais adequada do ponto de vista dos conceitos mais modernos de gestão da água urbana. Assim, após uma análise crítica desses planos, é avaliada a proposta de elaboração de um Plano Integrado de Águas Urbanas pelo município. Como sugestão de ferramenta de apoio à decisão, é apresentado o emprego de metodologia de análise multicritério para hierarquização de ações, especificamente obras de saneamento de grande porte previstas nos planos diretores de Guarulhos ou em seus desenvolvimentos, buscando também catalisar as interações entre gestores de diferentes setores. / Guarulhos, the second most populous city in the São Paulo State, has tried to increase its importance in that State and in the country also in socioeconomic factors. As part of the needs associated with that step change, for its high growth rate, and due to chronic and historical lack of city planning, in recent years several sectoral master plans have been launched, all directly or indirectly related to water resources. Sometimes by budget issues, or by administrative convenience, these plans were executed separately from the master plan of the city - this, with only guidelines - and the master plans for water supply, waste water, drainage, and the new plan of water and waste water (required by the federal law 11.445/2007). The master plan for solid waste is under preparation. The fragmentation of these master plans, though justified in light of conditions in which they emerged and by the demands aimed at answering, is not adequate from the standpoint of modern concepts of management of water resources. So, after a review of these plans, is assessed the proposed development of an Integrated Urban Water Master Plan by the city. As a suggestion of a decision support tool, is presented the use of multicriteria analysis methodology for prioritization of actions, specifically huge works of sanitation contained in these master plans or in its developments, also seeking to promote interactions between managers from different sectors.

<p>Dono&scaron;enje odluka u poljoprivredi i vodoprivredi podrazumeva uvažavanje ekonomskih, dru&scaron;tvenih i&nbsp;kriterijuma za&scaron;tite životne sredine. Proces je složen jer se odluke zbog nemogućnosti kvantifikacije&nbsp;često donose na osnovu kvalitativnih podataka, ili jo&scaron; če&scaron;će, u kombinaciji sa postojećim kvantitativnim&nbsp;podacima. Analitički hijerarhijski proces (AHP) je teorijsko-metodolo&scaron;ki koncept vi&scaron;ekriterijumske<br />analize i optimizacije za podr&scaron;ku složenih procesa individualnog i grupnog odlučivanja, koji se pokazao&nbsp;kao jedan od najpogodnijih da podrži takve procese i zato je u svetu &scaron;iroko rasprostranjen. Kod&nbsp;odlučivanja u poljoprivredi i vodoprivredi, zbog složenosti procesa, podrazumeva se interdisciplinarni&nbsp;pristup sa uče&scaron;ćem vi&scaron;e interesnih strana (donosilaca odluka). Kod grupnih primena AHP, odluka se<br />najče&scaron;će dobija objedinjavanjem individualnih ocena ili objedinjavanjem individualnih prioriteta. U&nbsp;novije vreme AHP se sve vi&scaron;e kombinuje sa modelima za postizanje konsenzusa.<br />U disertaciji je predložen mogući novi način objedinjavanja individualnih odluka u grupnu zasnovan na&nbsp;minimizaciji odstupanja grupne od individualnih odluka. Ideja je da se na osnovu individualnih&nbsp;vrednovanja elemenata odlučivanja po metodologiji AHP generi&scaron;e grupni vektor pomoću algoritma&nbsp;simuliranog kaljenja (SA - simulated annealing) iz klase inteligentnih stohastičkih optimizacionih&nbsp;algoritama, posebno pogodnog kada re&scaron;enje treba tražiti u beskonačnim diskretnim prostorima. Po&scaron;to se<br />u AHP mogu koristiti različiti metodi za određivanje vektora prioriteta, koji se uobičajeno nazivaju&nbsp;&quot;prioritizacioni metodi&quot;, da bi se postupak objedinjavanja učinio nezavisnim od metoda prioritizacije, u&nbsp;disertaciji je definisan univerzalni pokazatelj grupne konzistentnosti nazvan grupno euklidsko rastojanje&nbsp;(GED - group Euclidean distance). Inteligentnim približavanjem grupnog vektora prioriteta&nbsp;individualnim odlukama, odnosno minimizacijom GED, identifikuje se grupni vektor koji dovoljno<br />dobro predstavlja individualne odluke. Predloženi postupak nazvan je metod SAAP (SA aggregation&nbsp;procedure). Za testiranje ispravnosti metoda SAAP kori&scaron;ćena su tri primera i rezultati predloženog&nbsp;metoda su poređeni sa rezultatima najče&scaron;će kori&scaron;ćenih kombinacija metoda grupnog objedinjavanja,<br />konsenzus modela i metoda prioritizacije koje su nazvane &scaron;eme objedinjavanja. Dobijeni rezultati su&nbsp;pokazali da je SAAP konkurentan sa ostalim &scaron;emama objedinjavanja.<br />U disertaciji je predložena i transparentna metodologija za grupno vi&scaron;ekriterijumsko ocenjivanje&nbsp;pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje na datoj teritoriji. U FAO dokumentima je sugerisano da treba&nbsp;vr&scaron;iti ocenu pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje a ne isključivo zemlji&scaron;ta i da treba uzeti u obzir sve<br />faktore (kriterijume) koji utiču na uspe&scaron;nost uvođenja navodnjavanja. Vi&scaron;ekriterijumsko određivanje&nbsp;pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje je zasnovano na kombinaciji AHP i geografskog informacionog&nbsp;sistema (GIS) u grupnom kontekstu. Metodologija se sastoji iz četiri faze. U prvoj fazi se identifikuju&nbsp;podkriterijumi za određivanje pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje od interesa za dato područje.<br />Podkriterijumi se zatim grupi&scaron;u u kriterijume (kao &scaron;to su osobine zemlji&scaron;ta, klima, socio-ekonomski&nbsp;kriterijum, tehničko-pravni kriterijum i za&scaron;tita životne sredine) i na taj način se formira hijerarhija&nbsp;problema odlučivanja. Identifikovani donosioci odluka vrednuju elemente hijerarhije, takođe po metodu&nbsp;AHP, a zatim se vrednovanja koriste za izračunavanje individualnih težina podkriterijuma.<br />Sastavni deo druge faze metodologije je predloženi vi&scaron;ekriterijumski metod za određivanje težina&nbsp;donosilaca odluka. Koristeći individualne težine podkriterijuma izračunate u prvoj i težine donosilaca&nbsp;odluka izračunate u ovoj fazi, &quot;otežanim&quot; aritmetičkim osrednjavanjem određuju se grupne (konačne&nbsp;težine) podkriterijuma (GIS slojeva). Da bi rastersko preklapanje slojeva bilo moguće, u trećoj fazi se<br />standardizuju GIS slojevi. Množenjem vrednosti piksela u svakom sloju sa pripadajućim grupnim&nbsp;težinama slojeva i njihovim sabiranjem dobija se konačna mapa pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje i&nbsp;ona predstavlja osnovu za definisanje prostornih prioriteta izgradnje novih sistema za navodnjavanje na&nbsp;datom području. U četvrtoj fazi (analiza osetljivosti) se prvo isključuju slojevi koji predstavljaju<br />antropogene podkriterijume, a zatim i slojevi zasnovani na prirodnim &nbsp;karakteristikama. Na ovaj način se&nbsp;dobijaju dve nove mape pogodnosti lokaliteta za navodnjavanje koje pružaju dodatne informacije za&nbsp;definisanje prostornih prioriteta izgradnje novih sistema za navodnjavanje.</p> / <p>Agricultural and water management decision problems are usually complex because many criteria (such<br />as economical, social and environmental) need to be considered. For this kind of problems, decision<br />making process is often based only on qualitative data or sometimes on combination of quantitative and<br />qualitative data. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multi criteria decision-making method that<br />has been used in many applications related with decision-making based on qualitative data, and is<br />applicable to both individual and group decision making situations. Because of the increasing<br />complexity of decision making problems in agriculture and water management and the necessity to<br />include all interested participants in problem solving, nowadays many AHP decision making processes<br />take place in group settings. There are various aggregation procedures for obtaining a group priority<br />vector within AHP-supported decision making, the most common of which are the aggregation of<br />individual judgments (AIJ), aggregation of individual priorities (AIP) and aggregations based on<br />consensus models.<br />A heuristic stochastic approach to group decision making is proposed in this dissertation as an<br />aggregation procedure which searches for the best group priority vector for a given node in an AHP&ndash;<br />generated hierarchy. The group Euclidean distance (GED) is used as a group consistency measure for<br />deriving the group priority vector for a given node in the AHP hierarchy where all participating<br />individuals already set their judgments. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm tries to minimize the<br />GED, of the process of which can be considered an objective search for maximum consensus between<br />individuals within the group. The group priority vector obtained in this way is invariant to any<br />prioritization method; that is, there is no need to have individual priority vectors as is required by some<br />other aggregation procedures. This approach is named simulated annealing aggregation procedure<br />(SAAP). In order to check validity of this approach, three examples are used to compare it&#39;s results with<br />results obtained by various combinations of aggregations (AIJ and AIP), consensus models and<br />prioritization methods. In this dissertation, SAAP and other known combinations of aggregation<br />procedures and prioritization methods are labeled as aggregation schemes. Results shows that the SAAP<br />performs better or at least equally to several other well known combinations of prioritization and<br />aggregation in AHP group decision making frameworks.<br />The second objective of this dissertation was to establish a transferable and transparent procedure for<br />multi criteria group evaluations of land suitability for irrigation. The multi criteria approach is<br />recommended because according to FAO documents all aspects of the problem (environment, social<br />aspect, economy) need to be considered in the evaluation, not just soil. To make a decision on where to<br />build new, sustainable irrigation systems, here we propose multi criteria group decision making<br />approach which combines AHP and Geographic Information System (GIS). This approach is presented<br />as four-phase decision making framework. In the first phase, subcriteria relevant in validating land<br />suitability were grouped into five major criteria: soil, climate, economy, infrastructure and environment.<br />Considered as spatially determined decision making elements, criteria and subcriteria were evaluated<br />within the AHP framework by identified experts in the subject area.<br />In the second phase new multi criteria method is developed for deriving decision makers&#39; weights. Using<br />this weights and individual priority weights of subcriteria from first phase final group weights of<br />subcriteria (GIS layers) are computed. In third phase each subcriterion (GIS layer) is standardized. Then,<br />the cell values in each of the subcriterion layers are multiplied by the corresponding final weights of the<br />subcriteria and aggregated into the final land suitability maps for irrigation in GIS environment. Finally,<br />in the fourth phase, a sensitivity analysis is applied to check the influence of different criteria on the<br />result. By changing the weights of criteria, two more maps were generated showing land suitability for<br />irrigation regarding natural conditions and economy-water infrastructure.</p>

<p>Сложеност процеса доношења одлука у водопривреди лежи у чињеници да су проблеми који се решавају често слабо структурирани, због чега је неопходно њихово учвршћивање хеуристичким техникама до нивоа када се проблем може решити применом математичких модела вишекритеријумске оптимизације и анализе.<br />Групно доношење одлука у водопривреди није новост у свету, али коначнаг одређења методологије у овој области још увек нема. Постојање конфликата између различитих страна, заинтересованих за проблематику водопривреде, између врста коришћења вода, као и самих корисника вода указује на сложеност проблемтике. Сложеност увећава постојање великог броја алтернатива, које треба вредновати према великом броју критеријума.<br />Методологија избора учесника у доношењу одлука у водопривреди и одређивања њихових међусобних значаја, који је предложена у дисертацији, заснована је на коришћењу техника стратегијског менаџмента, прогностичких метода, гласачких метода, метода вишекритеријумске анализе и оптимизације и ГИС технологијама.<br />Досадашњи систем управљања водним ресурсима у Србији има слабости јер није у довољној мери заснован на корисничким захтевима, а свака промена захтева обично доводи до дуготрајне процедуре за измену статуса корисника, или измену квалитативних и квантитативних захтева у односу на водне ресурсе.<br />Развијени партиципативни модел, који подрзумева дефинисање конзистентног поступка за избор учесника у процесу управљања сливом, као и одређивање њихових међусобних односа и значаја, у садашњим условима и условима пуне изграђености Регионалног хидросистема демонстриран је на примеру слива реке Криваје.<br />Слив Криваје одабран је због вишеструке сложености водопривредне проблематике, јер је вишенаменски, вишекориснички, са поделама надлежности, како локалних самоуправа, тако и водопривредне делатности. Такође, Криваја је прекогранични водоток, што проблематику усложњава и у међудржавном, ресурсном, економском и политичком смислу. Методологија приказана у дисертацији примењива је и на друге сливове, &#39;оптерећене&#39; вишенаманским, вишекорисничким конфликтима, као и конфликтима надлежности.<br />Основна карактеристика модела је конзистентна структуираност, модул консензусног одлучивања у конфликтним и хазардним условима и употреба савремених математичко-компјутерских метода и модела и информационих технологија који, поред осталог, синергијски указују на доминантне учеснике у процесу одлучивања.</p> / <p>Složenost procesa donošenja odluka u vodoprivredi leži u činjenici da su problemi koji se rešavaju često slabo strukturirani, zbog čega je neophodno njihovo učvršćivanje heurističkim tehnikama do nivoa kada se problem može rešiti primenom matematičkih modela višekriterijumske optimizacije i analize.<br />Grupno donošenje odluka u vodoprivredi nije novost u svetu, ali konačnag određenja metodologije u ovoj oblasti još uvek nema. Postojanje konflikata između različitih strana, zainteresovanih za problematiku vodoprivrede, između vrsta korišćenja voda, kao i samih korisnika voda ukazuje na složenost problemtike. Složenost uvećava postojanje velikog broja alternativa, koje treba vrednovati prema velikom broju kriterijuma.<br />Metodologija izbora učesnika u donošenju odluka u vodoprivredi i određivanja njihovih međusobnih značaja, koji je predložena u disertaciji, zasnovana je na korišćenju tehnika strategijskog menadžmenta, prognostičkih metoda, glasačkih metoda, metoda višekriterijumske analize i optimizacije i GIS tehnologijama.<br />Dosadašnji sistem upravljanja vodnim resursima u Srbiji ima slabosti jer nije u dovoljnoj meri zasnovan na korisničkim zahtevima, a svaka promena zahteva obično dovodi do dugotrajne procedure za izmenu statusa korisnika, ili izmenu kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih zahteva u odnosu na vodne resurse.<br />Razvijeni participativni model, koji podrzumeva definisanje konzistentnog postupka za izbor učesnika u procesu upravljanja slivom, kao i određivanje njihovih međusobnih odnosa i značaja, u sadašnjim uslovima i uslovima pune izgrađenosti Regionalnog hidrosistema demonstriran je na primeru sliva reke Krivaje.<br />Sliv Krivaje odabran je zbog višestruke složenosti vodoprivredne problematike, jer je višenamenski, višekorisnički, sa podelama nadležnosti, kako lokalnih samouprava, tako i vodoprivredne delatnosti. Takođe, Krivaja je prekogranični vodotok, što problematiku usložnjava i u međudržavnom, resursnom, ekonomskom i političkom smislu. Metodologija prikazana u disertaciji primenjiva je i na druge slivove, &#39;opterećene&#39; višenamanskim, višekorisničkim konfliktima, kao i konfliktima nadležnosti.<br />Osnovna karakteristika modela je konzistentna struktuiranost, modul konsenzusnog odlučivanja u konfliktnim i hazardnim uslovima i upotreba savremenih matematičko-kompjuterskih metoda i modela i informacionih tehnologija koji, pored ostalog, sinergijski ukazuju na dominantne učesnike u procesu odlučivanja.</p> / <p>The complexity of the decision-making process in water management lies in the fact that problems, to be solved, are often poorly structured, making it necessary to strenghten them by heuristic techniques to the level where problem can be solved by using mathematical models of multi-criteria optimization and analysis.<br />Group decision-making in water management is not unknown, but the final determination of methodology in this area is still missing.<br />The existence of conflicts between the various parties interested in the issue of water management, between a type of water use and water users themselves, indicates the complexity of the problems. The complexity increases the presence of a large number of alternatives that must be evaluated against a number of criteria.<br />The methodology of selection of participants in decision-making in water management and determining their mutual importance; importance of each one among the others; importance of each of them among the group; importance of each of participants, which is presented in the dissertation, is based on the use of techniques of strategic management, forecasting methods, the voting methods, multi-criteria analysis and optimization, and GIS technologies.<br />The current system of water resources management in Serbia has a weakness because it is not sufficiently based on user requirements, and any requirement&rsquo;s change usually leads to time-consuming procedures for changing the status of users, or alteration of qualitative and quantitative requirements in relation to water resources.<br />Developed participatory model, which implies defining a consistent procedure for the selection of participants in the river basin management, as well as determining their relationships and importance in current terms and conditions of the full construction of the Regional hydro system, has been demonstrated on the example of the basin of the Krivaja river.<br />Confluence Krivaja has been chosen because of multiple complexities of water management issues, its multipurpose, multi-user, the division of responsibilities among local self-governments, as well as water management work. Also, Krivaja is cross-border watercourse, which complicates the issue in the interstate, resource, economic and political sense. The methodology presented in the dissertation is also applicable to other basins &#39;loaded&#39; by multipurpose and multi-user conflicts, as well as conflicts of jurisdiction.<br />The basic characteristic of the model is consistent structure, the module of consensual decision-making in conflict and hazardous conditions, and the use of modern mathematical-computerized methods and models, as well as information technologies which, among other things, the synergistic indicate the dominant participants in the decision-making process.</p>