Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson B Souza.pdf: 1550991 bytes, checksum: ecd9785b874ca41270273338bf7f6ce2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-04 / The present study approches the theoretical and practical aspects of the means of evidence which are foreseen and/or allowed within the ambit of a labour process and, following that, some specifics considerations about the evidence achieved through illicit or atypical means were made. Its starting point was the historical evolution of the evidences, rapidly examined. In the sequence, the issues concerning the concept and the judicial nature of the evidences as well as the dogma of truth in the process were confronted. In the following stages the principles, classification and means of evidence were studied. Since the analysis of each typical means of evidence is not a part of the object of this study, really short comments were made about them. Continuous act was seen, also in a very brief passage, as well as the stages of the probatory activities and the moments and places in which they are produced. The instructional power of the judge and the onus of the evidence were studied in the sequence to address to the analysis of the value judgment of the means of evidence. At the final stages came the analysis of illicit and atypical evidences. The last chapter was dedicated to the practical management of the evidences within the labour process. The adopted method in this study was the research of national and foreign doctrines, as well as jurisprudence, especially from TST (Federal Labour Court) and STF (Supreme Court / O presente estudo aborda os aspectos teóricos e práticos dos meios de prova previstos/permitidos no âmbito do processo do trabalho e, em seguida, foram tecidas algumas considerações específicas sobre as provas obtidas por meio ilícito e as atípicas. Seu ponto de partida foi a evolução histórica das provas, que foi visitada rapidamente. Na seqüência, foram enfrentadas as questões ligadas ao conceito e a natureza jurídica das provas, bem como o dogma da verdade no processo. Nas etapas seguintes foram estudados os princípios, as classificações e os meios de prova. Como a análise de cada meio de prova típico foge ao objeto do trabalho, foram realizados brevíssimos comentários sobre eles. Ato contínuo foi visto, também em breve passagem, as etapas da atividade probatória e os momentos e locais em que elas são produzidas. Os poderes instrutórios do juiz e o ônus da prova foram estudados logo em seguida para dirigir-se a análise da valoração dos meios de prova. Sobreveio, nas etapas finais, a análise das provas ilícitas e atípicas. O último capítulo foi dedicado ao manejo prático das provas no processo do trabalho. O método adotado neste estudo foi o da pesquisa da doutrina nacional e estrangeira, bem como a análise da jurisprudência, em especial do TST e do STF

En studie visar att endast var fjärde arbetsgivare uppger att lagändringen från 2017, som säger att arbetsgivaren ska främja etnisk mångfald, har förändrat deras arbetssätt. Trots den brist på kompetens inom flera branscher, exempelvis att det år 2020 saknas 50 000 ingenjörer på den svenska arbetsmarknaden, visar studier att etnisk diskriminering förekommer. Detta ledde till vårt syfte som var att undersöka hur rekryterare förhåller sig till etnisk mångfald i deras praktiska arbete. Våra frågeställningar berörde bland annat hur fenomenet genomsyrar rekryterarens praktiska arbete. Det gjordes en kvalitativ studie och intervjuade rekryterare från olika företag i en större stad i Sverige. I resultatet har det framgått att nyanställda inte har fått utbildning om etnisk mångfald och det uttrycks som en icke-fråga. Utifrån lärandeperspektivet, anses rekryterare behöva mer organisatoriskt stöd samt möjligheter för att reflektera över hur etnisk mångfald kan förstås i deras praktiska arbete. / A study shows that only every fourth employer states that the change in the law from 2017, which states that the employer need to promote ethnic diversity, has changed their way of working. Despite the lack of expertise in several industries, such as the fact that by 2020 it will lack 50,000 engineers in the Swedish labor market, studies show that ethnic discrimination occurs. This led us to our purpose to investigating how recruiters relate to ethnic diversity in their work. We did a qualitative study and interviewed recruiters from different companies in a larger city in Sweden. The main result has shown that new employees have not received any education about ethnic diversity and it was expressed as a non-question. Bases on the learning perspective, the recruiters need more organizational support and opportunities to reflect on how ethnic diversity can be understood within work.

Au sein des populations naturelles d'êtres vivants circulent une diversité de parasites, qu'il s'agisse de plusieurs espèces, souches ou plus généralement types. Si certains modèles d'épidémiologie évolutive intègrent déjà le polymorphisme des parasites, rares sont ceux pour lesquels la dynamique épidémiologique dépend de la croissance intra-hôte et des interactions que les parasites entretiennent lorsqu’ils infectent le même hôte. Les complexité combinatoire et dynamique explique pourquoi il n'y a pour l'heure pas de prédiction générale de l'évolution de la virulence dans de tels contextes d'infections multiples. À la recherche d'une tendance générale d'évolution de la virulence, nous modélisons chaque niveau de dynamique sur lequel l'évolution des parasites repose. En particulier, nous étudions explicitement les interactions et l'issue de la compétition au sein des hôtes, les dynamiques épidémiologique et enfin adaptative. Sur l'exemple des infections chroniques causées par des micro-parasites transmis horizontalement, nous employons les approches propres aux systèmes dynamiques et aux probabilités pour emboîter cette suite de dynamiques afin d'en explorer les conséquences évolutives. Nous définissions notamment le concept de patron d'infection, à savoir l'ensemble des issues intra-hôte associées à chaque configuration d'inoculation et décrivons cinq patrons jusqu'ici non décrits, lesquels échappent à la dichotomie classique entre super- et coinfection. Cette typologie nous permet par la suite d'envisager l'évolution de la virulence dans un cadre général. Nous observons en particulier une inéluctable mais bornée croissance évolutive de la virulence. / Natural populations of living beings are exposed to a diversity of parasites, be they several species, strains or more generally types. While some evolutionary epidemiology models already incorporate parasite polymorphism, few make the connection between between-host dynamics and within-host parasite growth. As parasite polymorphism can even occur within the same host, distinct parasite types can interact in various ways and thus interfere with their transmission and therefore their evolution. The combinatorial and dynamical complexity explains why we still lack general predictions regarding the evolution of virulence in such multiple infection contexts. Seeking for a general trend in virulence evolution, we model each dynamical level on which parasite evolution relies. In particular, we explicitly investigate the within-host interactions and competition outcomes, the epidemiological and adaptive dynamics. Focusing on chronic infections caused by horizontally-transmitted microparasites, we apply both dynamical systems and probabilistic approaches to this nested sequence of dynamics to explore the evolutionary outcomes. We notably define the concept of infection pattern, that is the set of within-host outcomes of all inoculation challenges and identify five yet undescribed patterns that escape from the classical super/coinfection dichotomy. This typology then allows us to address virulence evolution under a general framework. We in particular observe an unavoidable but bounded evolutionary increase in virulence.

[Truncated thesis] This thesis is concerned with executive functioning in two different but related ways. The first is as an information processing construct in cognitive psychology. There are many different conceptualisations of the information processing basis of executive functioning but this thesis will pursue the notion that executive functioning is best thought of as adaptation to novelty. In the thesis, this will be operationalised using performance indices (principally reaction time) from a number of information processing tasks. These tasks have typically been used in the literature to index either executive functioning or speed of information processing. Both kinds of tasks are used to tackle the second concern of this thesis, namely, how executive functioning is measured. The data analytic techniques developed in this thesis are based on the hypothesis that executive functioning is the process or processes involved in resolving task novelty and consequently measurement will be enhanced through an analysis of performance changes within tasks as the task changes from novel to familiar. The analysis methods will be based largely on the computation of coefficient of variation of reaction time in successive performance windows across the information processing tasks. An elderly sample was chosen for this thesis because of a history of research that has attempted to determine whether cognitive deficits in the elderly are the consequence of the slowing of information processing speed or to impairment in executive functioning. ... The analysis was driven by the hypothesis that a significant shift in the coefficient of variation would mark a transition from novelty to familiarity in task performance and hence from executive to non-executive phases. Three methods were applied to individual performance curves to determine the point at which for each task this transition occurred. Using criterion measures of variability to separate the task data into two stages, analyses showed, contrary to the hypothesis, that later task performance was more highly associated with executive functioning than in initial task performance. The fourth stage of analysis (Chapter 7) applied confirmatory factor analysis to the newly-formed pre- and post transition data. Evidence was found that the magnitude of the contributions of EF across the pre- and post-criterion phases was stable, failing to support the hypothesis. Finally, structural equation modelling was used to examine how age and intelligence in this elderly sample exerts its influence on task performance and whether EF or IPS was the primary cause of age-related cognitive decline. The results showed that the age and intelligence effects on performance were mediated by the requirement to adapt to novelty. Although there was limited evidence to claim that EF is the primary cause of age-related cognitive decline, ageing effects were only apparent when the participants were adapting to novelty. The thesis concludes that there is some support for the hypothesis that executive functioning is best thought of as the processes underpinning adaptation to novelty. While not a panacea, the analytic techniques developed show promise for future research.

<p>In early modern Sweden, intentional blasphemy was regarded as one of the most serious crimes one could commit. Blasphemy was termed “Crimen Laesae Majestatis Divinae” – “a crime against Our Heavenly Majesty” and was subject to the death penalty. From the 1680´s it was possible to be pardoned from death sentences already delivered by the courts of appeal by applying to the “Judiciary Inspection”, (Sw. Justitierevisionen) In early modern times the definition of blasphemy was influenced by the medieval scholastic view according to which God was perfect. The sourcematerial for the present thesis are 110 petitions for mercy in cases of blasphemy that came up before the council during the period 1680-1789. The cases studied can be divided into the following categories: Blasphemy against God, blasphemy against the sacraments, deliberate assignations wiht the Devil and “other blasphemies”. There was no Church law in Sweden before 1686 and a common law for the whole country did not exist before 1734. The Bible´s ten Commandments where added as an appendix to the already existing medieval laws, reiterated in 1608. An individual found guilty of blasphemy underwent both secular and church punishment. At least nine individuals (we lack information about some cases due to material that has been lost) where not pardoned by the council. The secular punishments included death by beheading or burning at stake, when the sentence was reduced some kind of corporal punishment – running the sauntlet, flogging, imprisonment on a diet of bread and water or a life time of labor. Church punishment was public shaming and meant that the accused had to sit on a special chair in church during the services and publicly ask God and the members of the congregation for forgiveness. This kind of punishment was meted out in Sweden until the late 18th century.Blasphemy is a complicated act that should be defined according to the norms of the society in which it occurs. There are two processes that have to be taken into considerations when studing the crime of blasphemy in early modern Sweden – the centralization of the government and the unification of the church according to the Lutheran creed.In the early modern society people lived in what has been called a “religious culture”, where religion was self-evident, collective concern. Within this context atheism, in the modern meaning of the word, was supposedly unimaginable.The theoretical framework of the study is inspired by Peter Burke’s theories of the reformation of popular culture. Measurements taken by the elite have usually been regarded as active and aggressive, while popular culture has been regarded a homogeneous passive mass that adjustes itself to demands from above. One of the primary aims of this thesis is to study how verbal statements, actions and attitudes reflected popular conceptions that could either be close to or far distant from the learned ideas of the elite. By dividing popular attitudes discerned in the cases studied into four groups corresponding to a kind of mental strata, a more varied image of popular culture is achieved. Blasphemy in early modern Sweden was a crime committed mainly by men, especially when it comes to expressing ideas about the Devil or attempting to contact him. Very few women were accused of blasphemy; of 117 individuals accused, only nine were women.</p>

<p>Svensk rätt tillämpar ett så kallat principalansvar. Principalansvar innebär ett ansvar för annans culpa och är med andra ord ett arbetsgivaransvar. Arbetsgivaren skall dock endast ersätta skada som arbetstagaren vållar i tjänsten. Gränsdragningen av vad som skall anses vara ”utfört i tjänsten” är dock inte tydlig i alla situationer. I NJA 2000 s 380 ansågs ett bedrägeri, vilket var utfört av en jurist, inte ha varit utfört i tjänsten. Frågan är dock om tolkningen av ”utfört i tjänsten” i rättsfallet var den mest ändamålsenliga med hänsyn till framtida rättsfall av samma art.</p><p>I uppsatsen redogörs för vad som enligt svensk gällande rätt är att anse som utfört i tjänsten, det vill säga omfånget av rekvisitet. Uppsatsen innehåller även en komparativ del, vari engelsk och tysk rätt behandlas avseende användandet av rekvisitet ”utfört i tjänsten”. Uppsatsen utmynnar i ett ställningstagande huruvida uttrycket enligt författarens mening tolkats rätt eller om det bör tolkas annorlunda mot vad som är fallet idag.</p>

An across-subjects, post-test only design was used in two experiments to assess the impact of interspersing additional math problems (i.e., briefer problems and/or longer problems) among target math problems on students’ persistence when completing computer-delivered math multiplication problems. In Experiment 1, high school students who worked only target problems completed 32% more target problems and worked 22% longer than those who had briefer problems interspersed. Problem completion rates were significantly higher for those who had briefer problems interspersed. These results suggest that altering assignments by interspersing additional, briefer discrete tasks does not always enhance, and in some instances may hinder academic responding. Stimulus preference and within-trial contrast effects provided possible explanations for these results and indicated that interspersing longer problems could, perhaps, cause students to increase persistence. Experiment 2 was designed to replicate Experiment 1 and extend this line of research by investigating the stimulus preference and within-trial contrast hypothesizes. To increase the number of participants and allow for the evaluation of three conditions, college students served as participants for Experiment 2. In Experiment 2, no significant differences among groups (i.e., control group with only target problems, experimental group with brief problems interspersed, and experimental group with long problems interspersed) were found in the amount of time before college students quit working or in their problem completion accuracy levels. Interspersal of the long problems significantly reduced the number of target problems completed. The results failed to support stimulus preference or within-trial contrast theories. Discussion focuses on theoretical and applied implications related to the additive interspersal procedure, the discrete task completion hypothesis, and the delay reduction hypothesis. Applied implications suggest that educators avoid interspersing longer discrete tasks and exercise caution when interspersing brief tasks.

Svensk rätt tillämpar ett så kallat principalansvar. Principalansvar innebär ett ansvar för annans culpa och är med andra ord ett arbetsgivaransvar. Arbetsgivaren skall dock endast ersätta skada som arbetstagaren vållar i tjänsten. Gränsdragningen av vad som skall anses vara ”utfört i tjänsten” är dock inte tydlig i alla situationer. I NJA 2000 s 380 ansågs ett bedrägeri, vilket var utfört av en jurist, inte ha varit utfört i tjänsten. Frågan är dock om tolkningen av ”utfört i tjänsten” i rättsfallet var den mest ändamålsenliga med hänsyn till framtida rättsfall av samma art. I uppsatsen redogörs för vad som enligt svensk gällande rätt är att anse som utfört i tjänsten, det vill säga omfånget av rekvisitet. Uppsatsen innehåller även en komparativ del, vari engelsk och tysk rätt behandlas avseende användandet av rekvisitet ”utfört i tjänsten”. Uppsatsen utmynnar i ett ställningstagande huruvida uttrycket enligt författarens mening tolkats rätt eller om det bör tolkas annorlunda mot vad som är fallet idag.

As seen from cultural history, shape-shifting is a very widespread literary motif, which suggests that it has high inspirational power and general appeal. Shape-shifting has not been critically examined in the detail it merits: it is mostly examined as a part of other theories. Examination of Freud‟s psychological theories and modern literature such as Dracula, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and The White Wolf of the Hartz Mountains shows strong connections between the power of this motif and repressed animal instincts – an animal within. This connection usually manifests symbolically rather than as an actual representation of an unearthing of repressed material. There are connections to religious beliefs and a wish to be more than human which raises questions about what is implied by changing into an animal – less than human – shape. The relation between shape-shifting and repression causes an uncanny atmosphere about the motif, something which is used extensively in The White Wolf of the Hartz Mountains and Dracula. There is also evidence suggesting the possibility that psychosis and neurosis might manifest as a sort of mental shape-shifting. In literature this can be seen in the were-wolf Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and the Berserkers of the Norse. Examination of the Boggart and Lupin of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and of the Norse berserkers show that the empowerment of shape-shifting mostly lies in control. All of this considered, and with the lack of critical examination in mind, shape-shifting seems severely underestimated and under-examined.

Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på hur icke-professionella och professionella inom musik hör när de lyssnar på musik. Finns det någon skillnad i var fokus ligger i musiklyssnande och går det att urskilja några tendenser? För att undersöka detta har ett urval av personer fått lyssna till olika musikexempel och sedan beskrivit den ljudbild de har uppfattat i musiken. Sedan har dessa narrativ analyserats med utgångspunkt i ett av Gabrielsson (2008) utarbetat klassificeringssystem i form av ett stort antal teman och kategorier, vars syfte är att belysa olika starka musikupplevelser. De varierande fokus som har framkommit hos informanterna i min studie har sorterats in under detta schemas olika teman och kategorier och sedan sammanställts i tabellform för att ge en lättare överblick. Trots att det mig veterligen inte finns en likadan studie om var fokus i musiklyssnande hos icke-professionella och professionella riktas inom musik, så styrkte det som framkom i resultatet befintlig forskning kring relationen mellan upplevelser och reaktioner inom musiklyssning. Det visade sig att i både min och Rays (2000) studie var det samma kategorier som det riktades mest fokus mot. Även diskussionen som fortgår inom musikpsykologi och social musikpsykologi, att hörandet/lyssnadet på musik är socialt och kulturellt betingat, tycktes bli stärkt av resultatet. Denna studie presenterar inga generaliserbara och enkla svar om hur vi hör och lyssnar utan visar snarare upp och förstärker att musiklyssnadet är en komplex process med många aspekter och variabler att ta hänsyn till. / The purpose of this study is to find out how professionals and non-professionals listen to music. Are there any differences in focus or is it possible to discern any characteristic tendencies? In order to find out, a selected group of people have listen to various types of music and then asked to write down what they heard in the music, their “soundscape”. Afterwards these narratives have been analyzed in a classification system - prepared by Gabrielsson (2008), in form of numerous themes and categories, who’s aim is to elucidate different musical experiences. The varying result that has arrived in my study has been sorted in, under this schedule's different themes and categories and then been put together in tabular, in order to give an easier overview. Even though, to my knowledge, it doesn’t exist a former study like this between the listening habits among professionals and non-professionals, it emphasize more common research about the relations between experiences and reactions in listening to music, as it shows that focus is directed towards rather similar categories. The discussion that is taking place within music psychology and social music psychology, that hearing/listening to music is socially and culturally habituated seems to be strengthened in this study.   This study won’t present and generalize any easy answers about how we hear and listen to music but rather emphasize that listening to music is a complex process with many different aspects and variables to consider.