Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico

Os processos espaço-temporais vêm ganhando destaque nos últimos anos, em razão do aumento de estudos compreendendo variáveis que apresentam interação entre as dimensões espacial e temporal. Com o objetivo de modelar esses processos, Pfeifer e Deutsch (1980a) propuseram uma extensão da classe de modelos univariados de Box-Jenkins, denominada por modelo espaço-temporal autoregressivo de média móvel (STARMA). Essa classe de modelos é utilizada para descrever dados de séries temporais espacialmente localizadas. Os processos passíveis de modelagem via classe de modelos STARMA são caracterizados por observações de variáveis aleatórias, em que os locais a serem incorporados no modelo são fixos no espaço. A dependência entre as n séries temporais é modelada por meio da matriz de ponderação, de modo que os modelos da classe STARMA expressem cada observação no tempo t e na localização i como uma média ponderada de combinações lineares das observações anteriores e a inovação defasada no espaço e no tempo conjuntamente. Dada a nova classe de modelos, os objetivos deste estudo foram apresentar a classe de modelos STARMA, implentar computacionalmente, no software R, rotinas que permitam a análise de dados espaço-temporais, com as rotinas implementadas estabelecer e testar modelos de séries temporais aos dados de temperaturas mínimas médias mensais de 8 estações meteorológicas situadas no Paraná e comparar a classe de modelos STARMA com a classe de modelos univariados proposta por Box e Jenkins (1970). Com este estudo verificou-se que na apresentação da classe de modelos STARMA há complexidade no conceito de ordens de vizinhança e na identificação dos modelos espaço-temporais. Em relação a criação de rotinas responsáveis pelas análises de dados espaço-temporais observou-se dificuldades em sua implementação, principalmente no momento de estimação dos parâmetros. Na comparação da classe de modelos STARMA, multivariada, com a classe de modelos SARIMA, univariada, constatou-se que ambos os modelos se ajustaram de maneira satisfatória aos dados, produzindo previsões acuradas. / Spatio-temporal processes have been highlighted lately, due to the increase of studies approaching variables that present interactions between the spatial and temporal dimensions. In order to model these processes, Pfeifer e Deutsch (1980a) have suggested an extension of the Box-Jenkins univariate model class, named spatio-temporal autoregressive moving-average model (STARMA). This model class is used to describe spatially located time series data. The processes prone to be modeled via the STARMA model class are characterized by observations of random variables, in which the locations to be incorporated in the model are spatially fixed. The dependence between the n time series is modeled through the weighing matrix. So STARMA models express each observation at time t and location i as a weighed mean of linear combinations of the previous observations and the jointly lagged innovation in space and time. Given the new class models, the objectives of this study were to present a class of models STARMA, implentar computationally, in textit R software, routines that allow the analysis of spatio-temporal data with the routines implemented to establish and test models time series data of monthly average minimum temperatures of 8 meteorological stations located in Paraná and compare the class of models STARMA with the class of univariate models proposed by Box e Jenkins (1970). With this study it was found that the presentation of the class of models STARMA no complexity in the concept of ordered neighborhood and identification of spatio-temporal models. Regarding the creation of routines responsible for the analysis of spatio-temporal observed difficulties in its implementation, especially at the time of estimation of parameters. In comparison class STARMA models, multivariate, with the class of SARIMA models, univariate, it was found that both models were adjusted satisfactorily to the data, producing accurate forecasts.

A method of continuously monitoring weight would aid producers by ensuring all pigs are gaining weight and increasing the precision of marketing pigs thus saving money. Electronically monitoring weight without moving the pigs to the scale would eliminate a stress-generating source. Therefore, the development of methods for monitoring the physical conditions of animals from a distance appears as a necessity for obtaining data with higher quality. In pigs\' production, animals\' weighing is a practice that represents an important role in the control of the factors that affect the performance of the herd and it is an important factor on the production\'s monitoring. Therefore, this research aimed to extract weight data of pigs through depth images. First, a validation of 5 Kinect &reg; depth sensors was completed to understand the accuracy of the depth sensors. In addition, equations were generated to correct the dimensions\' data (length, area and volume) provided by these sensors for any distance between the sensor and the animals. Depth images and weights of finishing pigs (gilts and barrows) of three commercial lines (Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire based) were acquired. Then, the images were analyzed with the MATLAB software (2016a). The pigs on the images were selected by depth differences and their volumes were calculated and then adjusted using the correction equation developed. Also, pigs\' dimensions were acquired for updating existing data. Curves of weight versus corrected volumes and corrected dimensions versus weight were adjusted. Equations for weight predictions through volume were adjusted for gilts and barrows and for each of the three commercial lines used. A reduced equation for all the data, without considering differences between sexes and genetic lines was also adjusted and compared with the individual equations using the Efroymson\'s algorithm. The result showed that there was no significant difference between the reduced equation and the individual equations for barrows and gilts (p<0.05), and the global equation was also no different than individual equations for each of the three sire lines (p<0.05). The global equation can predict weights from a depth sensor with an R2 of 0,9905. Therefore, the results of this study show that the depth sensor would be a reasonable approach to continuously monitor weights. / Um método de monitoramento contínuo da massa corporal de suínos auxiliaria os produtores, assegurando que todos os animais estão ganhando massa e aumentando a sua precisão de comercialização, reduzindo-se perdas. Obter eletronicamente a massa corporal sem mover os animais para a balança eliminaria uma fonte geradora de estresse. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de métodos para monitorar as condições físicas dos animais à distância se mostra necessário para a obtenção de dados com maior qualidade. Na produção de suínos, a pesagem dos animais é uma prática que representa um papel importante no controle dos fatores que afetam o desempenho do rebanho e o monitoramento da produção. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo extrair, automaticamente, dados de massa de suínos por meio de imagens em profundidade. Foi feita, primeiramente, uma validação de 5 sensores de profundidade Kinect &reg; para compreender seu comportamento. Além disso, foram geradas equações para corrigir os dados de dimensões (comprimento, área e volume) fornecidos por estes sensores para qualquer distância entre o sensor e os animais. Foram obtidas imagens de profundidade e massas corporais de suínos e crescimento e terminação (fêmeas e machos castrados) de três linhagens comerciais (Landrace, Duroc e Yorkshire). Em seguida, as imagens foram analisadas com o software MATLAB (2016a). Os animais nas imagens foram selecionados por diferenças de profundidade e seus volumes foram calculados e depois ajustados utilizando a equação de correção desenvolvida. Foram coletadas, ainda, dimensões dos animais para atualização de dados existentes. Curvas de massa versus volumes corrigidos e de dimensões corrigidas versus massa, foram ajustadas. Equações para predição de massa a partir do volume foram ajustadas para os dois sexos e para as três linhagens comerciais. Uma equação reduzida, sem considerar as diferenças entre sexos e linhagens, também foi ajustada e comparada com as equações individuais utilizando o algoritmo de Efroymson. O resultado mostrou que não houve diferença significativa entre a equação reduzida e as equações individuais tanto para sexo (p <0,05), quanto para linhagens (p <0,05). A equação global pode predizer massas a partir do volume obtido com o sensor, com um R2 de 0,9905. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo mostram que o sensor de profundidade é uma abordagem razoável para monitorar as massas dos animais.

A mensuração do peso corporal de frangos de corte é uma das métricas mais importantes e simultaneamente mais trabalhosas a ser acompanhada ao longo do desenvolvimento de um lote. Essa pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar comparativamente dois sistemas de pesagem de frangos de corte: o sistema de pesagem automática com o uso de plataforma suspensa e o sistema de pesagem manual. O sucesso da utilização da tecnologia de pesagem automática está relacionado às características da balança adotada e também ao comportamento das aves frente à plataforma de pesagem, uma vez que estas precisam utilizar o equipamento voluntariamente. A parte experimental desse estudo foi dividida em dois capítulos. No primeiro, avaliou-se em condições controladas os fatores intrínsecos aos animais que influenciam no comportamento de subir voluntariamente na plataforma de pesagem. Esses fatores foram: idade, sexo e características de cada indivíduo. No segundo capítulo, o peso de seis lotes comerciais de frangos de corte foi mensurado semanalmente por meio da pesagem manual e automática e seus resultados comparados. Os resultados evidenciaram que idade e sexo influenciam nos comportamentos relacionados a utilização da plataforma de pesagem, mas não foi possível identificar a relação desses comportamentos com características individuais. Assim, pode-se assumir que todas as aves utilizam o sistema de pesagem automática de forma igualitária. No entanto verificou-se que um fator de correção é indispensável para que se obtenha uma estimativa adequada do peso do lote. No experimento em condições controladas a correção de 5% recomendada pelo fabricante, foi suficiente para garantir que não houvesse diferenças significativas entre as formas de pesagem. Entretanto, em condições comerciais mesmo uma correção de 7% não foi suficiente para garantir que não houvesse diferenças significativas entre as formas de pesagem, sugerindo-se correções diferenciadas a cada semana. Foram encontradas diferenças de peso entre as regiões dos galpões para a pesagem automática, o que demonstra que é necessária a utilização de uma balança automática por divisão. Para as pesagens manuais, as diferenças foram encontradas somente na ultima semana de criação, sugerindo que ao longo do ciclo, as pesagens podem ser realizadas em um único quadrante representando o galpão. / Measurement of body weights of broilers is one of the most important and at the same time difficult metrics to obtain during the production cycle. The objective of this research was to evaluate comparatively two broiler weighing systems: manual and automatic through the use of a suspended platform. Success in using this technology is related to characteristics of the selected scale as well as the behavior of the birds, once they must use the weighing platform voluntarily. The experimental part of this study was divided into two chapters: first, under controlled environmental conditions, intrinsic factors that influenced the birds\' behavior toward a weighing platform were evaluated. These factors included age, sex and the individual behavior of each bird. Secondly, the weights of six commercial broiler flocks were compared by manual and automatic weighing systems. Results showed that age and sex influenced the behavior of the broilers toward the weighing platform. Individual characteristics of the birds did not influence their behavior. Consequently we can assume that all birds use the weighing system equally. However, it was verified that the use of a correction factor is essential in order to obtain a correct estimate of the average weight of the flock. In the controlled environment experiment the 5% correction curve recommended by the manufacturer was enough to guarantee that there weren\'t significant differences among the two weighing forms. However, in commercial conditions even a correction of 7% was not able to ensure that weights obtained by manual and automatic weighing were equal statistically. This suggests there should be a different correction factor for each week. Weight differences among sections inside the barns were found in the automatic weighing, which demonstrates that it is necessary to have one scale per barn section. On manual weighing, differences among sections inside the barn were found only in the last week of the production period, suggesting that during the growth of a flock sampling weights in only one of the sections would be enough to represent the whole flock.

O direito à educação é um direito fundamental social porque requer a realização de prestações estatais positivas normativas e materiais. No Brasil, o direito à educação encontra justificação jusfundamental nas proposições normativas das disposições dos arts. 6º e 205 da Constituição Federal. As sentenças jurídicas nesse âmbito podem encontrar melhor justificação racional se assentadas no modelo de direitos sociais de Alexy, na ponderação e na argumentação no âmbito dos direitos sociais. O modelo de direitos sociais estabelece a ideia de que uma colisão de princípios envolvendo o direito fundamental à educação deve ser resolvida pela ponderação. O direito à educação, antes um direito prima facie, somente pode se tornar definitivo pela ponderação e a extração de uma norma de direito fundamental associada ao direito fundamental à educação. Essa norma associada constitui uma das posições fundamentais jurídicas que formatam o direito fundamental à educação, constituído de um feixe de posições fundamentais jurídicas. A ponderação como forma de aplicação do direito fundamental à educação deve ser realizada por um procedimento que possui regras e passos que devem ser observados rigorosamente, para que possa ser um procedimento racional. A partir disso é possível verificar quais os interesses que, abstratamente com mesma hierarquia, tem peso maior no caso concreto. A ponderação, uma vez levado a sério seu procedimento, constitui forma de argumento do discurso racional, enfraquecendo qualquer alegação acerca de sua irracionalidade. Se direitos fundamentais são princípios que podem colidir e se deixam solucionar pela ponderação, e se a racionalidade das decisões depende da argumentação jurídica para sua justificação, resta demonstrada a conexão entre ponderação e argumentação. O resultado disso será a existência de uma ponderação racional que conduza a resultados corretos. A argumentação jurídica tem o papel de assegurar a racionalidade à ponderação a partir da correção das premissas e da fundamentação correta de cada passo do procedimento. Esta investigação pretende deixar justificado que a interpretação e aplicação das normas do direito fundamental social à educação para fins da imposição judicial de deveres jurídicos definitivos a prestações estatais materiais constitui empresa passível de racionalidade. Palavras-chave: direito fundamental, educação, ponderação, argumentação. / The right to education is a fundamental social right because it requires the realization of positive normative and material state benefits. In Brazil, the right to education finds justification in the normative propositions of the provisions of arts. 6 and 205 of the Federal Constitution. Legal decision in this area can find a better rationale if they are based on Alexy's social rights model, on social rights weighting and argumentation. The social rights model establishes the idea that a collision of principles involving the fundamental right to education must be resolved by weighing. The right to education, rather a prima facie right, can only become definitive by weighing and extracting a rule of fundamental right associated with the fundamental right to education. This associated rule is one of the fundamental legal positions that shape the fundamental right to education, which is a bundle of fundamental legal positions. A procedure that has rules and steps that must be strictly observed so that it can be a rational procedure must perform weighting as a form of application of the fundamental right to education. From this, it is possible to verify which interests that, abstractly with the same hierarchy, have greater weight in the concrete case. Weighting, once taken seriously, constitutes a form of rational discourse argument, weakening any claim about its irrationality. If fundamental rights are principles that can collide and can be solved by weighing, and if the rationality of decisions depends on the legal argumentation for their justification, the connection between weighting and argumentation remains. The result of this will be the existence of a rational weighting leading to the correct results. The legal argument has the role of ensuring rationality to the weighting from the correction of the premises and the correct foundation of each step of the procedure. This investigation intends to justify that the interpretation and application of the norms of the fundamental social right to education for the purpose of the judicial imposition of definitive legal obligations to material state benefits constitutes an enterprise that is rational.

This dissertation studied the problem of face recognition when facial images have partial occlusions like sunglasses and scarfs. These partial occlusions lead to the loss of discriminatory information when trying to recognise a person's face using traditional face recognition techniques that do not take into account these shortcomings. This dissertation aimed to fill the gap of knowledge. Several papers in literature put forward the theory that not all regions of the face contribute equally when discriminating between different subjects. They state that some regions of the face are more equal than others, like the eyes and nose. While this may be true in theory there was a need to comprehensively study this problem. A weighting technique was introduced that that took into account the different features of the face and assigned weights for the different features of the face based on their distance from the five points that were identified as the centre of the weighing technique. Five centres were chosen which were the left eye, the right eye, the centre of the brows, the nose and the mouth. These centres perfectly captured were the five dominant regions of the face where roughly located. This weighing technique was fused with an image segmentation process that ultimately led to a hybrid approach to face recognition. Five features of the face were identified and studied quantitatively on how much they influence face recognition. These five features were the chin (C), eyes (E), forehead (F), mouth (M) and finally the nose (N). For the system to be robust and thorough, combinations of these five features were constructed to make 31 models that were used for both training and testing purposes. This meant that each of the five features had 16 models associated with it. For example, the chin (C) had the following models associated with it; C, CE, CF, CM, CN, CE, CEM, CEN, CFM, CFN, CMN, CEFM CEFN, CEMN, CFMN and CEFMN. These models were put in five different groupings called Category 1 up to Category 5. A Category 3 model implied that only three out of the five features were utilised for training the algorithm and testing. An example of a Category 3 model was the CFN model. This meant that this model simulated partial occlusion on the mouth and the chin region. The face recognition algorithm was trained on all these different models in order to ascertain the efficiency and effectiveness of this proposed technique. The results were then compared with various methods from the literature. / Dissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng (Computer Engineering) / Unrestricted

This research has been conducted at Hunter Engineering Company. It aims to Design a Kit Packing Weighing System which performs a Quality Assessment of tool-kits while packing them on weighing scales. The main aspects of Kit-Packing are documented and suitable terminologies to address the process are established. The kits are categorized and a process for packing kits of different categories is suggested. A system to weigh Heavy, Medium and Light kits is presented. A Monte-Carlo Simulation Tool is developed and an Analysis using the Risk Solver Software is conducted to select the preferable method of establishing Tolerance Limits. A design for a Visual Basic coded Interface is outlined that will guide the Operator through the kit packing process and indicate whether to Accept or Inspect the kit. A Windows application of the Software was prototyped to demonstrate the System’s functionality which also is documented herein.

Since the first warnings on the limits of planet Earth, 50 years ago, policies havenot been sufficient and fast enough to create a more sustainable world, which is todayillustrated by climate change, an increase in resource scarcity, and tremendousbiodiversity loss. Cities have been playing an important role in those environmentalconsequences, today accounting for 60% of greenhouse gases. However, citiesare designed by urban planners, who have a great influence on their projects inthe early planning phases. Thus, there is an urge to provide urban planners witheffective decision support tools that allow them to have in-depth knowledge of theenvironmental consequences of their choices.This is the goal of the ”Energy Carbon District”(ECD) methodology implementedin the Urban Print software, a project launched in 2017 by the FrenchAgency for Ecological Transition (ADEME). This tool sets out the first methodologicalchoices for carrying out life cycle analyses at the district level, right fromthe first stages of planning.The goal of this master thesis was to understand the strength and weaknessesof the ECD methodology and Urban Print software, and conduct a district LCAanalysis on a residential neighbourhood in order to get lessons on the most impactingdistricts’ elements, and on the best strategies to reduce those impacts.In this context, the study first provides an extensive literature review on the LCAmethodology, construction products LCA, buildings LCA, and districts LCA. Then,multiple district LCA are conducted on a generic new residential neighbourhoodlocated in Bayonne (France), using different parameters, and different weightingmethodologies.Our case study showed that energy, mobility, and construction products &amp; equipmentare successively the three main contributors to districts’ impacts in a Businessas-usual scenario. ”Energy efficiency” and ”low impacting energy production” werethe two most effective leverages of urban planners to reduce environmental impacts,reducing the total weighed impacts by 21% to 34.6% compared to the Businessas-usual scenario. Once those leverages were activated, mobility and constructionproducts &amp; equipment became the two first contributors, but very few leveragescould be used to reduce those impacts.In the end, the literature review and case study, allowed to highlight the strengthsand weaknesses of the ECD methodology, and the next challenges for district LCAstandardization. One challenge that stands out is the development of tools able toquantify mobility-related impacts based on more district parameters than just thelocation.

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