This study investigates whether the current lack of structure of internal control weakness disclosures (a narrative about the reliability of the financial reporting system) leads nonprofessional investors to make differential investment decisions. Using the non-accelerated filer (smaller public company) setting, where nonprofessional investors are likely to consume unaudited internal control reports in their investing judgments and decisions, I examine two facets of internal control disclosure formats: presentation salience and disaggregation of material weaknesses. A 2 x 2 between-participants behavioral experiment was conducted with internal control presentation salience (bulleted vs. in-text) and disaggregation level (a single material weakness vs. a combination of multiple control deficiencies that is a material weakness). I find that nonprofessional investors reward companies that disclose internal control weaknesses more saliently. The results also indicate that disaggregation interacts with salience in that it increases the effect of salience on investing judgments such that salient (stealth) disclosure of a combination of control deficiencies is viewed more positively (negatively) than salient (stealth) disclosure of a material weakness. These findings are contrary to Rennekamp (2012) who finds that processing fluency in bad news leads to more negative investment judgements. Additional analyses indicated that the results related to management trust and credibility are consistent with prior literature. The findings contribute to academia and practice by shedding light on the importance that needs to be placed on the presentation format of internal control disclosures.

No description available.

Introduction: The most of critical ill patients is immobilised for short or longer period of time. This depends on the character of their illness, medication or another organ support. As it has been proved during critical illness and forced immobilisation there is an significant reducing in muscle strength, exactly in 3 to 11 percent with every another day of immobilisation (46.) It is necessary to say that early mobilisation is not standardised approach in Czech medical environment. Aim of tthe work: The main target of this diploma is to figure out whether early mobilisation in critical ill patients means any significant difference in their functional status in comparison to those given standardised physiotherapy. Another target of this research is to set up safe and structured protocol for leading early mobilisation and to determine whether exercising with cyclo ergometer is linked to higher risk of side effects and to state the most probable reasons for delayed or not performed rehabilitation. Research methods: This diploma thesis is based on randomised research. Participants in the control group are undergoing standardised rehabilitation, intervention group is undergoing extended rehabilitation with cycle ergometer. The cyclo ergometer exercise will take place at least six times a week with...

LNĚNIČKA Václav: Jesus' prayer in Gethsemane (by Mark). Prague 2010. Thesis. Catholic Theological Faculty. Charles University. Department of Bible Sciences. Supervisor A. Scarano. Key words: Jesus Prayer, Gethsemane, the disciples, strength and weakness, vigilance, temptation, anxiety, sadness, exegesis. The work deals with the interpretation of passage from the Gospel of Mark 14,32-42. It should serve to intensified understanding of the biblical passage. The actual interpretation is preceded by textual criticism, suggesting of a possible structure of the text and a description of the circumstances. It also includes a brief comparison with synoptic evangelists Matthew and Luke. The interpretation is structured in accordance with verses. The translation into Czech is cleared when useful. The interpretation is conceived primarily as a comparison of several contemporary exegetical work, but the comments of the Church Fathers are also consulted. In the passage, we can follow two ways to respond to the crisis. Jesus, who faces difficult challenge, when he is fully going to be given over the sinners, confessess his weakness and disinclination before the Father, and finally succumbs the God's will through prayer and gaines solid confidence. On the contrary, the disciples, who confidently showed their...

Background: Progressive respiratory muscle weakness and ineffective cough contributes to pulmonary morbidity and mortality in children with neuromuscular disease. Inspiratory muscle training aims to preserve or improve respiratory muscle strength, reduce respiratory complications and improve health-related quality of life. Objectives: To describe South African physiotherapists' knowledge and respiratory management strategies and determine the safety, viability, acceptability and efficacy of inspiratory muscle training for children 5-18 years with neuromuscular disease. Methods: Four studies were conducted: i) a quantitative descriptive survey; ii) a systematic review using Cochrane methodology; iii) a prospective, pre-experimental observational study and iv) a prospective, cross-over randomised controlled trial using a standardised 12-week inspiratory muscle training intervention. Results: i) South African physiotherapists (n=64) reported being aware of international clinical practice recommendations, however they favoured manual airway clearance techniques. The use of inspiratory muscle training in chronic management was well supported by South African physiotherapists. ii) Results of the systematic review (seven included studies; n=168) suggested that inspiratory muscle training may be effective in improving inspiratory muscle strength. There was insufficient evidence for an effect on patient morbidity or health-related quality of life. iii) The pre-experimental, pilot study (n=8) suggested that a six-week inspiratory muscle training programme was safe, viable, acceptable and associated with a significant increase in inspiratory muscle strength. iv) The cross-over randomised controlled trial (n=23) did not show evidence of a difference in the primary outcome measures (number of hospitalisations and respiratory tract infections) between intervention and control periods. There were no adverse events related to inspiratory muscle training. Inspiratory muscle strength (Pimax) and peak expiratory cough flow increased by 14.57 (±15.67)cmH2O and 32.27 (±36.60)L/min respectively during the intervention period compared to a change of 3.04 (±11.93)cmH2O (p=0.01) and -16.59 (±48.29)L/min (p=0.0005) during the control period. There was no evidence of change in spirometry, functional ability or total health-related quality of life scores following the intervention. Overall participant satisfaction with inspiratory muscle training was high and adherence was good. Conclusions: Inspiratory muscle training in children with neuromuscular disease is well tolerated, appears to be safe and is associated with significant improvements in inspiratory muscle strength and cough efficacy.

Swelling clay is an important and challenging geological feature in tunnelling projects.The behaviour of swelling clay is influenced by many internal and external factors.This, combined with a lack of experience and knowledge has resulted in challengeswhen accounting for the swelling phenomena. In addition to this, there is a lack ofunderstanding for the calculation of rock support when swelling clay is present. Themain objectives of this thesis were to compare laboratory methods used to measure theswelling potential, identify possible uncertainties when performing oedometer tests,and to provide a model for design of rock support for single zones with swelling clay.To support these objectives, a literature review has been conducted and laboratory testshave been performed to determine swelling properties using clay samples collectedfrom a tunnel failure in Sweden. In addition, a model has been derived for design ofrock support when swelling clay is present in single zones of different widths. Theresults from the laboratory tests showed that the clay sample could be characterizedas active respectively moderately active clay. The results of the model for design of rocksupport showed that the width of the swelling zone and the swelling pressure have asignificant impact on the shotcrete thickness, rebar spacing and reaction forces at therock bolts. However, future research for design of rock support is required as well asdevelopment of a more detailed standard for testing of swelling clay.

[pt] A tese pretende examinar a akrasia antiga e a fraqueza de vontade contemporânea. O problema da fraqueza de vontade (weakness of will) contemporânea tem suas raízes no fenômeno denominado de akrasia desde a Ética a Nicômaco de Aristóteles. Tradicionalmente, a história da filosofia retrata a continuidade de um mesmo problema filosófico essencial. A investigação inicial da fraqueza de vontade contemporânea em Richard. M. Hare e Donald Davidson estabelece a retomada do debate da akrasia antiga presente em Platão e Aristóteles. No entanto, há uma distinção fundamental entre ambos os fenômenos: enquanto a fraqueza de vontade reflete apenas à ação contrária ao melhor juízo do agente, a akrasia se refere à submissão da razão aos impulsos irracionais. A minha presente tese estabelece que há dois problemas distintos: o problema antigo da akrasia diante do conhecimento moral e o problema contemporâneo da ação irracional contra o melhor juízo do agente. De fato, a recepção analítica da akrasia antiga marca o restabelecimento da fraqueza de vontade contemporânea a partir das obras de Hare e Davidson. Meu plano de investigação analisa a relação intrínseca entre a akrasia antiga e a fraqueza de vontade contemporânea. Assim, a tese se divide em duas partes. Na primeira parte, examino o conflito interno da akrasia antiga e o estatuto do conhecimento moral em Platão e na Ética de Aristóteles. Na segunda parte, a recepção da akrasia antiga nas obras de Hare e Davidson esclarece a emergência da formulação original da fraqueza de vontade contemporânea em torno do conflito prático da ação irracional contra o melhor juízo. / [en] This thesis aims at examining ancient akrasia and contemporary weakness of will. The contemporary problem of weakness of will is rooted on the phenomenon called akrasia since Aristotle s Ethics. Traditionally, the history of philosophy depicts the continuity of the same essential philosophical problem. The initial inquiry on contemporary weakness of will in Richard M. Hare and Donald Davidson renewed the ancient akrasia debate as presented in Plato and Aristotle. Nevertheless, there is a fundamental distinction between both phenomena: while weakness of will reflects only action contrary to better judgement, akrasia refers to submission of reason to irrational impulses. My present thesis aims at establishing that there are two distinct philosophical problems: the ancient problem of akrasia in the face of moral knowledge and the contemporary problem of irrational action against better judgment. Indeed, analytic reception of ancient akrasia in Plato and Aristotle marks the reestablishment of contemporary weakness of will on the works of Hare and Davidson. My research plan examines the underlying relation between ancient akrasia and contemporary weakness of will. Therefore, the thesis is divided in two parts. In the first part, I look into ancient akrasia s internal conflict and the status of moral knowledge in Plato and Aristotle s Ethics. In the second part, reception of ancient akrasia in the works of Hare and Davidson informs the emergence of the original formulation of contemporary weakness of will on practical conflict of irrational action against better judgement.

The concept of weakness of will, or Akrasia, relates to questions regarding the rationality of our choices. Philosophers such as Richard Holton and Alfred Mele have spearheaded the debate since the turn of the century, but quite recently arguments put forth by Nick Heather and Edmund Henden have catapulted the question into a subgenre between the medical, psychological, and philosophical fields. N. Heather argues that it can be useful to categorize addiction as a certain weakness of will meanwhile E. Henden argues against this point. In discussions around topics such as addiction and behavioral psychology, a natural part of the conversation surrounds questions regarding freedom of choice. What constitutes addiction and how does it begin? Do those who are addicted have free will, and in turn, can they be held accountable for their choices? These are some of the questions that materialize when delving into this topic that feasibly might get answered in this paper. However, a lot of the discussion regarding addiction seems to rely quite heavily on the clinical aspects of substance dependency, which can be counterproductive to the discussion as it diverges from philosophy into neurobiological medicine and clinical psychology. Furthermore, substance addictions tend to have a direct effect on habituation and motivation which bypasses certain cognitive systems. To avoid falling into these pitfalls, this paper sets out to examine a rising phenomenon through the same lens: Social Media Addiction (SMA). Since that would fall under behavioral disorder within the spectrum of addiction and therefore not have the same properties as a drug-induced addiction, this article aims to investigate if it exhibits the defining characteristics of akratic action and investigate if SMA fulfills these. In this paper, a comparison between SMA and regular addictions is made in order to identify the differences and similarities. There is a larger discussion around the topic of what acratic core action is and when it is applicable in the case of addiction but also recent arguments for and against classifying addiction as akrasia are presented. Finally, the findings suggest there are cases where addictions can be classified as a form of akrasia which has its own implications and interpretations that are brought up. Limitations of the discussion are brought up and further research is suggested.

No description available.

No description available.