Purpose:The purpose of this study is to approach a solution to reduce housing shortage, by using inspiration from an industrialized building concept, which can lead to the opportunity for underprivileged people to get a livable housing. The aim is to study how knowledge from industrialized building could be used for a more efficient way of building in developing countries similar to Colombia.   Method:Utilizing literature studies for achieving abutment to published research also giving the authors an observant mind. With this knowledge, participatory observations were made as action research to explore the prevailing procedure when establishing a house. Operating analyzes, interviews were held in Leticia for understanding observed decisions. To be able to critically analyze the results from the interviews and observations, collected data were compared with knowledge based on the authors’ reference frames.   Findings:Keystones identified as the overall concept are applicable on establishments in the western world, since the concept is designed after similar conditions. Capital is required designing a building system as well as establishing a factory for prefabrication of elements, conditions limited in developing countries. Climate conditions and prevailing corruption prevents implementation of the concept. Identified weaknesses during the observations, noted repetition of unnecessary and non-value adding activities. One conclusion is not to implement the entire industrial building system, only practice the mindset. Initially keystones are implemented such as planning, exchange of information and reflection of performed projects, in order to improve upcoming projects. These keystones require no direct capital, merely a mindset that should be implemented.   Implications:The outcome of this study is to enlighten the subject, since obvious weaknesses were noticed, with capacity for development. Further research is realistic because, in a long term it will help solving the housing situation. For example, using this result as underlay for education like creating more efficient building, enlightening planning for reducing unnecessary non value-adding activities. As a conclusion of the study, identified weaknesses during the establishment affects the efficiency, creating unnecessary costs. A developing country should focus upon emphasizing reduction of costs, since their economic status is already declining.   Limitations: The observations during the case study have been concentrating on one small-scaled project in Leticia, Colombia. No further observations have been made but complements such as literature studies and interviews. Due to lack of time and language barrier, the amount of collected empirical data was too limited to provide durable conclusions for question formulations. Since only observations were performed on one establishment, a general result cannot be submitted.

<p>This study focuses on the impact on service provision arising from uncertainties in the UC Act. There are serious problems with the delivery of basic services in urban areas: including frequent interruptions in water supply, persistent power cuts, uncollected refuse, poor health services and dilapidated infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to highlight specific weaknesses in the UC Act and examine how these contribute to poor service delivery. The specific weaknesses to be examined are the unfettered powers of the minister, lack of legal certainty on powers and functions of UCs, limited revenue generating powers and lack of autonomy in recruiting senior council administration. First, UCs exercise delegated powers from central government. The minister has powers to give directions on matters of policy, suspend, reverse, or rescind council resolutions. There is no legal authority to check and balance the unfettered powers of the minister. Poor service delivery may be attributed in part to the unfettered powers of the minister. Secondly, UCs do not have devolved fiscal powers. As agents of central government, UCs can only levy those taxes and borrow money as authorised by the minister. The limited capacities of UCs to generate own revenue impacts negatively on the capacity of UCs to respond to the needs of the communities they serve.</p>

A lack of skill in particular component skills has been hypothesised as a cause of learning delays in children and this has been found to be the case in previous studies of reading delays (Smith, 2007; Williams, 2002). The present study explored this hypothesis with regard to the development of mathematical skills. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the delays of children who are delayed in mathematical development are in part due to a lack of skill, particularly a lack of fluency, in particular component skills. Performance on several component skills was investigated: The ability to read and write numbers, to recognise quantities and equality, and to perform simple and more complex operations. Performance of each of these skills was compared in two groups of Year 4 and 5 (8-9 year old) children: a group of typically developing children and a group of children showing delayed development in mathematics. Children whose mathematical development was delayed were likely to be less fluent at performing each of the component skills tested than children whose development was typical. Additionally, children whose development was delayed were more likely to have low levels of fluency in several of the component skills. The results of the present study highlight the importance of building component mathematical skills to fluency.

Magister Legum - LLM

Mesmo com os incentivos dos governos federal e estadual para desenvolvimento de Sistemas Municipais de Meio Ambiente (SISMUMA), buscando a descentralização da gestão ambiental, estes nem sempre estão estruturados com equipamentos, pessoal e orçamento suficientes para a formulação e implementação de suas políticas públicas ambientais. Desta forma, torna-se necessário desenvolver alternativas para enfrentar estas fragilidades de maneira a melhorar a efetividade da gestão ambiental nos municípios e consequentemente fortalecer todo o Sistema Nacional de Meio Ambiente (SISNAMA). Em aplicações para gestão pública local, a construção de cenários, uma ferramenta utilizada nas diversas escalas de planejamento com o objetivo de auxiliar a tomada de decisão por meio do exercício da visão de futuro, além de proporcionar a antecipação dos gestores, também amplia a participação da sociedade na tomada de decisão proporcionando um melhor balanceamento das escolhas, evitando decisões baseadas em apenas um grupo de interesse; um melhor conhecimento da realidade, e um tratamento mais adequado dos problemas ambientais. A partir das diversas contribuições proporcionadas pela ferramenta de cenários para a gestão pública apresentadas pela literatura, a presente pesquisa se propôs a analisar, a partir de um estudo de caso no município de Brotas-SP, como a ferramenta de cenários poderia contribuir para o fortalecimento da gestão ambiental municipal. A metodologia utilizada possui caráter exploratório e aplicado. Baseado na pesquisa-ação participante, desenvolve a interface teórica e prática existente na construção de cenários em conjunto com os atores envolvidos. A pesquisa realizada em Brotas mostrou que a ferramenta de cenários além de contribuir de diversas formas para o fortalecimento da gestão ambiental municipal, enfrentando direta ou indiretamente as fragilidades apresentadas pelo município. O processo de desenvolvimento de cenários em Brotas se mostrou tão importante quanto seu resultado, principalmente no que se refere ao espaço de discussão criado neste processo. / Even with the encouragement of the federal and state governments for development in the municipalities the Municipal Environment System, seeking the decentralization of environmental management, these are not always structured with equipment, personnel and budget sufficient for the formulation and implementation of environmental public policies. Thus, it becomes necessary to seek alternative ways to address these weaknesses in order to improve the effectiveness of environmental management in municipalities and consequently strengthen the whole national environmental system. In applications to local public management, scenario building, a tool used in the various scales of planning in order to assist the decision making process through the exercise of the vision of the future, in addition to providing the anticipation of managers, also increases the participation of society in decision-making by providing a better balance of choices, avoiding decisions based on just one interest group, a greater knowledge of reality, and a better treatment of the environmental problems. From the various contributions provided by the tool of scenarios for public management presented in the literature, this research aims to examine, from a case study in the city of Brotas-SP, how the tool of scenarios could contribute to the strengthening of municipal environmental management. The methodology was characterized as exploratory and applied. Based on participatory action research, the interface develops theoretical and practice in the construction of scenarios together with stakeholders. The survey showed that in Brotas the tool of scenarios besides contributing in various ways to the municipal environmental management, is also able to directly or indirectly address the weaknesses presented by the municipality. The process of developing scenarios in Brotas proved as important as its outcome, especially with regard to the opportunity for discussion created in this process.

Traditionally, firewalls and access control have been the most important components used in order to secure servers, hosts and computer networks. Today, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are gaining attention and the usage of these systems is increasing. This thesis covers commercial IDSs and the future direction of these systems. A model and taxonomy for IDSs and the technologies behind intrusion detection is presented. Today, many problems exist that cripple the usage of intrusion detection systems. The decreasing confidence in the alerts generated by IDSs is directly related to serious problems like false positives. By studying IDS technologies and analyzing interviews conducted with security departments at Swedish banks, this thesis identifies the major problems within IDSs today. The identified problems, together with recent IDS research reports published at the RAID 2002 symposium, are used to recommend the future direction of commercial intrusion detection systems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to analyze the vulnerabilities of family livestock on water front property at temperature rise caused by climate change, the Alto Camaquã s sub-watershed, which is located at the top of the river basin Camaquã covering eight counties of Rio Grande do Sul, all belonging to the Pampa Biome. This territory belongs to the remaining part of greater value to the biodiversity of the Pampa Biome, it includes a region that, for their economic, social and environmental characteristics, still maintains an ecosystem stable priori, still preserving some plant systems, water and nature of the local geology. The production system, family farming, helps to maintain these conditions, but suffer certain market demands incompatible with their management. In addition, climate and environmental changes that have occurred throughout the planet, accelerate weathering processes, environmental degradation and changes the hydrological cycle. The availability of water becomes a major environmental and social problems of the region. For these and many other features, the Alto Camaquã can be considered a fragile and vulnerable sub-watershed to the various socio-environmental changes, including climate change. This research was divided into two main analyzes: the first analysis deals with the Water Balance Climatologically (BHC), carried out in order to understand the behavior of the basin for the months of higher deficits and water surplus. The second analysis deals with the weaknesses of the Alto Camaquã front of the temperature rise caused by climate change and the vulnerability of family farmers face these changes. The BHC was performed by two methods: the first methodology consisted in calculating the Water Balance Climatological (BHC) Thornthwaite and Mather (1995), excel spreadsheet for Windows. The second method consisted in calculating the BHC through script GERHI, this was used a script developed by GERHI (Water Resources Management) of UFSM. The methodology used for the analysis of environmental weaknesses, was adapted from FRAG-RIO project (MMA, 2009), through a scheme weights (for variables) and notes (for classes). This study shows that water availability and soil resistance are variables that make the Alto Camaqua a fragile front territory to temperature rise caused by climate change. In addition, family farmers are vulnerable to these changes do not present mitigation instruments of environmental impacts and no increased its resilience strategies. / Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo analisar as vulnerabilidades da pecuária familiar sobre a disponibilidade hídrica frente ao aumento de temperatura ocasionada pelas mudanças climáticas, da sub-bacia do Alto Camaquã, que localiza-se na parte superior da Bacia do rio Camaquã, abrangendo oito municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, todos pertencentes ao Bioma Pampa. Este território pertence a parte remanescente de maior valor para a biodiversidade do Bioma Pampa, pois compreende uma região que, por suas características econômicas e socioambientais, ainda mantém um ecossistema a priori estável, preservando ainda alguns sistemas vegetais, hídricos e geológicos naturais do local. O sistema de produção, pecuária familiar, ajuda a manter essas condições, porém sofre determinadas demandas de mercado incompatíveis com seu manejo. Além disso, as mudanças climáticas e ambientais, que vem ocorrendo em todo o planeta, aceleram processos do intemperismo, da degradação ambiental e modificam o ciclo hidrológico. A disponibilidade de água passa a ser um dos principais problemas ambientais e sociais da região. Por essas e tantas outras características, o Alto Camaquã pode ser considerado uma sub-bacia frágil e vulnerável às diversas mudanças sócio-ambientais, inclusive as mudanças climáticas. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas análises principais: a primeira análise trata dos Balanços Hídricos Climatológicos (BHC), realizados com o intuito de compreender o comportamento da bacia quanto aos meses de maiores déficits e excedentes hídricos. A segunda análise trata das fragilidades do Alto Camaquã frente ao aumento de temperatura causado pelas mudanças climáticas e das vulnerabilidades dos pecuaristas familiares frente a estas mudanças. O BHC foi realizado através de duas metodologias: a primeira metodologia utilizada consistiu no cálculo do Balanço Hídrico Climatológico (BHC) de Thornthwaite, Mather (1995) em planilha Excel para Windows. O segundo método utilizado consistiu no cálculo do BHC através do SCRIPT GERHI, neste foi utilizado um script desenvolvido pelo GERHI (Gestão de Recursos Hídricos) da UFSM. A metodologia utilizada, para a análise de fragilidades ambientais, foi adaptada do projeto FRAG-RIO (MMA, 2009), através de um esquema de pesos (para variáveis) e notas (para classes). Este estudo demonstra que a disponibilidade hídrica e a resistência do solo são variáveis que tornam o Alto Camaquã um território frágil frente ao aumento de temperatura ocasionado pelas mudanças climáticas. Além disso, os pecuaristas familiares são vulneráveis a estas mudanças por não apresentarem instrumentos de mitigação dos impactos ambientais e não haver estratégias de aumento de sua resiliência.

Magister Legum - LLM / This study focuses on the impact on service provision arising from uncertainties in the UC Act. There are serious problems with the delivery of basic services in urban areas: including frequent interruptions in water supply, persistent power cuts, uncollected refuse, poor health services and dilapidated infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to highlight specific weaknesses in the UC Act and examine how these contribute to poor service delivery. The specific weaknesses to be examined are the unfettered powers of the minister, lack of legal certainty on powers and functions of UCs, limited revenue generating powers and lack of autonomy in recruiting senior council administration. First, UCs exercise delegated powers from central government. The minister has powers to give directions on matters of policy, suspend, reverse, or rescind council resolutions. There is no legal authority to check and balance the unfettered powers of the minister. Poor service delivery may be attributed in part to the unfettered powers of the minister. Secondly, UCs do not have devolved fiscal powers. As agents of central government, UCs can only levy those taxes and borrow money as authorised by the minister. The limited capacities of UCs to generate own revenue impacts negatively on the capacity of UCs to respond to the needs of the communities they serve. / South Africa

The aim of my diploma thesis is to process a strategic analysis of the Family brewery BERNARD, a.s. with using of selected methods of internal and external analysis. I will characterize the strengths and weaknesses of the internal company environment, business opportunities and environmental threats. I will compare the competitive position of the monitored company with its competitive companies in the market. I will elaborate the financial analysis of the brewery for the period 2007, 2008 and 2009 by calculating some profitability ratios, activities and debt. Based on the evaluation of the company according selected methods of strategic analysis, I will outline the business strategy and recommendations for its further development.

This study investigates whether the current lack of structure of internal control weakness disclosures (a narrative about the reliability of the financial reporting system) leads nonprofessional investors to make differential investment decisions. Using the non-accelerated filer (smaller public company) setting, where nonprofessional investors are likely to consume unaudited internal control reports in their investing judgments and decisions, I examine two facets of internal control disclosure formats: presentation salience and disaggregation of material weaknesses. A 2 x 2 between-participants behavioral experiment was conducted with internal control presentation salience (bulleted vs. in-text) and disaggregation level (a single material weakness vs. a combination of multiple control deficiencies that is a material weakness). I find that nonprofessional investors reward companies that disclose internal control weaknesses more saliently. The results also indicate that disaggregation interacts with salience in that it increases the effect of salience on investing judgments such that salient (stealth) disclosure of a combination of control deficiencies is viewed more positively (negatively) than salient (stealth) disclosure of a material weakness. These findings are contrary to Rennekamp (2012) who finds that processing fluency in bad news leads to more negative investment judgements. Additional analyses indicated that the results related to management trust and credibility are consistent with prior literature. The findings contribute to academia and practice by shedding light on the importance that needs to be placed on the presentation format of internal control disclosures.