Il y a soixante ans, le 4 octobre 1957, Spoutnik, le premier satellite artificiel conçu par l’homme, est envoyé dans l’espace. Sa seule fonction est d’émettre un bip radio à des fréquences de 20 et 40 MHz pour démontrer la puissance spatiale de l’URSS. Depuis cette époque les satellites se sont multipliés et leurs missions se sont diversifiées. Aujourd’hui, les missions des satellites sont si variées que certains quittent l’orbite terrestre. On parle dans ce cas de sondes, même si, dans le reste de cette thèse, ils seront inclus dans le terme "satellite". La mission des satellites la plus connue du grand public est la découverte de l’univers et l’exploration interplanétaire avec de célèbres satellites comme le télescope spatial international Hubble ou des sondes comme Rosetta, Voyager 1 et 2, ... Cependant de nos jours, même si l’exploration spatiale reste un enjeu majeur de l’humanité, la plupart des satellites ont des missions plus modestes qui ont pourtant un impact important sur la vie économique et politique. Les satellites en question ont aujourd’hui deux buts : la défense et le commercial. Dans les deux cas on peut diviser les satellites en deux groupes distincts : les satellites d’observation et les satellites de télécommunication. Pour fonctionner tous ces satellites utilisent un harnais électrique. Le harnais électrique regroupe tous les câbles présents dans le satellite et qui ne transportent pas de données client. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous nous intéressons à l’optimisation de la conception du harnais électrique des satellites. / Sixty years ago, on October 4, 1957, Sputnik, the first man-made artificial satellite, was sent into space. Its only function is to emit a radio beep at frequencies of 20 and 40 MHz to demonstrate the space power of the USSR. Since then, satellites have been multiple and their missions have diversified. Today, the missions of the satellites are so varied that some leave Earth's orbit. We speak in the case of probes, even if, in the rest of this thesis, they will be included in the term "satellite". The best-known satellite mission of the general public is the discovery of the universe and interplanetary exploration with satellite satellites such as the Hubble International Space Telescope or probes such as Rosetta, Voyager 1 and 2, ... nevertheless nowadays Although space exploration remains a major issue for humanity, most satellites have smaller missions that have a significant impact on economic and political life. The satellites in question today have two goals: defense and commercial. In both cases the satellites can be divided into two distinct groups: observation satellites and telecommunication satellites. To operate all these satellites, use an electrical harness. The electrical harness includes all the cables present in the satellite and which does not carry any customer data. As part of this we are interested in optimizing the design of the electrical harness of satellites.

This projects aims to develop design automation in product development. Design automation causes increase in producibility and decrease in product cost and manufacturing lead time. The study at hand is proposed to provide a new method and to introduce procedure to the design of wiring pattern for a car seat heater for Kongsberg Automotive, KA. KA is a Norwegian company and a global provider of engineering, design, and manufacture for seat comfort, driver and motion control systems, fluid assemblies, and industrial driver interface products. The method that currently is used in the company to create a wiring pattern is neither sufficient enough nor automated. In order to design the wiring pattern, at first procedure is handled by the designer. Secondly, car seat heater 2D layout is imported and then, the dimensions of the elements are defined as constraints. Then VBA codes are opened and the program is run. The result will be a wiring pattern in different 2D layouts. To make the design process easier, we have modeled five different layouts; wiring pattern of one element, two elements, three elements, five elements (with two back sides) and one element trapezoidal 2D layout. The algorithm written in VBA (Visual basic for application) creates the pattern according to the dimensions of the elements which are used as inputs to define constrained parameters. The created macros are simple to use and easy to modify, independent from the programming knowledge. The user is only responsible with parameter input and running the program. The solution gives wiring pattern for a car seat heater.

Current board technologies are inherently performance-limited (FR-4) or cost-prohibitive (Al2O3/AlN). Next-generation high-density packaging applications would necessitate a new base substrate material to achieve ultra-fine pitch solder-joint reliability and multiple layers of fine-line wiring at low cost. The NEMI 2000 roadmap defines the need for 4-8 layers of 5-10 m wiring for future system boards. The 2003 ITRS roadmap calls for organic substrates with less than 100-m area-array pitch in the package or board by year 2010. Solder-joint reliability at such fine-pitch is a matter of concern for the industry. Use of underfills reduces thermal stresses but increases cost and, in addition, their dispensing becomes increasingly more complicated with the shorter gaps required for future interconnects. Therefore, there is a pronounced need to evaluate board materials with CTE close to that of Si for reliable flip-chip on board without underfill. Recently, a novel manufacturing process (using polymeric precursor) has been demonstrated to yield boards that have the advantages of organic boards in terms of large-area processability and machinability at potentially low-cost while retaining the high stiffness (~250 GPa) and Si-matched CTE (~2.5 ppm/㩠of ceramics. This work reports the evaluation of novel SiC-based ceramic composite board material for ultra-fine pitch solder-joint reliability without underfill and multilayer support. FE models were generated to model the behavior of flip-chips assembled without underfill and subjected to accelerated thermal cycling. These models were used to calculate solder-joint strains which have a strong direct influence on fatigue life of the solder. Multilayer structures were also simulated for thermal shock testing so as to assess via strains for microvia reliability. Via-pad misregistration was derived from the models and compared for different boards. Experiments were done to assemble flip-chips on boards without underfill followed by thermal shock testing so as to get the number of cycles to failure. To assess microvia reliability, 2 layer structures containing vias of different diameters were fabricated and subjected to thermal cycling. Via-pad misalignment was also studied experimentally. Modeling and experimental results were corroborated so as to evaluate thermomechanical suitability of C-SiC for high-density packaging requirements.

This dissertation has focused on i) optimizing charge transfer rates at indium-tinoxide (ITO) electrodes, and ii) characterization of the supramolecular structure and properties of ultra thin surface modifier films on modified electrodes for various device applications. Commercial ITO surfaces were modified using conducting polymer thin film architectures with and without various chemical activation procedures. Ferrocene derivatives were used as redox probes, which showed dramatic changes in electron transfer rate as the SA-PANI/PAA layers were added to the ITO surface. Highest rates of electron transfer were observed for DMFc, whose oxidation potential coincides with the potential region where these SA-PANI/PAA films reach their optimal electroactivity. Apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants, kS, measured voltammetrically, were ca.10 x higher for SA-PANI/PAA films on ITO, versus clean ITO substrates. These films also showed linear potentiometric responses with retention of the ITO transparency with the capability to create smoothest films using an aqueous deposition protocol, which proved important in other applications. ITO electrodes were also modified via chemisorption of carboxy functionalized EDOTCA and electropolymerization of PEDOTCA/PEDOT copolymers, when properly optimized for thickness and structure, enhance voltammetrically determined electron transfer rates (kS) to solution probe molecules, such as dimethylferrocene (DMFc). Values of kS ≥ 0.4 cm•sec⁻¹, were determined, approaching rates seen on clean gold surfaces. ITO activation combined with formation of these co-polymer films has the effect of enhancing the electroactive fraction of electrode surface, versus a non-activated, unmodified ITO electrode, which acts as a “blocked” electrode. The electroactivity and spectroelectrochemistry of these films helped to resolve the electron transfer rate mechanism and enabled the construction of models in combination with AFM, XPS, UPS and RAIRS studies. The surface topography, structure, composition, work function and contact angle, also revealed other desirable properties for molecular electronic devices. The carboxylic functionality of the EDOTCA molecule adds more desirable properties compared to normal PEDOT films, such as favoring the deposition of smooth films, increasing the optical contrast, participating in hydrogen-bonding, chemisorption to oxide surface, self-doping and providing a linker for incorporation of different functional groups, new molecules, or nanoparticles. Periodic sub-micron electrode arrays can be created using micro-contact printing and electropolymerization. The sinusoidal modulation of the refractive index of such confined conducting polymer nanostructures or nanoparticle stripes allows efficient visible light diffraction. The modulation of the diffraction efficiency at PANI and PEDOT gratings in the presence of an analytical stimulus such as pH or potential demonstrate the sensing capability at these surfaces. The template stripped gold surfaces that are being developed in our lab demonstrate several advantages over commercially available evaporated gold films especially for nanoscale surface modification.

My diploma thesis is concerned with the scheme, constructive solution and implementation of the prototype and project. Via PC with the help of a circuit ASIX FT232BM, the prototype operates a ATTiny2313 microcontroller, which enables switching of the power part and PWM modulation outputs.The project describes operating by a programmable terminal AMIT APT3100(S) connected to a PC, and the wiring of a basic safety-loop and several measuring devices.

Cette thèse présente, dans un premier temps, une nouvelle approche pour traiter les lignes de transmission, appelée la Théorie des Lignes de Transmission Améliorée et Modifiée (TLTAM). Cette extension du formalisme classique de la théorie des lignes de transmission est directement dérivée des équations de Maxwell et ne se limite pas à la seule prise en compte du mode transverse électromagnétique (TEM). Tout en conservant la simplicité du formalisme classique, cette extension aboutit à la définition de paramètres linéiques évolués et associés au mode antenne de la ligne de transmission. Cette solution présente l’avantage d’être compatible avec les noyaux de calcul existants, tout en palliant certaines limitations de la théorie des lignes de transmission (TLT) classique. LA TLTAM est tout d’abord définie pour le cas élémentaire d’une ligne de transmission à conducteur unique. Elle est ensuite généralisée au cas d’un nombre quelconque de conducteurs. Les matrices de paramètres linéiques correspondants sont alors définies. Les capacités de cette nouvelle théorie sont démontrées et validées au moyen de confrontations avec la solution directe des équations de Maxwell et de résultats de mesure. Dans un deuxième temps, le traitement d’une ligne de transmission multiconducteur située à distance d’un plan de référence conducteur est effectué au moyen d’une nouvelle approche désignée sous le nom de Théorie des Lignes de Transmission à Double Référence Intégrée (TLTDRI). Cette approche permet de simplifier l’évaluation des paramètres linéiques du faisceau en scindant le problème initial en deux sous-ensembles de lignes de transmission couplées. Le premier sous-ensemble est composé d'un fil conducteur du faisceau choisi arbitrairement et le plan de référence et constitue le sous-ensemble externe. Le deuxième sousensemble est composé uniquement des fils conducteurs du faisceau, en l’absence du plan de référence et constitue un sous-ensemble interne dont la référence locale est le fil choisi précédemment. On montre alors que seul le sous-ensemble externe nécessite le calcul de paramètres linéiques évolués associés à TLTAM. Le calcul des paramètres linéiques dans le système à référence unique constituée par le plan de référence, est reconstitué à partir de formules de passage permettant leur expression à partir des paramètres linéiques des deux sousensembles. Cette approche est validée et ses résultats sont en très bon accord avec ceux fournis par un calcul numérique direct des équations de Maxwell ainsi que ceux de la TLTAM. Elle permet une simplification très significative du traitement de l’interaction entre le faisceau de câble et la structure conductrice de référence. / This thesis presents, in a first step, a new approach to deal with transmission lines called the Modified Enhanced Transmission Line Theory (METLT). This extension of the classical formalism of the transmission line theory (TLT) is directly derived from Maxwell's equations without the restriction to the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode. This extension leads to the definition of enhanced per-unit-length (p.u.l.) parameters taking into account the antenna mode of the transmission line, while it keeps the simplicity of the classical formalism. This solution presents the advantage of being compatible with the existing TLT solvers while overcoming some limitations of the classical TLT. The METLT is firstly developed for the simple case of a single conductor transmission line. It is then generalized to the case of any number of conductors. The corresponding matrices of the p.u.l. parameters are then calculated. The capabilities of this new theory are demonstrated and validated by the means of comparisons with results obtained through a rigorous resolution of Maxwell's equations and measurements results. In a second step, a multi-conductor transmission line sufficiently far from the reference ground plane is assessed through a new approach called: Embedded Double Reference Transmission Line Theory (EDRTLT). This approach allows the simplification of the calculation of the harness p.u.l. parameters by splitting the first set of wires above a ground plane into two subsets of coupled transmission lines. The first subset consists in a conducting wire chosen arbitrarily and the reference ground plane and forms the external subset. The second subset consists only in the conducting wires of the harness, in the absence of the ground plane, and forms an internal subset which local reference is the wire chosen previously. We show that only the external subset requires the calculation of the enhanced p.u.l. parameters with the METLT. The calculation of the harness p.u.l. parameters in the system with a single reference, which is the ground plane only, is made through transformation formulae that allow their extraction from the p.u.l. parameters of the two subsets. This approach is validated and its results are in a very good agreement with those obtained by a rigorous resolution of Maxwell's equations and those of the METLT. It allows a great simplification to assess the interaction between the harness and the reference conducting structure.

This thesis deals with the study of home automation systems. The main goal of this thesis is to prove their effectiveness. The sample project shows how to calculate the efficiency and profitability of investment in the home automation systems. The result of this work is a methodology for determining the efficiency of investment projects into automation systems. The work is divided into two parts. The theoretical part is to provide the reader with the basic understanding of automation systems. their functionality and their advantages and disadvantages. A technical model is provided describing an automation system iNELS. The practical part describes the procedures and the outcomes of the effectiveness of the system.

The diploma thesis deals with the division of the system installation and gives an overview of electrical appliances and heating system. It focuses on the Loxone system installation. The main part is the project documentation of wiring, programming the control of a family house and regulation of the solar thermal system for heating water and the heating system control. It also includes a simple economic evaluation of the proposed solar system.

This diploma thesis is focused on increasing Smart Home Control System security in terms of information, network and physical security. It is based on a risk analysis of the current state of applied security management and the needs of the house owner. Both security countermeasure and cost analysis are thoroughly discussed, and the thesis also contains methodology, which describes the management of smart home security and improvement of end-user security awareness.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to compile a demonstration panel as an example of the functions of intelligent electrical installation KNX. One of the advantages of this system bus is the ability to use devices from multiple manufacturers. A total of 20 devices from 12 different manufacturers are used in this work. The work begins with an explanation of the principle on which the KNX system bus works, followed by a description of the equipment used and the electrical connection of the switchboard according to the wiring diagram. Next, how the whole panel was revived is described. The next chapter contains a detailed description of device programming in ETS, ie setting parameters for individual devices and assigning group addresses. The last chapter deals with visualization and remote control. It explains how a communication channel was created to connect the panel to a server from FlowBox. Using the web interface on this server, a visualization was created, which can be used to remotely control the entire panel from anywhere.