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Abstract : Although concrete is a relatively green material, the astronomical volume of concrete produced worldwide annually places the concrete construction sector among the noticeable contributors to the global warming. The most polluting constituent of concrete is cement due to its production process which releases, on average, 0.83 kg CO[subscript 2] per kg of cement. Self-consolidating concrete (SCC), a type of concrete that can fill in the formwork without external vibration, is a technology that can offer a solution to the sustainability issues of concrete industry. However, all of the workability requirements of SCC originate from a higher powder content (compared to conventional concrete) which can increase both the cost of construction and the environmental impact of SCC for some applications. Ecological SCC, Eco-SCC, is a recent development combing the advantages of SCC and a significantly lower powder content. The maximum powder content of this concrete, intended for building and commercial construction, is limited to 315 kg/m[superscript 3]. Nevertheless, designing Eco-SCC can be challenging since a delicate balance between different ingredients of this concrete is required to secure a satisfactory mixture. In this Ph.D. program, the principal objective is to develop a systematic design method to produce Eco-SCC. Since the particle lattice effect (PLE) is a key parameter to design stable Eco-SCC mixtures and is not well understood, in the first phase of this research, this phenomenon is studied. The focus in this phase is on the effect of particle-size distribution (PSD) on the PLE and stability of model mixtures as well as SCC. In the second phase, the design protocol is developed, and the properties of obtained Eco-SCC mixtures in both fresh and hardened states are evaluated. Since the assessment of robustness is crucial for successful production of concrete on large-scale, in the final phase of this work, the robustness of one the best-performing mixtures of Phase II is examined. It was found that increasing the volume fraction of a stable size-class results in an increase in the stability of that class, which in turn contributes to a higher PLE of the granular skeleton and better stability of the system. It was shown that a continuous PSD in which the volume fraction of each size class is larger than the consecutive coarser class can increase the PLE. Using such PSD was shown to allow for a substantial increase in the fluidity of SCC mixture without compromising the segregation resistance. An index to predict the segregation potential of a suspension of particles in a yield stress fluid was proposed. In the second phase of the dissertation, a five-step design method for Eco-SCC was established. The design protocol started with the determination of powder and water contents followed by the optimization of sand and coarse aggregate volume fractions according to an ideal PSD model (Funk and Dinger). The powder composition was optimized in the third step to minimize the water demand while securing adequate performance in the hardened state. The superplasticizer (SP) content of the mixtures was determined in next step. The last step dealt with the assessment of the global warming potential of the formulated Eco-SCC mixtures. The optimized Eco-SCC mixtures met all the requirements of self-consolidation in the fresh state. The 28-day compressive strength of such mixtures complied with the target range of 25 to 35 MPa. In addition, the mixtures showed sufficient performance in terms of drying shrinkage, electrical resistivity, and frost durability for the intended applications. The eco-performance of the developed mixtures was satisfactory as well. It was demonstrated in the last phase that the robustness of Eco-SCC is generally good with regards to water content variations and coarse aggregate characteristics alterations. Special attention must be paid to the dosage of SP during batching. / Résumé : Même si le béton est un matériau relativement vert, le volume astronomique de béton produit à travers le monde chaque année met le secteur de la construction en béton parmi les contributeurs important au réchauffement climatique. Le constituant le plus polluant du béton est le ciment en raison de son processus de production qui dégage, en moyenne, 0,83 kg de CO[indice inférieur 2] par kg de ciment. Le béton autoplaçant (BAP), un type de béton qui peut remplir le coffrage sans vibration externe, est une technologie qui peut offrir une solution aux problèmes de développement durable de l'industrie du béton. Cependant, toutes les exigences de la maniabilité du BAP proviennent d'une teneur en poudre plus élevé (par rapport au béton conventionnel), ce qui peut augmenter le coût de la construction et de l'impact environnemental du BAP pour certaines applications. Le BAP écologique, Éco-BAP, est un développement récent combinant les avantages du BAP tout en ayant une teneur en poudre significativement plus faible. La teneur en poudre maximale de ce béton, destinée à la construction du bâtiment et aux applications commerciales, est limitée à 315 kg/m[indice supérieur 3]. Néanmoins, la conception de l’Éco-BAP peut être difficile, car un équilibre délicat entre les différents ingrédients de ce béton est nécessaire pour garantir un mélange satisfaisant. Dans ce programme de doctorat, l'objectif principal est de développer une méthode systématique pour la formulation de l’Éco-BAP. Puisque l'effet de groupe des particules (EGP) est un paramètre clé pour la conception des mélanges l’Éco-BAP stables, et que ce phénomène est peu connu, dans la première phase de cette recherche, l’EGP est étudié. Cette partie se concentre sur l'influence de la granulométrie sur l’EGP et la stabilité des mélanges de modèle ainsi que des BAPs. Dans la deuxième phase, le protocole de formulation est développé, et les propriétés des mélanges obtenus, à l’état frais ainsi que l’état durcis, sont évaluées. Étant donné que l'évaluation de la robustesse est cruciale pour la production du béton à grande échelle, dans la dernière phase de ce travail, la robustesse d'un des mélanges les plus performants de la Phase II est examinée. Basé sur les résultats obtenus, nous constatons que l'augmentation de la fraction volumique d'une classe mène à une meilleure stabilité de cette classe. Cela contribue également à une EGP supérieure du squelette granulaire et à une stabilité plus élevée du système. Il a été montré qu'une granulométrie continue dans lequel la fraction volumique de chaque classe est plus grande que la classe consécutive plus grossière peut augmenter l’EGP. En utilisant une telle granulométrie, la fluidité d’un mélange du BAP pourrait être augmentée sans compromettre la résistance à la ségrégation. Un indice de prédiction du potentiel de la ségrégation de particules suspendues dans un fluide à seuil a été proposé. Dans la deuxième phase de la thèse, une méthode de conception en cinq étapes pour l’Éco-BAP a été développée. Le protocole de formulation commence par la détermination des teneurs en poudre et de l'eau, suivie par l'optimisation des fractions volumiques du sable et des gros granulats selon un modèle idéal de granulométrie (Funk et Dinger). La composition de poudre est optimisée dans la troisième étape afin de minimiser la demande en eau tout en garantissant une performance adéquate à l'état durci. Le dosage du superplastifiant (SP) est déterminé dans l’étape suivante. La dernière étape s’agit d’évaluer le potentiel du réchauffement climatique des mélanges développés. Les mélanges de l’Éco-BAP optimisés répondent à toutes les exigences à l'état frais pour le BAP. La résistance à la compression à 28 jours de ces mélanges est dans la fourchette cible de 25 à 35 MPa. En outre, les mélanges montrent des performances suffisantes en termes de retrait de séchage, la résistivité électrique, et la résistance contre gel-dégel pour les applications visées. La performance écologique des Éco-BAPs produis a été satisfaisante. Il a été démontré dans la dernière phase que la robustesse de l'Éco-BAP est généralement bonne en ce qui concerne les variations de teneur en eau et les changements de propriétés des gros granulats. Une attention particulière doit être accordée au dosage du SP pendant le malaxage.

Betong är idag och har länge varit det allra vanligaste byggnadsmaterial i Sverige. Det är ett robust och mångsidigt byggnadsmaterial med flera fördelar. Detta arbete är en experimentell studie av betongavfall från Hedareds sand & betong för betongprogrammet RE: Concrete och Högskolan i Borås. Betongavfallet krossas till ny ballast och därefter siktas och gjuts till ny betong enligt olika betongrecept. Försöken sker i betonglabbet i Högskolan i Borås för att krossa och tillverka betong. Grundreceptet har tillhandhållits av Hedareds sand & betong. Syftet med arbetet har varit att undersöka möjligheterna för att kunna använda återvunnen betong i nya bärande konstruktioner. Målet var att bevisa att det var tekniskt möjligt att åstadkomma en 100 % ersättning av ballast med återvunnen betong och få fram ny betong som passar den bärande stommen i en byggnad. Olika egenskaper undersöktes så som tryckhållfasthet för den nya betongen och partikelfördelning samt vattenabsorption för ballasten med målet att uppnå likvärdigt resultat som för referensbetongen. Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att kunna återvinna betong till 100 %. Arbetbarheten är bra i flertal försök men bör förbättras för att uppnå likvärdig arbetbarhet som referensbetongens. Referensbetongens tryckhållfasthet är 59 MPa och bästa tryckhållfasthet som erhållits för återvunnen betong är 57,2 MPa. Detta tyder på ett positivt resultat och den återvunna betongen i denna studie kan ersätta naturgrusballast i en bärande konstruktion till 100 %. / Concrete is and has been for a long time the most common building material in Sweden. It is a robust and multipurpose building material with several advantages. This report is about an experimental study of concrete waste from Hedareds sand & betong. The concrete waste is crushed to a new aggregate and then sifted and casted into new concrete. The study was conducted in the Concrete Laboratory at University of Borås for crushing and casting of concrete. Recipes are supplied by Hedareds sand & betong as a starting point, which is later modified gradually to achieve better results. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibilities for using recycled concrete in new constructions. It is also examined if the recycled concrete is technically sustainable and if the workability is good enough for using in load bearing structures. Different properties are studied such as compressive strength, particle distribution, water absorption and workability to achieve equivalent results as the reference concrete. The result obtained in this study shows that it is possible to recycle concrete by replacing aggregates to 100 % in new concrete. Workability is good in several tests, but it should be improved to achieve the same workability as the reference concrete. The reference concrete's compressive strength is 59 MPa and the best compressive strength obtained for recycled concrete is 57.2 MPa. This indicates positive results and the recycled concrete in this study can replace ordinary concrete in a load bearing construction.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-09T19:46:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafaela Gava Padovan.pdf: 7081051 bytes, checksum: 9e1501c4f4ebed520c7882be21164038 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T19:46:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafaela Gava Padovan.pdf: 7081051 bytes, checksum: 9e1501c4f4ebed520c7882be21164038 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-05 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Os agregados reciclados de concreto, de um modo geral, apresentam elevada absorção de água, em função da sua maior porosidade. Esta absorção resulta em alterações no teor de água das misturas, e têm implicação direta sobre as propriedades microestruturais dos materiais à base de cimento, não sendo diferente com o agregado reciclado. Contudo, tais alterações ainda são pouco conhecidas nestes materiais. Esta pesquisa possui o objetivo de determinar a influência do processo de pré-molhagem do agregado no comportamento de concretos desenvolvidos através da incorporação de agregado graúdo reciclado de concreto (AGRC) em substituição ao agregado graúdo natural (AGN). O teor de substituição do AGRC em relação ao AGN utilizado foi de 50% em relação ao volume do concreto. Previamente à utilização do AGRC, foi realizada uma pré-molhagem do material com percentuais na ordem de 40, 60, 80 e 100% da água relativa à absorção total do resíduo. Foram adotadas relações água/cimento iniciais de 0,45; 0,55 e 0,65. O abatimento foi fixado em 100 ± 20 mm, realizando-se uma compensação de água da mistura no teor necessário para atingir este abatimento. Num segundo grupo, a menor quantidade de água utilizada na produção dos concretos sem aditivo foi adotada para a produção dos mesmos concretos, com percentuais de pré-molhagem de 40, 60 e 80%, utilizando-se aditivo superplastificante ao invés de água para que fosse atingido o abatimento fixado. Verificou-se a influência da pré-molhagem do AGRC sobre as propriedades do concreto fresco, através da determinação da consistência ao longo do tempo; e do concreto endurecido, através da resistência à compressão e absorção de água por capilaridade dos concretos, e a alteração de porosidade de amostras de argamassa extraídas dos concretos frescos após diferentes tempos de contato com o agregado reciclado. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a trabalhabilidade e a resistência a compressão dos concretos com AGRC são pouco influenciadas pelo teor de pré-molhagem, enquanto que a permeabilidade a água e o teor de vazios existente na argamassa da mistura sofrem influencia significativa: nos concretos com AGRC sem aditivo, há pequenas variações de permeabilidade e porosidade, sendo que o teor de pré-molhagem de 80% resulta em concretos menos porosos. Entretanto, nos concretos com AGRC e aditivo superplastificante, o menor teor de pré-molhagem testado (40%) se revela a melhor opção, pois a água de mistura é absorvida pelos poros vazios do agregado reciclado, o que diminui a porosidade da argamassa, e consequentemente a capilaridade do concreto. / Recycled aggregates have high water absorption properties due to its high porosity. It changes the water content of the mixtures, and has implications on the microstructural properties of cement-based materials as those who uses recycled aggregate; however, little is known about these materials. This research has the objective of determining the influence of aggregate pre-wetting in new concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate concrete (RCAC) replacing natural aggregate. The substitution ratio of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in relation to RCAC was 50% relative to the volume of the concrete. Prior to employing RCAC, it was pre-wetted with pre-wetting levels of 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the total water absorption of the residue. Water to cement ratios were initially determined to be 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65. The slump was set at 100 ± 20 mm, performing a compensation on the water content of the mixture required to get this slump. In a second group, the smallest amount of water used in the concrete’s production without additive was set with saturation levels of 40, 60 and 80%, using a superplasticizer instead of water to achieve the required slump. The recycled concrete produced was found to influence the pre-wetting RCAC on the properties of fresh concrete, through determination of consistency over time, compressive strength and durability and water absorption by capillarity. Mortar samples were obtained from the extraction of recycled concrete. These samples were analyzed for porosity. The results indicate that the workability and the compressive strength of concretes with AGRC are little influenced by the amount of pre-wetting, while the water permeability and the void content of the mixture existing in the mortar suffer significant influence: in the concrete with no additive AGRC there are small variations in porosity and permeability, and in the amount of pre-wetting results in 80% less porous concrete. However, in concrete with AGRC and superplasticizer, the lowest level of pre-wetting tested (40%) proves the best option, because the mixing water is absorbed by the empty pores of recycled aggregate, which reduces the porosity of the mortar, and consequently the capillarity of hard concrete.

Dans le cadre du stockage des déchets radioactifs en couches géologiques profondes (argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien), des bétons à faible alcalinité et à faible chaleur d'hydratation référencés "bas pH " ont été élaborés. L'utilisation de ces types de béton permet de limiter la dégradation des propriétés confinantes du matériau argileux type bentonite. Deux bétons bas pH à base de liants ternaires ont étudiés : un composé de ciment, fumée de silice et cendres volantes (TCV) et l'autre composé de ciment, fumée de silice et laitier moulu de haut fourneau (TL). L'objectif de l'étude est d'analyser le comportement de ces matériaux pour s'assurer : d'une mise en œuvre correcte à l'échelle industrielle, d'une bonne tenue chimique et mécanique dans le temps et d'un confinement performant. Le programme expérimental comprend la caractérisation physico-chimique et mécanique de ces matériaux à forte teneur en additions et est couplé à de la modélisation dans le but, in fine, de disposer d'outils permettant de prédire leur comportement au sein de l'ouvrage. Les résultats montrent qu'un cobroyage des constituants du liant permet d'améliorer la réactivité du liant et de s'assurer d'une bonne robustesse des formules de béton. La condition essentielle de l'obtention d'un pH de leur solution interstitielle de 11 est assurée dès 28 jours. Les bétons peuvent être considérés à faible chaleur d'hydratation du fait des échauffements rencontrés à court terme. A long terme, de hautes performances mécaniques, de faibles coefficients de perméabilité et de diffusion sont obtenus sur ces matériaux. Les modélisations de l'hydratation, de l'évolution de propriétés mécaniques, de l'endommagement, des déformations différées et des transferts hydriques ont été abordées. Le modèle d'hydratation utilisé a été adapté aux liants ternaires en prenant en compte les phénomènes de nucléation des additions sur l'hydratation du ciment. Pour les autres modèles, l'acquisition des mesures expérimentales a permis de fournir les données d'entrée pour leur utilisation et de vérifier leur validité sur des liants fortement dilués. Tous ces travaux permettent au final d'envisager sereinement la modélisation et la prédiction du comportement des structures réalisées en béton bas pH. / In the context of the radioactive wastes disposal in deep geological repository of clay, low-alkalinity and low heat of hydration concretes referenced "low pH " were designed. The degradation of the properties of the clay can be limited by using these types of concrete. Two types of low pH binder were chosen for this research: the first one is comprised of cement, silica fume and fly ash (TCV) and the other one is comprised of cement, silica fume and slag (TL). The objective of this research is to comprehend the behavior of these concrete in order to ensure the well-placing of the fresh concrete at an industrial scale and good mechanical performances, chemical stability and confining properties. The experimental program focuses on a physico-chemical and mechanical characterization of these recent materials with high pozzolanic addition content. The experimental data are then modeled for the purpose of having a tool that, in the end, is able to predict the behavior of the low pH concretes within the structure. The results show that grinding altogether the three constituents improves the reactivity of the binder and allows a good reproducibility of the low pH design. The most important criterion which is a pH of the interstitial solution below 11 is met at 28 days. The heat measurements at early age show that the low pH concretes are low heat of hydration concretes as well. In the long run, high mechanical performances, low permeabilities and diffusivities were obtained on these materials. The modeling of the hydration, evolution of mechanical properties, damage, creep and hydric transfers is also covered in this thesis. The model of hydration was adjusted to match the hydration of ternary binders by taking into account the effects of the additions such as the heterogeneous nucleation, on the hydration of the cement. As for the other models, the experimental results were used as data input to validate the models on binders with high replacement rates. Ultimately, this work allows us to contemplate serenely the modeling and the prediction of the behavior of structure made of low pH concretes.

Abstract: The use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) in the concrete industry in cast-in-place applications, including repair applications, is growing given the various advantages offered in both fresh and hardened states. The present study deals with the design and performance of fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete (FR-SCC) as a repair material of concrete infrastructure. The study also considers the use of various steel and synthetic fibers (five fibers in total) that were used to produce FR-SCC and fiber-reinforced self-consolidating mortar (FR-SCM) that can be employed for structural and non-structural repair applications. The study evaluates the effect of material properties and mixture composition of the fibrous concrete and mortar on workability, mechanical, visco-elastic, durability, and structural behavior. The investigation that is presented in this thesis included the testing of 28 full-scale beams under four-point flexural loading. The majority of these beams were repaired by casting concrete to fill a relatively thin section along the tension zone of the beams. The repair technique was based on the FR-SCC characteristics including the maximum fiber volume and length. This technique required mixtures of high range of fluidity. The optimized FR-SCC and FR-SCM mixtures exhibited excellent flow characteristics along the 3.2-m long beams without blockage, segregation, nor debonding at the interface of repair-substrate concrete. Based on the structural characteristics of the composite beams, the overall performance of the beams repaired using the FR-SCC and FR-SCM was similar or higher (up to 2.6 times) than that of monolithic beams made with conventional vibrated concrete (CVC). The use of optimized FRSCC mixtures enabled the replacement of 50% of the tension steel reinforcement in repair sections; i.e., the number of bars in the tension zone decreased from three bars to two bars with the addition of fibers in the SCC without mitigating structural performance. The degree of prediction of crack width, cracking load/moment, ultimate loads, and deflection of various FR-SCC and FR-SCM mixture was evaluated using several design and code models. The results indicate that these code models can provide safe predictions for crack and ultimate loads, as well as crack width of FR-SCC. The deflection of FR-SCC is unsafe but predictable by these code models. In total, 18 large-scale beams were tested in four-point for flexural creep. FR-SCC incorporating steel fibers combined with expansive agent provided overall performance up to 10 times of that obtained with CVC with the same fiber type and volume. The cracking under constant load was reduced by 60% to 80% using self-consolidating fibrous mixtures made with or without expansion agents, compared to SCC without fibers. The best combination to reduce the cracking potential when the restrained shrinkage ring test was employed was obtained with SCC mixtures made with steel fibers and expansive agent. Models were elaborated to predict the time-to-cracking for FR-SCC and FR-SCM mixtures based on mixture modulus of elasticity and drying and autogenous shrinkages. The project involved extensive testing of highly flowable fibrous materials to determine drying shrinkage (nearly 260 prisms), modulus of rupture (nearly 180 prisms), as well as compressive and splitting tensile strengths and elastic modulus (nearly 2100 cylinders). Based on the results, models were proposed to predict these key material properties that affect the performance of FR-SCC and FR-SCM used in repair applications. In addition to FR-SCC, the investigation also was set to evaluate the feasibility of using fiber-reinforced superworkable concrete (FR-SWC) in construction and repair applications. Such highly flowable concrete that requires limited vibration consolidation can represent some advantages over FR-SCC (lower admixtures demand, lower risk of segregation, greater robustness, lower formwork pressure, etc.). The energy needed to ensure proper consolidation, using either vibration or rodding, applied on samples made with FR-SWC was determined. The energy requirement took into consideration the development of mechanical properties, the resistance to segregation, and the development of proper surface quality. The study also demonstrated the higher overall structural performance of optimized FR-SWC compared to the corresponding FR-SCC mixtures. The findings of the thesis on the design and performance of highly workable fiber-reinforced cementitious materials should facilitate the acceptance of such novel high-performance material in infrastructure construction and repair applications. // Résumé: L'utilisation du béton autoplaçant (BAP) dans l'industrie du béton dans les applications du coulage sur place incluant les applications de la réparation, est en croissance vu les divers avantages offerts à l'état frais et à l'état durci. La présente étude traite de la conception et la performance des bétons autoplaçants fibrés (BAPF) en tant que matériau de réparation des infrastructures en béton. L'étude considère également l'usage de différentes fibres métalliques et synthétiques (cinq fibres au total) qui ont été utilisées pour produire des BAPF et des mortiers autoplaçants fibrés (MAPF) pour des applications de réparations structurales et non structurales. L'étude évalue l'effet des propriétés du matériau et la composition des bétons et mortiers fibrés sur l'ouvrabilité, les propriétés mécaniques, viscoélastiques, de durabilité et le comportement structural. L'étude présentée dans cette thèse a inclus 28 poutres à grande échelle testées sous un chargement flexionnel à quatre points. La majorité de ces poutres a été réparée par le coulage du béton pour remplir une section relativement mince tout au long de la zone tendue des poutres. La technique de réparation a été basée sur les caractéristiques des BAPF incluant le volume maximal et la longueur maximale de fibres. Cette technique a requis des mélanges de haut niveau de fluidité. Les BAPF et MAPF ont exhibé d'excellentes caractéristiques d'écoulement le long de 3,2 m, la longueur de la poutre, sans blocage, ségrégation, ni décollement à l'interface entre le béton de base et le béton de réparation. En se basant sur les caractéristiques structurales des poutres composites, la performance globale des poutres réparées en utilisant les BAPF et les MAPF était similaire ou supérieure (jusqu'à 2,6 fois) que celle des poutres monolithiques fabriquées d'un béton conventionnel vibré (BCV). L'utilisation des mélanges de BAPF optimisés a permis de remplacer 50% du ferraillage tendu dans les sections de réparation; c'est-à-dire que le nombre des barres d'armatures dans la zone tendue a réduit de trois barres à deux barres avec l'addition de fibres dans le BAP sans mitiger la performance structurale. Le degré de prédiction de la largeur de fissures, charge de fissuration, charge ultime et déflexion de différents mélanges de BAPF et MAPF a été évalué en utilisant quelques designs et modèles de codes. Les résultats ont montré que ces modèles ont pu fournir de prédictions sécuritaires pour les charges de fissuration et ultime, ainsi que la fissuration des BAPF. La déflexion des BAPF est non sécuritaire mais reste prédictible par ces modèles de codes. En total, 18 poutres à grande échelle ont été testées en fluage flexionnel de quatre points. Des BAPF contenant des fibres métalliques combinées avec un agent expansif ont fourni une performance globale jusqu'à 10 fois celle obtenue avec un BCV contenant le même type et volume de fibres. La fissuration sous une charge constante a été réduite de 60% à 80% en utilisant des mélanges autoplaçants fibrés fabriqués avec ou sans agents expansifs, par rapport au BAP sans fibres. La meilleure combinaison pour réduire le potentiel de fissuration avec l'essai du retrait restreint a été obtenue avec des mélanges de BAP contenant de fibres d'acier et un agent expansif. Des modèles ont été élaborés pour prédire le temps de fissuration des mélanges de BAPF et MAPF basés sur le module d'élasticité du mélange et les retraits de séchage et endogène. Le projet comportait de nombreux essais sur les mélanges fibrés de haute fluidité à savoir la détermination du retrait de séchage (près de 260 prismes), le module de rupture (près de 180 prismes), ainsi que la résistance en compression, la résistance en traction et le module d'élasticité (plus de 2100 cylindres). En se basant sur les résultats, des modèles ont été proposés pour prédire ces propriétés clés qui affectent la performance des BAPF et MAPF destinés aux applications de réparation. En plus des BAPF, l'étude a aussi été faite pour évaluer la faisabilité de l'utilisation des bétons semi-fluides fibrés (BSFF) dans les applications de construction et de réparation. Tels bétons de haute fluidité requérant une consolidation limitée peuvent présenter certains avantages par rapport aux BAPF (plus faible demande en adjuvants, plus faible risque de ségrégation, robustesse supérieure, plus faible pression sur les coffrages, etc.). L'énergie nécessaire pour assurer une propre consolidation, en utilisant soit la vibration ou le piquage, appliquée sur des échantillons de BSFF a été déterminée. Les exigences de cette énergie considèrent le développement des propriétés mécaniques, la résistance à la ségrégation et la propre qualité de surface. L'étude a aussi démontré une performance structurale globale supérieure des BSFF optimisés par rapport aux mélanges de BAPF correspondant. Les conclusions de la thèse sur le design et la performance des matériaux cimentaires renforcés de fibres et de haute fluidité devraient faciliter l'acceptation de tels nouveaux matériaux de haute performance dans les applications de la construction et la réparation des infrastructures.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-21T20:50:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mayara Queiroz Moraes - 2012.pdf: 2306074 bytes, checksum: 39f99dfabbb79296b809313dd0730f16 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-22T19:07:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mayara Queiroz Moraes - 2012.pdf: 2306074 bytes, checksum: 39f99dfabbb79296b809313dd0730f16 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-22T19:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mayara Queiroz Moraes - 2012.pdf: 2306074 bytes, checksum: 39f99dfabbb79296b809313dd0730f16 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Unlike the silica fume, whose benefits on the properties of the concretes are already widely known, little is known regarding nanosilica. This research offers an analysis of the contribution of different types of nanosilica in mechanical characteristics and workability maintenance of concretes, as well as an evaluation of the behavior of these additions when subjected to steam curing. For this, there were compared among themselves laboratory test results in concretes with different characteristics and different purposes (one of them suitable for production at batching plants and the other for metering precast elements). The results confirmed advantages for the simple addition of nanossílica at mechanical properties of concretes for batching plants with strengths above 40 MPa (a/c<0.52), but showed that the most advantageous situation consists in adding it together with sílica fume, since the concrete with both additions exceeded the reference concrete above 36 MPa (a/c<0.615), which highlights the importance of combining pozzolanic effect of silica fume, the creation of nucleation sites caused by nanossílica and better packaging mix, size distribution generated by the two additions give the folder.Regarding the maintenance of workability, the nanosilica dispersed in superplasticizer demonstrated satisfactory performance. In the analysis of concretes for precast elements, the addition of nanosilica dispersed superplasticizer and silica fume together was also the one which showed the best results in terms of resistance in 28 days of conventional curing. However, with steam curing, a great improvement was noted in the behavior of nanosilica dispersed in water, which had not achieved good results with the conventional cure, while nanosilica dispersed in superplasticizer did not respond well to the process, possibly due to the shape of the polycarboxylate used in the dispersion of the particles. Probably, the nanosilica dispersed in water showed no significant pozzolanic activity levels, but with the rise of temperature and the agitation of the particles, the formation of nucleation sites was intensified. As the development of resistance in early ages, all additions had positive effects, but the best performance was observed on the concrete with the simple addition of nanosilica dispersed in superplasticizer. With this addition, the concrete has reached 40 MPa after only 12 hours of steam curing, within about four times lower than the reference concrete (44 hours), which suggests that its addition to the concrete could result in na almost four times greater productivity of a precast elements factory. / Ao contrário da sílica ativa, cujas vantagens nas propriedades do concreto já são amplamente conhecidas, pouco se sabe em relação à nanossílica. Esta pesquisa contempla uma análise da contribuição de diferentes tipos de nanossílica nas características mecânicas e de manutenção do abatimento de concretos, bem como uma avaliação do comportamento destas adições frente à cura térmica. Para isto, compararam-se entre si resultados de ensaios laboratoriais em concretos com diferentes traços e diferentes finalidades (produção em centrais dosadoras e fabricação de pré-moldados). Os resultados confirmaram vantagens para a adição simples de nanossílica quanto à resistência à compressão dos concretos para centrais com resistências acima de 40 MPa (a/c<0,52), mas mostraram que a melhor situação consiste na adição conjunta de sílica ativa e nanossílica, já que o concreto com a adição conjunta superou o de referência a partir de 36 MPa (a/c<0,615). Isso deixa clara a importância de aliar o efeito pozolânico da sílica ativa, a criação de pontos de nucleação ocasionada pela nanossílica e o melhor empacotamento da mistura, gerado pela distribuição granulométrica que as duas adições juntas conferem à pasta. Quanto à manutenção do abatimento, a nanossílica dispersa em aditivo superplastificante demonstrou desempenho satisfatório. Em relação aos concretos para pré-moldados, foi a adição conjunta de sílica ativa e nanossílica dispersa em superplastificante a que apresentou melhores resultados de resistência aos 28 dias de cura convencional. No entanto, com a cura térmica, notou-se melhora substancial do comportamento da nanossílica dispersa em água, que não havia atingido bons resultados com cura convencional, enquanto a nanossílica dispersa em superplastificante não respondeu bem ao processo, possivelmente por influência da forma do policarboxilato usado na dispersão das partículas. Provavelmente, a nanossílica dispersa em água não apresentou atividade pozolânica relevante, mas com a elevação da temperatura e a agitação das partículas, a formação de pontos de nucleação foi intensificada. Quanto ao desenvolvimento de resistências nas idades iniciais, todas as adições apresentaram efeitos positivos, mas o melhor desempenho foi observado no concreto com adição simples da nanossílica dispersa em superplastificante. Com ela, o concreto atingiu 40 MPa com apenas 12 horas de cura térmica, prazo quase quatro vezes menor do que o do concreto de referência (44 horas), o que leva a crer que sua adição ao concreto poderia implicar em uma produtividade quase quatro vezes maior de uma fábrica de elementos pré-moldados.

This diploma thesis is divided into two parts, the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is to study of factors influencing the workability and bleeding of concrete. There is mentioned the production of cement and standard requirement. The task of the practical part is to assess the cements produced by the cement works Hranice and Prachovice. These cements test in terms of water separation. In combination with these cements use superplasticizing admixtures from Mapei and Stachema and determine the impact of water separation on cement pastes. Determine rheology on the cement pastes. Define influence of variations in cement composition affect the stability of cement mixtures.

Les raccords et connexions de caténaires ont un rôle important dans l’intégrité électrique et mécanique des caténaires. Ces pièces sont pour la plupart constituées d’un alliage de cuivre Cu-Ni-Si mis en forme par forgeage à chaud. Dans un contexte de fiabilisation du réseau ferroviaire, l’amélioration de leurs performances et de leurs procédés de fabrication est recherchée. Ces travaux se concentrent sur l’étape de mise en forme de ces pièces, et ont pour objectif de mieux comprendre les couplages matériaux-procédés des alliages Cu-Ni-Si.Une campagne expérimentale de compression est menée. Elle permet de développer un modèle rhéologique à base physique décrivant le comportement d’un alliage Cu-Ni-Si dans les gammes de température 800 - 950 °C et de vitesse de déformation 0.1 - 10 s−1. Il tient compte des phénomènes d’adoucissement par restauration et recristallisation dynamiques. Le modèle ainsi créé est ensuite implémenté dans un logiciel éléments finis.Un nouvel essai de formabilité est proposé. Il permet de reproduire les sollicitations mécaniques rencontrées lors d’un procédé de forgeage et vise à déterminer les conditions limites de formabilité d’un matériau. La mise en forme d’une pièce de référence est étudiée par le biais de cet essai. Sa caractérisation précise en matière de champ de déformations et de contraintes permet d’identifier les paramètres expérimentaux. Les résultats identifient une température limite de forgeage en-deçà de laquelle des fissures sont prédites dans la pièce. / Contact wire splices play a leading role in the electric and mechanical integrity of the catenary systems. Most of these parts are made of Cu-Ni-Si alloys and manufactured by a hot forging process. With the aim of increasing the reliability of the railway network, the improvement of their performances and their manufacturing processes is sought. This work is focused on the forming stage of these parts and aims to give a better understanding of the materials-processes couplings for the Cu-Ni-Si alloys.An experimental campaign including compression tests is conducted. It allows the development of a physically-based model to describe the rheological behavior of a Cu-Ni-Si alloy deformed in the temperature range between 800 °C and 950 °C, at strain rates in the range of 0.1 - 10 s−1. It takes into account the work-softening implied by dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. The model thus created is then implemented in a finite element software.A new workability test is proposed. Its purpose is to reproduce the mechanical conditions encountered in a forming process and to determine the critical conditions of workability related to a material. The forging process of a reference part is studied by means of this test. An accurate characterization of the process in terms of strain magnitude and stress field allows the identification of the experimental parameters. The results lead to the identification of a limit temperature of workability below which fractures are predicted in the part.

In the construction industry of today, many projects are getting bigger, higher and more complicated than ever before. The most important material in these projects is concrete and the process of casting has developed a lot during the last century. One specific casting procedure, the slipforming technique, is a well established method throughout the world and it is profitable when there are high demands on the aesthetics, the given time period is short, the structures are high and big or when a large number of standardized structures are to be cast. Slipforming is performed around the clock and due to the generally high work phase of today, slipforming is suitable because it can keep a steady phase without stopping. The material concrete is a subject that is constantly evolving and often new prescriptions, grades and types appear on the market. Experiments about for example alternative binders and different recipes have resulted in concrete being more flexible now than ever before. In general, one cannot find much information about how the concrete mix specifically should be when slipforming. Therefore, there is a need for investigating this further. This master thesis examines important properties and features that a concrete mix should possess to be suitable for slipforming. The choice of material composition and other affecting parameters are put forward to get a clear picture of how to accomplish an eminent slipform process. The study includes thorough investigations regarding both concrete and slipforms which formed an adequate foundation for the further research. Also, an examination on literature of how the two components work together, i.e. how the concrete behaves in a slipform, was carried out to the greatest possible extent. As expected, there was not much information written down about this subject which supported the alleged gap in the current literature. Subsequently, to obtain a deeper understanding of the matter, fifteen interviews were performed. The interviews formed a qualitative research process and the interviewees were consultants specialized in slipforming, project contractors and employees at concrete manufacturers. From the results, it can be concluded that there is no specific concrete mix advocated for slipforming. Important parameters such as stickiness, workability and hardening procedure are key aspects that need to be considered to create an adequate concrete mix. The basic things to keep in mind are that the amount of fine material should be small to avoid a sticky concrete, if crushed gravel is used it should be washed, the alternative binder should be adapted to the CEM I and the recommended alternative binders are PFA and GGBS. Further, the concrete mix is dependent on various other parameters that can be difficult to predict, such as weather and temperature at site, transport distance to site from the concrete factory and how well the site can keep a constant workflow around the clock. Accordingly, there is no standard recipe that is guaranteed to work in every project, but the most appropriate method is to perform tests on the possible mixes to be able to foresee how they will behave in the slipform. / Idag är byggprojekten större, högre och mer komplicerade än någonsin tidigare. Det viktigaste materialet i dessa projekt är betong och själva gjutningsprocessen har utvecklats väldigt mycket under det senaste århundradet. Glidformsgjutning är en väletablerad metod över hela världen och den är lönsam att använda när det ställs höga krav på estetiken, den angivna tidsperioden är kort, konstruktionerna är höga och stora eller när ett stort antal standardiserade konstruktioner ska gjutas. Glidformsgjutning utförs dygnet runt och på grund av den idag generellt höga arbetstakten är glidformsgjutning lämplig eftersom den kan hålla ett stadigt tempo utan att arbetet behöver stanna upp. Betong är ett material som ständigt utvecklas och det är inte sällan som det dyker upp nya recept, kvaliteter och typer på marknaden. Experiment med exempelvis alternativa bindemedel och olika recept har resulterat i att betongen nu är mer flexibel än någonsin tidigare. Generellt finns inte mycket nedskriven information om hur en betongblandning som specifikt lämpar sig för glidformsgjutning ska vara, därför finns det ett behov av att undersöka och sammanställa detta. Detta examensarbete utreder viktiga variabler, egenskaper och funktioner som en betongblandning bör ha för att lämpa sig för glidformsgjutning. Materialkomposition och andra parametrar som påverkar tas fram för att få en tydlig bild av hur man bäst åstadkommer en lyckad glidformsprocess. Studien omfattar en grundlig undersökning av både betong och glidformar som senare kom att verka som en grund för den vidare utredningen. Därtill genomfördes en litteraturstudie om hur de två komponenterna fungerar tillsammans, dvs. hur betongen beter sig i en glidform. Som förväntat fanns det inte mycket information om detta ämne vilket styrker det påstådda glappet i litteraturen. Därefter genomfördes 15 intervjuer med sakkunniga personer i branschen för att få en djupare förståelse av ämnet. Dessa intervjuer la grunden till den kvalitativa forskningsprocess som genomförts och de intervjuvade personerna var konsulter specialiserade på glidformsgjutning, projektentrepenörer och anställda hos betongtillverkare. Av resultatet att döma kan en slutsats dras om att det inte finns en enda, specifik betongblandning som lämpar sig för glidformsgjutning. Viktiga parametrar som klibbighet, arbetbarhet och härdningstid är nyckelaspekter som sätter grunden för att en lämplig betongmix kan tas fram. De grundläggande delarna att ha med sig är att mängden finmaterial ska vara liten för att undvika en klibbig betong, om krossgrus används ska det tvättas, det alternativa bindemedlet ska anpassas till cementet och de rekommenderade alternativa bindemedlen är masugnsslagg och flygaska. Vidare beror betongmixen också av ytterligare parametrar som kan vara svåra att förutse, som exempelvis väder och temperatur, transportsträcka till arbetsplatsen från betongfabriken samt huruvida arbetsplatsen kan hålla öppet dygnet runt eller inte. Således finns inget standardrecept som garanterat fungerar till samtliga projekt, utan det är lämpligast att göra tester för att kunna förutse hur betongmixen kommer att agera i glidformen och på så sätt prova sig fram.