En el presente trabajo de investigación se realiza la descripción y el análisis de la posible relación entre los Drivers del Webrooming con el proceso de compra, considerando las blusas dentro de las tiendas departamentales como categoría del trabajo. En segundo lugar, es relevante conocer si es cuál es la importancia de estos drivers para la usuaria de Lima Metropolitana de 18 a 34 años, además de cuáles otros drivers se pueden identificar durante el proceso de compra. En el primer capítulo, se describe los términos relevantes para el tema y la actualidad, haciendo énfasis en las variables que influyen en la variable independiente: drivers del Webrooming. En el segundo capítulo, se explicará la metodología a desarrollar durante el trabajo. En el tercer capítulo, desarrollará el análisis de resultados cualitativos para concluir con ideas y recomendaciones que permitan validar las hipótesis realizadas, respondiendo el objetivo general y específico del trabajo de investigación. Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo, se analizarán los datos cuantitativos, permitiendo obtener conclusiones propias y recomendaciones hacia el tema. / This research work makes the description and analysis of the possible relationship between Webrooming Drivers with the purchase process, blouses within department stores as a category of work. Secondly, it is relevant to know if it is relevant is the importance of these controllers for users of Metropolitan Lima from 18 to 34 years, in addition to other controllers that can identify during the purchase process. In the first chapter, describe the relevant terms for the topic and current affairs, emphasizing the variables that influence the independent variable: Webrooming drivers. In the second chapter, the methodology to be developed during the work is explained. In the third chapter, he will develop the analysis of qualitative results to conclude with ideas and recommendations that validate the hypotheses made, answering the general and specific objective of the research work. Finally, in the fourth chapter, analyze the quantitative data, obtain your own conclusions and recommendations on the subject. / Trabajo de investigación

That a consumer is going through multiple trade channels during a single purchase are being more normal than ever. A Danish bridal store has been in media saying that the owner will start to charge the consumers when they try on the dresses in the store. This since the consumer nowadays tries the fit of the dress in a physical store to later go home and order the exact same dress to a lower price online. This consumer behavior is called showrooming, it is when the actual store ends up to be just a showroom for the consumer. This possibility is since there is an endless amount of trade channels for consumer to go through. The opposite behavior when a consumer collects information about the product online to finalize the purchase in a physical store is called webrooming. Researchers have studied the behavior in a quantitative way and this study will be focusing on a qualitative research. The study will see how consumers interact between multiple trade channels in their process of purchasing products. The study was conducted with six students on a post-secondary education level with three student who study informatics and three students within textile. The conclusion of the study is that consumers are showrooming in different ways. A difference was shown out from the product and the education. And also if the students where focused on price or quality. Student discount and low prices where two aspects that where important for the students in informatics which is more likely for showrooming. While the majority of the textile students where more welcoming for using the internet to collect information about different products and finalizing the purchase in a physical store. Their choice was more motived since they did not trust the security online and they liked the fact to bring the product home immediately. The result of the study is important since the data that the behavior exists but there is also an importance to understand the behavior. This report is written in Swedish. / Att konsumenter går igenom flera handelskanaler vid ett och samma köp är något om blir allt vanligare idag. En brudklänningsåterförsäljare i Danmark gick nyligen ut i media om att butiksägaren kommer ta ut en avgift för att konsumenter ska få prova plaggen i dennes butik. Den underliggande faktorn var att konsumenter idag går in i fysiska butiker och provar för att senare köpa produkten online till ett lägre pris. Detta konsumentbeteende kan kallas för showrooming där butiken används som ett utställningsrum. Det är ett möjligt beteende för konsumenterna på grund av den oändligheten av handelskanaler som finns att tillgå idag. Det existerar en motpol till showrooming som benämns webrooming, där konsumenten använder internet för att samla information för att senare genomföra köpet i fysisk butik. Flera forskare har tidigare undersökt hur beteendet genomförs genom kvantitativ forskning. Denna studie utgår istället från att se hur konsumenter interagerar mellan multipla handelskanaler i sin köpprocess på individuell nivå utifrån showrooming fenomenet. Studien genomfördes med sex studenter på eftergymnasial nivå med tre respondenter inom informatik samt tre respondenter inom textil. Slutsatsen av studien var dels att konsumenterna utförde showrooming beteendet i olika utsträckningar men en skillnad uppstod beroende på produktkategori och utbildningsområde. En reflektion över pristillgänglighet och kvalitet skiljde studenter inom informatik gentemot studenter inom textil. Informatikstudenterna visade större belägenhet till showrooming beteendet där fysisk kontakt med produkten behövdes men köpet ändå slutade hos en konkurrerande digital återförsäljare. Detta grundades på studentrabatter och ett lägre pris. Majoriteten av textilstudenterna informationssökte hellre via digitala medel för att sedan köpa produkten i fysisk butik. Deras val motiverades på säkerheten med att beställa online samt möjligheten att ta hem produkten direkt. Resultatet i studien är viktigt för att visa på att även om siffrorna visar på att showrooming och webrooming är beteenden som konsumenter innehar så är det även viktigt att förstå varför beteendet existerar.

The dissertation project consists of four papers. Two papers are concerned with multichannel customer behavior: (a) drivers of competitive webrooming and (b) profitability effects of offline channel additions. The remaining two papers deal with consumer reactions towards different website cookie notifications.

Detta examensarbete undersöker användningen av mobiltelefoner som verktyg under användares beslutsprocess i en omnichannel-kundresa med fysisk och virtuell interaktion. Syftet är att identifiera både möjligheter och problem som kan uppstå vid användning av mobilen i en sådan interaktion, med fokus på fenomenet Webrooming. Studien belyser vikten av interaktionsdesign och tjänstedesign för att skapa en sömlös och positiv kundupplevelse i omnichannel-detaljhandeln. Examensarbetet undersöker tidigare forskning inom området, analyserar befintliga exempel på omnichannel-strategier samt undersöker användares beslutsprocess med mobilen som verktyg. Studien tar insikter från Cultural Probes som metod där användare dokumenterar en Webrooming-resa med olika medel där mobilen är i fokus. Intervjuer genomförs för att komplettera eventuella kunskapsluckor och öka förståelsen för deltagarnas inlämnade kit. Vidare analyseras insamlade data via Affinitetsdiagram samt Customer Journey Maps. Genom att tillhandahålla en djupgående analys av den nuvarande situationen inom användarens beslutsprocess, kan detta examensarbete bidra till en ökad förståelse för hur användaren använder mobilen som verktyg under den fysiska och virtuella interaktionen med ett företags olika tjänster under en webrooming-resa. Studiens resultat visar att mobilen används genomgående under hela kundresan för beslutsfattande, informationssökande, jämförelser och rekommendationer. Den slutsats som dras från studien är att mobilen används för beslutsfattande på ett flertal punkter och är ett viktigt verktyg under användarens beslutsprocess. Trots vissa utmaningar med mobiltelefonen som verktyg, såsom små skärmar och problem med mobilwebbsidor, upplevs mobiltelefonen som ett lättillgängligt och smidigt verktyg. / This thesis examines the use of mobile phones as tools during users' decision-making process in an omnichannel customer journey with physical and virtual interactions. The purpose is to identify both opportunities and issues that may arise when using the mobile phone in such interactions, with a focus on the phenomenon of webrooming. The study highlights the importance of interaction design and service design in creating a seamless and positive customer experience in omnichannel retail. To achieve this, the thesis examines previous research in the field, analyzes existing examples of omnichannel strategies, and investigates users' decision-making process using the mobile phone as a tool. The study employs insights from Cultural Probes as a method, where users document a webrooming journey using various means with the mobile phone at the center. Interviews are conducted to fill any knowledge gap and increase understanding of participants' submitted kits. Furthermore, collected data is analyzed through Affinity Diagrams and Customer Journey Maps. By providing an in-depth analysis of the current situation within the user's decision-making process, this thesis can contribute to a better understanding of how users use the mobile phone as a tool during the physical and virtual interaction with a company's various services during a webrooming journey. The findings of the study show that the mobile phone is consistently used throughout the entire customer journey for decision-making, information-seeking, comparisons, and recommendations. The conclusion drawn from the study is that the mobile phone is used for decision-making at multiple points and is an important tool during a user's decision-making process. Despite certain challenges with the mobile phone as a tool, such as small screens and issues with mobile web pages, the mobile phone is perceived as an accessible and convenient tool.

En el presente documento, se analiza la relación de la exhibición e información de los productos publicados en Instagram sobre la intención de compra en la tienda física dirigidas a mujeres de 12 a 17 años procedentes de la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana. Para ello, se utilizó el enfoque de investigación mixto de tipo exploratorio y correlacional con un carácter concluyente, junto al muestreo por conveniencia, a través de 2 focus group, 2 entrevistas a expertos y 270 encuestas dirigidas al target. Lo cual terminó validando las hipótesis planteadas tras la correlación obtenida del estudio cuantitativo, entre la exhibición e información de productos en Instagram sobre la intención de compra en la tienda física, lo cual fue discutido y sustentado por el público primario y secundario, durante el trabajo de campo. Logrando evidenciar cómo los canales online y offline se relacionan y complementan hasta la intención de compra, a pesar de tratarse de una generación nativamente digital, el 79% de las encuestadas señalaron estar dispuestas a comprar en la tienda física luego de ver el producto en Instagram. Dicho conocimiento, permite focalizar las estrategias de exhibición e información online que generen mayor intención de compra y tráfico en la tienda física, reduciendo costos de exhibición, optimización de espacio en la tienda y mejoramiento de experiencia de compra. / En el presente documento, se analiza la relación de la exhibición e información de los productos publicados en Instagram sobre la intención de compra en la tienda física dirigidas a mujeres de 12 a 17 años procedentes de la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana. Para ello, se utilizó el enfoque de investigación mixto de tipo exploratorio y correlacional con un carácter concluyente, junto al muestreo por conveniencia, a través de 2 focus group, 2 entrevistas a expertos y 270 encuestas dirigidas al target. Lo cual terminó validando las hipótesis planteadas tras la correlación obtenida del estudio cuantitativo, entre la exhibición e información de productos en Instagram sobre la intención de compra en la tienda física, lo cual fue discutido y sustentado por el público primario y secundario, durante el trabajo de campo. Logrando evidenciar cómo los canales online y offline se relacionan y complementan hasta la intención de compra, a pesar de tratarse de una generación nativamente digital, el 79% de las encuestadas señalaron estar dispuestas a comprar en la tienda física luego de ver el producto en Instagram. Dicho conocimiento, permite focalizar las estrategias de exhibición e información online que generen mayor intención de compra y tráfico en la tienda física, reduciendo costos de exhibición, optimización de espacio en la tienda y mejoramiento de experiencia de compra. / Trabajo de investigación

With the rise of the Internet and the emergence of online shopping, traditional retailing has transformed substantially. Retailers have developed multichannel strategies and, in particular, have integrated their offline channels with online channels. Such an integration of offline and online channels is associated with the concept of cross-channel integration. This cumulative dissertation aims to investigate cross-channel integration holistically from a demand point of view and a supply point of view. It consists of four independent studies embedded in an overarching introduction and conclusion part. The first study provides the conceptual base by conducting a systematic literature review. It identifies, analyzes, structures, and extracts 169 publications in the research field of cross-channel integration and concludes by suggesting two dominant paths for future research. These two research directions are addressed in three subsequent empirical studies. One empirical study focuses on the consumer perspective by investigating channel switching behavior. It finds that customers have a fundamental need for certainty within and after the buying process when it comes to channel switching. The remaining two studies are related to the supply side of cross-channel integration and investigate effects of strategies, retailers can deploy when integrating channels. One study assesses the profitability of a channel addition. It establishes that adding an offline store to online channels increases profits absolutely, but reduces the profit margin in the short run. The other study related to the supply side conceptualizes cross-channel technologies along the customer’s purchase process and experimentally assesses one of these technologies. Finally, based on the insights of the four independent studies, the dissertation concludes by summarizing the contribution and by deriving overarching implications for researchers and practitioners, the latter are equipped with a checklist for cross-channel integration.

Konsumenters beteende har förändrats och i dag söker kunder inte efter produktrelaterad information enbart i den fysiska butiken inför att de ska genomföra ett komplext köp. Teknisk utveckling och butiker online har möjliggjort för konsumenten att söka information var och när de vill. Detta har lett till att konsumenter är mer informerade än någonsin. Denna förändring av konsumentbeteende är viktigt att studera eftersom företag måste förstå sina konsumenter för att skapa hållbara affärsmodeller och strategier. Därför syftar vår studie till att skapa en större förståelse för detta förändrade konsumentbeteende och hur det påverkar den fysiska butikens roll när konsumenten förbereder sig inför ett komplext köp. Studien är design är en fallstudie av IKEA:s köksavdelning. Vår intention var att förstå viktiga aspekter av konsumentens förberedelse, informationssökning och beteende inför ett komplext köp. För att få en större förståelse för om den fysiska butikens roll har förändrats användes en mixad metod. Detta studerades genom observationer, enkäter och intervjuer. Genom att använda eye-tracking utrustning under observationerna kunde vi studera respondenternas beteende mer djupgående än vad tidigare studier gjort. Vilket resulterade i att studiens slutsats är att den fysiska butiken fortfarande har en viktig roll när konsumenten förbereder sig inför ett komplext köp. Framförallt förser butiken konsumenter med möjligheten att känna på produkten, samt att ge dem ett helhetsintryck av vad de ska köpa. Vår huvudsakliga slutsats blev därför att den fysiska butikens roll inför ett komplext köp är att vara ett komplement till den information som finns tillgänglig online genom att möjliggöra för konsumenten att interagera med produkterna i en verklig butiksmiljö. / Consumer behaviour has changed, today consumers do not solely search for information in the physical store prior to a complex purchase. Technological development and online stores have enabled consumers to search for information whenever and wherever they want. This has led to consumers being more informed than ever. The change and development of consumer behaviour is an important research subject, as companies must understand their consumers in order to create the best business strategies and business models possible. Therefore, is the aim of this thesis to gain a deeper understanding of this changed consumer behaviour and if the physical store might have a different role during consumer preparation prior to a complex purchase.The design used was a case study of IKEA’s kitchen department. Our intention was to understand important aspects of consumer preparation, information search and behaviour prior to a complex purchase. Therefore, was a mixed method strategy was used, which allowed us to understand if the role of the physical store has changed during consumer preparation prior to a complex purchase. This was studied through observations, questionnaire and interviews. Due to the usage of eye-tracking technology during the observation, we could study the respondent’s behaviour more in detail than previous research has done. The conclusion of the study is that the physical store still has an important role when consumers purchase complex products. Foremost, due to consumers’ having a great need to touch and feel the product, and to gain the whole picture of what they intend to purchase. Therefore, was the main conclusion that the role of the physical store prior to a complex purchase is to complement the information available online, by enabling consumers to interact with the products in a real world environment.

La aparición del ecommerce conlleva a las empresas a implementar estrategias omnicanales, para una mejor atención al consumidor conectado. Esto refiere que el servicio y su información se brinda en el canal online y offline, ambos se conectan e invitan a que exista una intención que culmine en compra. La relación entre el vendedor y el cliente es dinámica en este nuevo mecanismo de compra, ya que se busca que el consumidor tenga una mejor experiencia mediante el acceso a información sobre los productos o servicios en los que está interesado. De esta forma, ocurre un patrón denominado Webrooming el cual engloba la acción de investigar en el canal online sobre un bien y realizar un intercambio de canales, al efectuar la compra en el punto de venta físico. / Ecommerce leads companies to implement omnichannel strategies to give a better serve to the connected consumer. This is related that the service and its information is provided in the online and offline channel, both of which connect and invite an intention that culminates in purchase. The relationship between the seller and the customer is dynamic in this new purchasing mechanism, because it gives the opportunity for the consumer to have a better experience by accessing information about the products or services in which they are interested. In this way, there is a pattern called Webrooming, which encompasses the action of investigating an asset in the online channel and carrying out an exchange of channels, when making the purchase at the physical point of sale. / Trabajo de investigación

The modern retail landscape is experiencing a continuous change due to digitalization. With the growing number of available channels, consumers' consequent behavior within the fashion retail environment are becoming ever more complex. Which thus poses a challenge for fashion retailers in trying to not only understand them, but how to serve them best. Along this evolution of retail due to digitalization, physical retail stores have closed down due to the increasing competition from e-commerce, although it remains the biggest distribution channel. The role of the physical store is thus experiencing elements of an existential crisis. In this, Generation Z remains an ambiguous consumer segment whose importance will only increase as the generation comes into its purchasing prime. But, Generation Z is not yet well understood as limited research exists on the subject. And as they’re the digital native generation, where retail omnichannel strategies are commonplace, seeking to understand their attitudes, preferences and perceptions of omnichannel retailing, but also the physical store, is thus essential moving into the future. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to distinguish and explore the value of the physical store in the eyes of Generation Z in an omnichannel strategy, within the context of fashion retailing. RQ: What is the role of physical fashion stores within omnichannel strategy, in regard to Generation Z? In order to answer the research question, the method of choice was a qualitative one. The consequent empirical findings were gathered from seven semi-structured interviews, six from Generation Z respondents and one from the CCO of Gina Tricot, yielding a managerial perspective. Thus, allowing for triangulation opportunities. Moreover, besides the empirical findings, we present a proposed framework which illustrates how and why Generation Z’s behavior, preferences and perceptions have ultimately altered the role of physical stores to be one of increasing complementarity within the context of an omnichannel strategy. In describing this evolution, multiple characteristics of Generation Z are distinguished. Finally, this thesis provides a deepened knowledge on how retailers may use their physical store within an omnichannel strategy to better serve Generation Z consumers in order to enhance customer experience and satisfaction. The empirical findings exhibit the physical store as an essential part for consumers within the context of other available channels online. Where multiple aspects otherwise not satisfied through online channels, serve an important purpose for Generation Z consumers. This thesis may thus offer value for retailers in how to balance various appreciated aspects of the physical store, whilst incorporating some of the desired elements of online, to increase the customer experience of physical stores.

This cumulative dissertation consists of four papers that investigate retailer switching and identify potential and threat of cross-channel retail services (CCRS) for retail businesses. The first, conceptual paper compares different theories and models of retail quality. It derives the concept of retailer aspects as a framework to measure retailer quality and further discusses how CCRS can serve as a tool to enhance those retailer aspects. The second paper discusses results from a consumer panel survey and quantifies the influence of satisfaction with retailer aspects on retailer switching during webrooming behavior. The findings of this second paper present the two retailer aspects assurance of delivery and competitive product pricing as key determinants for retailer switching. The third paper defines CCRS and outlines a conceptual classification scheme for CCRS assessments – the CCRS Pentagon. The fourth paper quantifies the impact of CCRS adoption and retailer aspect preferences on CCRS-induced retailer switching based on a second consumer panel survey. Results from this second study affirm the existence of CCRS-induced retailer switching. The paper concludes that CCRS can serve as a retailer’s lock-in mechanism, but that the availability of CCRS in retail environments also threatens retail businesses. In sum, the dissertation provides academic contributions and suggestions for further academic research as well as practical implications and management tools for application in retail businesses.:I. Introduction II. Enhancing Multi-Channel Retail Quality through Cross-Channel Services III. What Drives Competitive Webrooming? The Roles of Channel and Retailer Aspects IV. Cross-Channel Retail Services: A Service Classification Along The Retail Function V. Service-induced Retailer Switching – Power of Cross-Channel Retail Services VI. Conclusion Appendix A: Estimated parameters in baseline-category logit model Appendix B: Conditional marginal effects and conditional probability Appendix C: T-Tests for retailer aspects per service example