This study enquires into the construction of a cultural fantasy, the favorite (or royal mistress), in the reign of Louis XIV (1661-1715), and aims to explore the kinds of narrative, the 'scénario pour l’imaginaire', articulated around this figure. A process of crystallization in respect of the favorite, both as word and as literary figure, develops across the late seventeenth century. This process is on the one hand fuelled by the increasing prominence of female favouritism as a political practice during the period, and on the other facilitated by the emergence of new privileged media such as the novel and the 'nouvelle historique'. The favorite, as a new incarnation of the ‘femme forte’, becomes a trope by which anxieties can be expressed: about female power, but also about the monarchy in general. This thesis advances by way of close readings and studies of vast corpora of texts; it alternates – both within and between chapters – between analysis and synthesis. Following the introduction, the first chapter introduces a set of mental landmarks, both semantic and axiological, and explores the dictionaries, treatises and courtly manuals of the time in search of the favorite. The second chapter focuses on the fiction of the 1660s and 1670s, and questions the way in which these texts established elements of definition and recurrent issues related to the staging of the favorite in this period. The third chapter considers the representation of Louis XIV's mistresses, principally through a study of the ballets, poems, letters, memoirs, satires and pamphlets concerned with the Sun King's loves. Its object is to show how the favorite is inserted into the royal mythology. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the first text explicitly and exclusively devoted to the favorite: the Histoire des Favorites (1697) by Anne de La Roche-Guilhen. This chapter attempts to bring to light the tensions underlying the text, while interrogating the determining role of this collection in the process of crystallization explored throughout the thesis. The fifth chapter sketches out the afterlife of the favorite under Louis XV and Louis XVI, and describes the principal evolutions which ensured her survival in the collective imagination.

Pierre II Mignard naquit en Avignon, terre partagée entre papauté et royauté, dans une famille d’artistes. Il fit d’abord son apprentissage de dessinateur, de copiste et de peintre auprès de son père Nicolas, avant de suivre à Paris son oncle Pierre Mignard (dit le Romain). Ce fut dans la capitale que Pierre II fit évoluer son art pictural et architectural. Il partit dans le sud de la France puis en Italie pour lever les beaux monuments antiques avant de revenir en France. Enrichi de ce qu’il avait vu et fait, il devint, en 1671, membre fondateur et Professeur de l’Académie Royale d’Architecture, l’élevant à un art sans fioriture, avec ses propres codes, des lignes pures, simples et modernes. Après plusieurs années dans la capitale, il repartit dans sa ville natale. En Avignon, il fut un architecte et un peintre très prisé, un ingénieur, cartographe, expert,médiateur passionné par son travail. Dernier artiste de génie, il laissa dans cette ville son empreinte moulée d’un art nouveau. Il fit de son style une référence et de son expérience un art. Il bâtit de riches et magnifiques demeures bourgeoises, encore visibles aujourd’hui. Cette architecture épurée plaisait à ses contemporains notables et religieux qui le considéraient comme un créateur de génie. Couronné de gloire par des titres prestigieux tel qu’Architecte du Roi ou Chevalier de l’Ordre du Christ, il fut copié par les artistes de son temps et notamment par son filleul Pierre Thibault, l’architecte Jean Baptiste Franque ou encore le peintre Joseph Péru. Trois siècles plus tard, grâce au talent de Pierre II Mignard, le coeur de la ville d’Avignon, cerné par ses remparts ressemble à un joyau dans son écrin. / Pierre II Mignard born in Avignon, a land divided between papacy and kingdom, in an artist’s family. He was formed to the drawing and the painting in his father’s studio, before he followed his uncle, Pierre Mignard (as the Roman) in Paris. It was in the capital that Pierre II upgraded his pictorial and architectural art. He went to the south of France and in Italia to draw the most beautiful antic monument after to come back in France. Enriched by all he saw and he did, he became, in 1671, a founder member and Professor of the Royal Academy of Architecture, raising it to an art without embellishment, with its owncodes, pure simple and modern lines. After several years in the capital, he came back to his natal city. In Avignon, he was a very appreciated architect and painter, a civil engineer, cartographer, expert, mediator fascinated by its work. Last genius artist, he gave to the city his stamp mould on a new art. He did to his style a reference, and to his experience an art. He built big and gorgeous residence, still visible nowadays. This refined architecture was liked by his notable and religious contemporaries who considered him like a genius creative. Wreathed with glory by prestigious title like Architect of the King or Christ’s Knight, he was reproduced and imitated by artists and notably by his godson Pierre Thibault, the architectJean-Baptiste Franque or the painter Joseph Péru. Three century later, thanks to Pierre II Mignard’s talent, Avignon’s city’s heart, surrounded by its walls look like jewel in his case.

Este trabalho trata da Idade Média nos livros didáticos brasileiros, compreende o estudo da crise do século XIV nas coleções escolares. O estudo, de cunho documental, foi desenvolvido utilizando-se como fonte os livros didáticos em circulação nas escolas públicas de Ensino Médio ao longo do período de vigência das duas primeiras versões do Programa Nacional do Livro para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM). A averiguação se deu tendo como norte a busca de explicações para o seguinte problema: que relações existem entre os esquemas explicativos apresentados nos livros didáticos e as interpretações formuladas pela historiografia acadêmica da primeira metade do século XX? O corpus documental foi extraído das 14 (quatorze) obras que integram a relação das fontes utilizadas e foi trabalhado por meio da análise do conteúdo. As análises foram desenvolvidas a partir de algumas questões norteadoras. De modo geral, discutiram-se os limites da apropriação de que a historiografia escolar tem feito das teses inauguradas pela historiografia acadêmica da primeira metade do século XX. Nesse estudo, verificou-se que a questão em torno do diálogo entre a historiografia escolar e a acadêmica deve ser relativizada. Considerou-se que, em certa medida e no que tange a determinados aspectos da relação, o diálogo existe, pois há correspondentes, porém, é um diálogo restrito, submetido a regras específicas que a escrita escolar impõe. Na tentativa de reafirmar um padrão unilateral de verdade, as obras escolares acabam por sugerir alterações que tendem a não expressar fielmente os pressupostos, as proposições e os elementos oriundos das teses que as inspiraram. Valendo-se de fios, até certo ponto frágeis, as obras se ocupam em coser esquemas originários de teses diversas, na tentativa de desenvolvimento de uma explicação que, embora própria, se mostra pouco hábil em superar as limitações da tradição presente na escrita dos livros didáticos. / This research deals with the Middle Ages in Brazilian textbooks, it includes the study of the \"fourteenth-century crisis\" in school collections. Through documentary evidence, the study made use of source textbooks in circulation in public schools during high school throughout the period of the first two versions of the National Book Program for Secondary Education (PNLEM). The investigation aimed at searching for a plausible answer to the following problem: what are the existent relationships between the explanatory schemes presented in textbooks and the interpretations made by the academic historiography of the twentieth century first half? The documentary corpus was extracted from the fourteen (14) works that are part of the list of sources used and it was worked through analysis of its contents; analyses were developed from some guiding questions. Overall, it discusses the limits of ownership that school historiography has done from the theses inaugurated by academic historiography of the twentieth century first half. The study verified that the question about the dialogue between the school and the academic historiography should be relative. It was felt that to some extent and with respect to certain aspects of the relationship, there is a dialogue, as there are equivalent elements. However, it is a restricted dialogue, subject to special rules imposed by school writing. In an attempt to reassert a unilateral standard of truth, the school works eventually suggest changes, which tend not to express faithfully the assumptions, propositions and the elements derived from theories that inspired them. The school textbooks end up making use of fragile threads to some point and occupy themselves in \"sewing\" schemes originated in related systems to various theories in an attempt to develop a scheme that although original, proven little capable at overcoming the tradition limitations present in the textbooks writing.

No description available.

Este trabalho trata da Idade Média nos livros didáticos brasileiros, compreende o estudo da crise do século XIV nas coleções escolares. O estudo, de cunho documental, foi desenvolvido utilizando-se como fonte os livros didáticos em circulação nas escolas públicas de Ensino Médio ao longo do período de vigência das duas primeiras versões do Programa Nacional do Livro para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM). A averiguação se deu tendo como norte a busca de explicações para o seguinte problema: que relações existem entre os esquemas explicativos apresentados nos livros didáticos e as interpretações formuladas pela historiografia acadêmica da primeira metade do século XX? O corpus documental foi extraído das 14 (quatorze) obras que integram a relação das fontes utilizadas e foi trabalhado por meio da análise do conteúdo. As análises foram desenvolvidas a partir de algumas questões norteadoras. De modo geral, discutiram-se os limites da apropriação de que a historiografia escolar tem feito das teses inauguradas pela historiografia acadêmica da primeira metade do século XX. Nesse estudo, verificou-se que a questão em torno do diálogo entre a historiografia escolar e a acadêmica deve ser relativizada. Considerou-se que, em certa medida e no que tange a determinados aspectos da relação, o diálogo existe, pois há correspondentes, porém, é um diálogo restrito, submetido a regras específicas que a escrita escolar impõe. Na tentativa de reafirmar um padrão unilateral de verdade, as obras escolares acabam por sugerir alterações que tendem a não expressar fielmente os pressupostos, as proposições e os elementos oriundos das teses que as inspiraram. Valendo-se de fios, até certo ponto frágeis, as obras se ocupam em coser esquemas originários de teses diversas, na tentativa de desenvolvimento de uma explicação que, embora própria, se mostra pouco hábil em superar as limitações da tradição presente na escrita dos livros didáticos. / This research deals with the Middle Ages in Brazilian textbooks, it includes the study of the \"fourteenth-century crisis\" in school collections. Through documentary evidence, the study made use of source textbooks in circulation in public schools during high school throughout the period of the first two versions of the National Book Program for Secondary Education (PNLEM). The investigation aimed at searching for a plausible answer to the following problem: what are the existent relationships between the explanatory schemes presented in textbooks and the interpretations made by the academic historiography of the twentieth century first half? The documentary corpus was extracted from the fourteen (14) works that are part of the list of sources used and it was worked through analysis of its contents; analyses were developed from some guiding questions. Overall, it discusses the limits of ownership that school historiography has done from the theses inaugurated by academic historiography of the twentieth century first half. The study verified that the question about the dialogue between the school and the academic historiography should be relative. It was felt that to some extent and with respect to certain aspects of the relationship, there is a dialogue, as there are equivalent elements. However, it is a restricted dialogue, subject to special rules imposed by school writing. In an attempt to reassert a unilateral standard of truth, the school works eventually suggest changes, which tend not to express faithfully the assumptions, propositions and the elements derived from theories that inspired them. The school textbooks end up making use of fragile threads to some point and occupy themselves in \"sewing\" schemes originated in related systems to various theories in an attempt to develop a scheme that although original, proven little capable at overcoming the tradition limitations present in the textbooks writing.

Purpose: Corneal transparency depends upon the precise organization of corneal stromal extracellular matrix and corneal endothelial function. Stromal structure and extracellular matrix organization is responsible for proper refraction of light into the eye. The corneal endothelium is responsible for pumping excess fluid out of the cornea, effectively maintaining corneal hydration and thickness. Corneal transplantation is the current form of treatment for corneal endothelial and stromal dystrophies. The mechanisms controlling stromal collagen fibril packing and organization into orthogonal layers as well as maturation of the endothelium into a fully functioning cellular layer are unknown. Collagens XII and XIV, fibril associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACIT), have been implicated in matrix-matrix interactions regulating structure, cell behavior, and cell-matrix interactions. The overall aim is to determine the role of collagens XII and XIV in fibril assembly, fibril packing, lamellar assembly, stromal organization, corneal thickness, and endothelial maturation. The general hypothesis is that collagens XII and XIV regulate cornea stromal matrix development and structure, endothelial development, and corneal function. This dissertation assesses three specific hypotheses: 1) Collagen XIV regulates lateral fibril growth and fibril packing through fibrillar surface interactions; 2) Collagen XII regulates fibril packing, lamellar assembly, stromal organization, corneal thickness, and therefore, corneal function; and 3) FACIT collagens in the specialized posterior stroma regulate the acquisition of function in the corneal endothelium. Materials and Methods: The temporal and spatial expression patterns of collagens XII and XIV were determined in the murine cornea using quantitative PCR, semi-quantitative immuno-blots and immuno-localization approaches. To determine the regulatory roles of collagens XII and XIV in stromal and endothelial development, mouse models null for collagens XII or XIV were. This was coupled with ultrastructural and morphometric analyses of fibril assembly, fibril packing, lamellar organization, and endothelial maturation. The roles of collagens XII and XIV in corneal structure were determined using measurements of corneal thickness at postnatal day (P) 30 and P60. Results: Collagen XIV had a dynamic expression pattern in wild type (WT) corneal development. Corneas at P4 expressed the highest amount of collagen XIV with a sharp reduction by P10. Collagen XIV localized in the full thickness of the stroma at P4 and P14. At P30 and P90 there was less immuno-reactivity for collagen XIV in the WT stroma. The collagen XIV null stromas contained larger diameter fibrils when compared to P30 WT stromas. The null stromas also exhibited irregular spacing of fibrils. In the absence of collagen XIV there was an abnormal increase in corneal thickness. Unlike collagen XIV, collagen XII localized homogenously throughout the WT corneal stroma from P4 to P90. Collagen XII content was relatively constant in the cornea from P4 to P90. The collagen XII P30 null stromas contained areas of increased fibril density and disruption of lamellar organization. Corneal thickness increased in the absence of collagen XII at P60. Corneas deficient in Col12a1-/- and/or Col14a1-/- exhibited a delay in maturation. The null corneal endothelia retained vacuoles seen only in the immature WT P4 cornea. The P30 Col12a1-/- and Col14a1-/- endothelia had patchy localization of ZO-1 similar to that of an immature endothelium. There was an abnormal increase in thickness at P30 in the absence of collagens XII and XIV suggesting an increase in stromal hydration. Conclusions: Collagen XIV regulates fibril assembly, and regular fibril packing in early stromal development. Collagen XII regulates fibril packing, lamellar assembly, stromal organization, and influences the keratocyte network. Both collagens XII and XIV regulate endothelial maturation and acquisition of function through interactions between the stroma and underlying endothelium. Understanding the mechanisms behind stromal organization and endothelial maturation will improve treatment of stromal and endothelial dystrophies, as well as other diseases that involve extracellular matrix-cell interactions mediated by FACIT collagens.

<p>1800-talet betraktas som statyresandets epok då särskilt under andra hälften av 1800-talet tusentals monument uppfördes runt om i Europa. Statyprojekt och invigningar är tillfällen då olika krafter mobiliseras för att markera vad som är värdefullt i det förflutna men också i framtiden. Den 20 oktober 1846 invigdes statyn av Karl XIV Johan i Norrköping. Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka vilken dynamik som skapades kring och genom Karl Johans statyinvigning under perioden 1844-1846. Det vill säga från statyprojektets initiativtagande till invigningen, samt tiden efter fram till december 1846. För att få ett så brett perspektiv som möjligt granskades dels Norrköpingsbornas involverande och deras tankar om Karl XIV Johan och statyn och dels kritikernas synpunkter om kungen, statyn och staden Norrköping.</p><p>Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt är att en studie av ett monument inte kan avskiljas till en undersökning av bara monumentet vilket i sig inte är det minnesvärda, utan mer en hänvisning till en historia. Till följd därav måste undersökningen inkludera det som inträffade före, under och efter invigningen. Det undersökta källmaterialet består av brev, handlingar, tidningsartiklar och historisk litteratur.</p><p>Undersökningen kom till slutsatsen att avsikten med att resa en staty till Karl XIV Johans ära, inte bara var för att visa sin tacksamhet, utan syftet var även att försöka övertyga kungens efterträdare, Oskar I, att fortsätta sin fars politik som gynnade staden Norrköping, särskilt tullpolitiken.</p>

1800-talet betraktas som statyresandets epok då särskilt under andra hälften av 1800-talet tusentals monument uppfördes runt om i Europa. Statyprojekt och invigningar är tillfällen då olika krafter mobiliseras för att markera vad som är värdefullt i det förflutna men också i framtiden. Den 20 oktober 1846 invigdes statyn av Karl XIV Johan i Norrköping. Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka vilken dynamik som skapades kring och genom Karl Johans statyinvigning under perioden 1844-1846. Det vill säga från statyprojektets initiativtagande till invigningen, samt tiden efter fram till december 1846. För att få ett så brett perspektiv som möjligt granskades dels Norrköpingsbornas involverande och deras tankar om Karl XIV Johan och statyn och dels kritikernas synpunkter om kungen, statyn och staden Norrköping. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt är att en studie av ett monument inte kan avskiljas till en undersökning av bara monumentet vilket i sig inte är det minnesvärda, utan mer en hänvisning till en historia. Till följd därav måste undersökningen inkludera det som inträffade före, under och efter invigningen. Det undersökta källmaterialet består av brev, handlingar, tidningsartiklar och historisk litteratur. Undersökningen kom till slutsatsen att avsikten med att resa en staty till Karl XIV Johans ära, inte bara var för att visa sin tacksamhet, utan syftet var även att försöka övertyga kungens efterträdare, Oskar I, att fortsätta sin fars politik som gynnade staden Norrköping, särskilt tullpolitiken.

Aquesta tesi investiga la construcció del monestir de Santa Maria de Pedralbes a partir de tres línies d'anàlisi. Primer revisa la història de la institució amb la finalitat d'establir el context en el qual l'edifici fou creat, preservat i renovat. En segon lloc, documenta la història de la construcció del monestir amb tot detall tot posant en relleu les principals fases d'activitat edificatòria. La documentació inclou una observació i anàlisi de l'edifici que es conserva en l'actualitat. S'ofereix un estudi formal dels diferents edificis que configuren el conjunt així com els materials utilitzats o les tècniques constructives més notables. També es para atenció a l'estil del complex considerant factors com l'arquitectura per a l'orde de les clarisses o l'anomenat Gòtic Meridional. Finalment aquesta tesi avalua no tan sols el contenidor sinó el contingut del monestir. És a dir que explica l'espiritualitat de les clarisses i la seva manera de viure per a entendre els diferents espais monàstics des de la perspectiva de les seves usuàries. L'estudi d'aquest monestir -i segurament això es podria aplicar a molts edificis- seria incompleta sense tenir en compte les esperances, pors, ideals de les persones que hi varen viure. Les referències als objectes que contenien les estances donen llum a la natura esmunyedissa d'aquesta interpretació. / This dissertation investigates the construction history of the monastery of Pedralbes along three lines of analysis. First, it reviews the history of the institution with the purpose to establish the context in which the building has been created, preserved and renovated. Second, it documents the history of the monastery's construction in substantial detail and then highlights the main phases of activity. The documentation includes an observation and analysis of the present day building structure. In providing a formal overview of the monastery's construction history, this dissertation takes into account the materials used, it also analyses the style of the monastery complex, by considering among other factors the architecture of buildings from the Poor Clares religious order, or the so-called Meridional Gothic. Finally, this dissertation evaluates not only the container but it content. That is it explains the spirituality of the Poor Clares and their way of life in order to understand the different spaces from the perspective of the users. The study of this monastery and we think that this applies to any building would be incomplete without factoring in the hopes, fears or ideals of the people that lived in it. References to objects contained in different rooms shed light on the elusive nature of this interpretation.

El motiu que ens dugué a introduir-nos en l'estudi dels preus i salaris a la Lleida dels segles XIV i XV fou l'interès d'ampliar els coneixements d'una parcel.la de la història de Catalunya, fins el moment actual, insuficientment coneguda en tota la seva amplitud. Però a més, volíem fer-ho en relació amb la nostra ciutat, conscients de la necessitat de superar l'excessiva hegemonia historiogràfica de Barcelona.La bibliografia existent sobre l'evolució de preus i salaris als segles XIV i XV, si bé molt àmplia en estudis monogràfics arreu d'Europa, és més aviat minsa pel que fa a Catalunya. La causa està possiblement en la inexistència d'un tipus de documentació que proporcioni sèries de dades que abastin llargs períodes de temps. Nosaltres hem tingut la sort d'aconseguir una font documental temporalment extensa i a més rica: els llibres d'obra de la Seu Vella de Lleida. No hem estat els primers en utilitzar-los. Molts són els historiadors de l'art que al llarg del temps els han consultat, sobresortint entre tots Alonso, qui dugué a terme un seguiment exhaustiu de la totalitat d'ells. Però hem estat els primers en utilitzar-los per fer un estudi econòmic. / El motivo que nos llevó a introducirnos en el estudio de los precios y salarios a la Lleida de los siglos XIV y XV fue el interés de ampliar los conocimientos de una parcela de la historia de Catalunya, hasta el momento actual, insuficientemente conocida en toda su amplitud. Pero además, queríamos hacerlo en relación con nuestra ciudad, conscientes de la necesidad de superar la excesiva hegemonía historiográfica de Barcelona.La bibliografía existente sobre la evolución de precios y salarios a los siglos XIV y XV, si bueno muy amplia en estudios monográficos arreo de Europa, es más bien exigua con respecto a Catalunya. La causa está posiblemente en la inexistencia de un tipo de documentación que proporcione series de datos que abarquen largos periodosperíodos de tiempo. Nosotros hemos tenido la suerte de conseguir una fuente documental temporalmente extensa y además rica: los libros de obra de la Sede Vieja de Lleida. No hemos sido los primeros en utilizarlos. Muchos son los historiadores del arte que a lo largo del tiempo los han consultado, sobresaliendo entre todos Alonso, quien llevó a término uno seguimiento exhaustivo de la totalidad de ellos. Pero hemos estado los primeros en utilizarlos por hacer uno estudio económico.