Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM

This diploma thesis aims to set a complex view on the current process of multilateral trade agreements under the World Trade Organization and point out the direction of DOHA negotiations. The emphasis is put on the Tenth Ministerial Conference, which took place in Nairobi in December 2015. Stances and demands of the WTO member are analysed step by step. The thesis considers threats that possibly come from plurilateral, bilateral and regional agreements and evaluate a potential risk for the multilateral trading system. For this purpose, the thesis is divided into four chapters. First chapter examine theoretical introduction to WTO and particularly to Development Doha Agenda, which is important for subsequent understanding of actual issues. Second part analyses in detail the negotiations in main negotiating parts of DDA before and after a summer break. Following chapter fluently continues with analyse of the progress after summer break and points out some current questions about preparations for MC10 and expectations. Space is also given to the MC10 and its outcomes. Finally, the last chapter gives a thought to future scenarios concerning function of the WTO.

The thesis explores the nature of executive leadership in international organisation. Executive leadership is often praised or blamed for outcomes in international agencies, and yet, the disciplinary literature fails to incorporate the executive head into institutional analyses of politics, power, and change over time. The thesis aims to address this lacuna and the role of executive leadership by analysing if and how it matters in international politics. The thesis draws on a composite literature from other areas of political research to establish what is known. A review of the literature and prevailing approaches to leadership studies reveals that an overwhelming majority of scholarship relies on exclusively structural or agential accounts of leadership. This somewhat determinist literature has distorted the limited knowledge on the nature of executive leadership in international organisation. Approaches that focus on agency-based explanations argue that executive heads matter greatly. Approaches that utilise structure to interpret executive leadership find that it matters little, if at all. Rejecting these narrow frameworks, the thesis uses a dialectical approach, supported by critical realism, to analyse four cases of executive leadership in the World Trade Organization to address the research questions and lacuna. The case studies draw on over 70 years of multilateral trade governance to reveal a set of core and subsidiary findings about politics, power, executive leadership, and change over time. The thesis argues that executive leadership matters, but that how it matters is contingent on the executive head and the circumstances of their term. By incorporating the executive head into the disciplinary literature, the thesis argues politics, power, and change over time can be more accurately understood.

The aim of this thesis is to examine and evaluate the approaches of China and India towards their commercial diplomacy. The performance of these countries is compared in 4 broad areas: their involvement in the World Trade Organization, their approach towards regional and bilateral trade agreements and the architecture of their export and investment promotion systems. The comparison takes into account also the institutional set up of their commercial diplomacy at the government level. In the concluding section, we determine, which system is more efficient and we try to provide explanation for the same.

This dissertation examines the effects of trade liberalization policies (represented by membership in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization on selected Least Developed Countries' (LDCs) human development (represented by the Human Development Index). In this dissertation, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) policies are theorized to have two distinct types of effects: their direct effect and their indirect effect. Two questions are focused on: first, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected LDCs? Second, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected developing/developed countries (i.e. non-LDCs) holding economic development constant? Using the dependency theory of development as a theoretical basis, this dissertation examines the assumptions of modernization-theory-based policies as expressed in trade liberalization policies (i.e. the implementation of comparative advantage and now market fundamentalism) with world-system analysis techniques. To examine these questions, four panel regression models are constructed to measure the total, direct and indirect effects of WTO policies during the near-term (1998-2003) and during a longer historical term (1975-2000). The data for the analyses are taken from seven different sources of international data. The analyses seemingly demonstrate that there are quantifiable negative effects of GATT/WTO membership (trade liberalization policies) on human development in selected LDCs. The current implementation of trade liberalization policies does not benefit the well-being of all concerned as promoted by the WTO.

"The thesis of this study is that the flexibility within the exceptions to patent rights protecton under the TRIPS Agreement has not sufficiently been exploited at the national level. The study conceptualises the regimes for the protection of the right to health and IPRs not as mutually exclusive but as potentially reinforcing. The contention is therefore that the obligations in respect to the right to health limit the manner in which states can exercise the flexibilty within the patent regime of the TRIPS Agreement. Eventually the study seeks to answer the question: Where does the guarantee for the right to health lie in light of the TRIPS regime? ... The study is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction. The introduction lays the background for te discussion. Chapter one deals with the definition of important concepts and provides the context in which the study is set. The chapter also discusses the background to the creation of the TRIPS Agreement, with an emphatic discussion on the involvement or lack thereof of Africn and other least developed and developing countries in this process. Chapter two discusses the patent rights exceptions clause under the TRIPS Agreement. Against this background, compuslory licensing, government use and parallel importing as means of making accessibility to drugs a reality under the TRIPS Agreement will be discussed. Chapter three identifies other means of making drugs more accessible and identifying places where they have worked well. In this chapter, generic substitution, establishemnt of a pricing committee, therapeutic value pricing, pooled procurement, negotiated procurement and planned donations will be discussed. Finally a conclusion will be drawn from the discussion and recommendations will be advanced." -- Chapter 1. / Prepared under the supervision of Riekie Wandrag at the Community Law Centre, University of Western Cape, South Africa / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

No description available.

El presente trabajo de investigación consiste en analizar el efecto de las medidas sanitarias sobre las exportaciones de langostinos congelados al mercado surcoreano entre los años 2013-2019. En los últimos años, las exportaciones de langostinos congelados han logrado un crecimiento significativo hacia el mercado surcoreano, sin embargo, la aplicación de medidas sanitarias en el intercambio comercial con Corea del Sur se ha incrementado y son más los productos los que están afectos a ellas. El objetivo general del presente trabajo de investigación es determinar si las medidas sanitarias han impactado en las exportaciones de langostinos congelados hacia el país asiático. A través de la metodología de enfoque mixto, se analizó el comportamiento de las variables relacionadas a las medidas sanitarias mediante dos análisis: el primero cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a los principales actores y especialistas en el tema, los cuales brindan información del sector pesquero; y el segundo, un análisis cuantitativo, con el uso del Diseño No Experimental Longitudinal con datos obtenidos de diversas fuentes como SUNAT, Trademap, Sistema de gestión de la información MSF, entre otros, en la que se mide el grado de relación entre las variables de cada factor. El resultado principal de ambos análisis concluye que el acuerdo comercial entre Perú y Corea del Sur, ha tenido un impacto positivo en la exportación de langostinos congelados; y, asimismo, la exigencia de medidas sanitarias por parte del mercado asiático, representa una gran oportunidad para ofrecer productos pesqueros peruanos con los más altos estándares de calidad. Sin embargo, la exigencia de medidas sanitarias genera un aumento en los costos de exportación debido a que se requiere un análisis previo del producto en laboratorios nacionales específicos, los cuales cuentan con certificaciones internacionales. / This research work consists of analyzing the effect of sanitary measures on exports of frozen shrimp to the South Korean market between 2013 and 2019. In recent years, exports of frozen shrimp have achieved significant growth to the South Korean market. However, the application of sanitary measures in trade with South Korea has increased and more products are affected by them. The general objective of this research work is to determine if the sanitary measures have impacted the exports of frozen shrimp to the Asian country. Through the methodology of mixed approach, the behavior of the variables related to sanitary measures was analyzed by means of two analyses: the first one was qualitative, through semi-structured interviews carried out to the main actors and specialists in the subject, who provide information of the fishing sector; and the second one was a quantitative analysis, with the use of the Longitudinal Non-Experimental Design with data obtained from diverse sources such as SUNAT, Trademap, System of management of the information, among others, in which the degree of relation between the variables of each factor is measured. The main result of both analyses, concludes that the trade agreement between Peru and South Korea, has had a positive impact on the export of frozen shrimp, and also the demand for sanitary measures by the Asian market, represents a great opportunity to offer Peruvian fisheries products with the highest quality standards. However, the demand for sanitary measures generates an increase in export costs due to the fact that a previous analysis of the product is required in specific national laboratories, which have international certifications. / Tesis

Le principe de spécialité des organisations internationales est-il un obstacle à la protection de l’environnement par le droit de l’OMC ? Dans ce mémoire, nous examinons l’impact du principe de spécialité sur les volontés de protection de l’environnement des Membres, via les textes de l’OMC et les décisions de l’Organe de Règlement des Différends. Le postulat de base de cette recherche vient du constat de l’opposition a priori des sphères économiques et environnementales. Toutefois, l’OMC semble vouloir orienter son activité normative vers le développement durable. Tandis que le droit international de l’environnement se développe, l’OMC tente de plus en plus d’intégrer les valeurs non-marchandes à ses réflexions. Toutefois, les principes fondamentaux du droit de l’OMC recherchent la libéralisation des échanges alors que les mesures environnementales sont souvent des obstacles au commerce. De ce fait, le principe de spécialité semble s’opposer à une réelle intégration des considérations environnementales dans le droit de l’OMC. La prise de conscience scientifique, civile et politique sur les dangers du changement climatique, poussent alors les Membres à adopter de nouvelles façons d’aborder la question. La coopération internationale se renforce entre les organes de droit international et le droit de l’OMC. L’adoption de réglementations favorables à l’environnement semble alors envisageable. Ce mémoire cherche donc à observer, dans les textes et la jurisprudence, l’évolution de la prise en compte de l’environnement au sein du droit de l’OMC sous le prisme du principe de spécialité. / Is the principle of specialty of international organizations an obstacle to the protection of the environment by WTO law? In this research, we observe the impact of the specialty principle on environmental protection wills, in both WTO texts and in decisions of the Dispute Settlement Body. The first approach of this research comes from the observation of a priori opposition of the economic and environmental spheres. However, the WTO seems want to direct its standard-setting activity towards sustainable development. As the international environmental law develops, the WTO is trying to integrate non-economic values into its thinking. However, the fundamental principles of WTO law seek the liberalization of international trades while environmental measures are often barriers to trade. As a result, the principle of specialty seems to avoid a real integration of environmental considerations into WTO law. Scientific, civil and political awareness of the dangers of climate change is therefore pushing Members to adopt new ways of approaching the issue. International cooperation is strengthening between the bodies of international law and the law of the WTO seems able, thanks to negotiations, to adopt new regulations favorable to the environment. This research therefore seeks to observe, in the texts and the jurisprudence, the evolution of the taking into account of the environment within the law of the WTO through the prism of the specialty principle.