No abstract available / 28 cm.

- The thesis is focused on Swedish foreign policy during the period 1660 - 1675, the early years of Charles XI's reign. Although Sweden is considered as an empire practically all over the 17th century, from the economic point of view it was a weak country. Sweden was totally depending on financial help from its allies, especially during periods of peace, as it was the case between 1660 and 1675. This fact belongs to the main aspects influencing the Swedish foreign policy at this time. Main part of the thesis is dedicated to relations between Sweden and other European states. The most significant were the relations with France and Denmark, since France was the ally which provided Sweden the needed finance. The role of Denmark was also essential because of its geographical position as neighbouring country to Sweden. The thesis indeed discusses relations to some other states that played an important role as well - England, the Netherlands, Brandenburg, other German states, Poland and Russia. The aim of the thesis is not just to analyse the Swedish foreign policy, but even to answer questions if there was any alternative or if the way this policy was conducted was the only possible one and also, if such policy can be considered as success or failure. These questions are answered at the final part of...

Au travers de cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à comprendre la politique gouvernementale menée par Richelieu vis-à-vis des parlements méridionaux (Toulouse, Bordeaux et Aix), ainsi que ses conséquences jusqu’aux guerres civiles de la Fronde. De 1624 – date de l’accès du premier cardinal ministre au Conseil de Louis XIII – à 1654 – date de rétablissement d’un parlement à Bordeaux après la Fronde –, ces années cardinales furent celles du choix de la guerre contre la monarchie espagnole. Elles furent aussi marquées par la constitution d’une alliance politique au sommet de l’État entre Richelieu et le prince de Condé. Une alliance robuste qui laissa la place à un système polycratique instable durant les années de la régence d’Anne d’Autriche, organisé autour du triumvirat Condé, Mazarin, Orléans. Ce double contexte, militaire et politique, eut d’importants échos dans les provinces méridionales et leurs parlements. Cependant, nous n’avons pas limité notre champ d’investigation au seul point de vue gouvernemental. Nous avons veillé à reconstruire les dynamiques politiques provinciales afin de comprendre au mieux les prises de position au sein des parlements. Pour cela, nous avons mis les factions et le factionnalisme au cœur de notre analyse en tentant de produire une véritable « histoire-cabales » des parlements méridionaux durant les années cardinales. Nous avons défini les factions parlementaires comme des coalitions temporaires, nébuleuses de magistrats ou de familles de magistrats, dont on pouvait distinguer un noyau dur d’adhérents fortement impliqués dans les confrontations et des marges plus ou moins actives en fonction des enjeux et des recompositions d’alliances. Leurs interactions et leurs affrontements caractérisaient le factionnalisme. Notre étude a donc porté dans une première partie sur le cadre de la vie politique provinciale. Nous y avons reconstitué le microcosme politique dans lequel évoluaient les magistrats et dans lequel se formaient leurs factions. Une attention particulière a ainsi été portée à reconstruire les tensions institutionnelles, les différents réseaux, ainsi que le contexte politique des années cardinales à la cour comme en province. Dans une seconde partie, la politique de Richelieu vis-à-vis des parlements méridionaux a été analysée. Trois séquences politiques ont été ainsi reconstruites avec minutie afin de faire apparaître comment le cardinal et ses hommes exploitaient les conflictualités locales à leur profit, y attisant le factionnalisme. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, l’ébranlement du système Richelieu et les conséquences de ce phénomène dans les guerres civiles de la Fronde ont été analysés au travers du prisme des factions. Ce travail vise ainsi à mettre les factions et le factionnalisme au cœur de l’analyse de la politique parlementaire sous l’Ancien Régime. / Through this thesis, we endeavoured to understand Richelieu's government policy towards the southern parliaments (Toulouse, Bordeaux and Aix), as well as its consequences until the civil wars of the Fronde. From 1624 – date of the first cardinal minister's access to the Council of Louis XIII – to 1654 – date of re-establishment of a parliament in Bordeaux after the Fronde – these cardinal years were those of the choice of war against the Spanish monarchy. They were also marked by the constitution of a political alliance at the summit of the State between Richelieu and the Prince de Condé. A robust alliance that gave way to an unstable polycratic system during the years of the regency of Anne of Austria, organized around the triumvirate Condé, Mazarin, Orléans. This dual context, military and political, had important echoes in the southern provinces and their parliaments. However, we have not limited our scope of investigation solely to the government's point of view. We have been working to rebuild provincial political dynamics in order to better understand the positions taken by parliaments. To this end, we have put factions and factionalism at the heart of our analysis by attempting to produce a genuine "cabal story" of the southern parliaments during the cardinal years. We have defined parliamentary factions as temporary coalitions, nebulas of magistrates or families of magistrates, of which we could distinguish a hard core of members strongly involved in confrontations and margins more or less active according to the stakes and recompositions of alliances. Their interactions and confrontations characterized factionalism. Our study therefore focused in a first part on the framework of provincial political life. We have reconstituted the political microcosm in which the magistrates evolved and in which their factions were formed. Particular attention has been paid to reconstructing the institutional tensions, the different networks and the political context of the cardinal years at court and in the provinces. In a second part, Richelieu's policy towards southern parliaments was analyzed. Three political sequences were thus carefully reconstructed in order to show how the cardinal and his men exploited local conflicts for their benefit, fuelling factionalism. Finally, in a final section, the shock of the Richelieu system and the consequences of this phenomenon in the civil wars of the Fronde were analyzed through the prism of the factions. This work aims to put factions and factionalism at the heart of the analysis of parliamentary policy under the Old Regime France.

Cette thèse se propose de parcourir les évolutions scénographiques et techniques des spectacles au temps de Louis XIV. Ce travail divisé en deux parties – la cour et la ville – souhaite rendre compte des différentes transformations du répertoire à machines qui trouvait, depuis la Régence de Mazarin et l’arrivée de Torelli, ses premiers balbutiements. Volontairement pluridisciplinaire, proposant de nouvelles découvertes concernant les évolutions scénographiques et techniques des principaux théâtres de la cour et de la capitale, cette thèse s’affiche comme une synthèse des principaux machinistes du siècle de Louis XIV avec comme singularité la mise en lumière d’un marginalisé de l’historiographie : Alexandre de Rieux, marquis de Sourdéac. / This thesis proposes to through the scenographic and technical evolutions of the shows at the time of Louis XIV. This work divided into two parts - the court and the city - accounts for the various transformations of the repertoire to machines. This work divided into two parts - the court and the city - wishes to account for the various transformations of the repertoire to machines since the Regency of Mazarin and the arrival of Torelli. Multidisciplinary, proposing new archaeological and archival discoveries concerning the scenographic and technical evolutions of the principal theaters of the court and the capital, this thesis wants as a synthesis of the principal machinists of the century of Louis XIV with as singularity the rehabilitation of Alexandre de Rieux, Marquis de Sourdéac.

Les phospholipases A catalysent sélectivement l'hydrolyse de la liaison ester des glycérophospholipides dans la position sn-1 (PLA1) et sn-2 (PLA2), libérant des acides gras et des lysophospholipides. Nous avons identifié des PLAs à partir des champignons/actinomycètes isolés des environnements du Mexique. Dans la 1ère partie, une méthode colorimétrique à haut débit pour la détection générale de l'activité PLA (cHTS-PLA) avec la PC comme substrat et le rouge crésol a été développée. L'analyse rRNA 16S des souches productrices des PLAs a démontrant qu'elles appartiennent aux genres Streptomyces et Aureobasidium. La production des PLAs a été mise en œuvre utilisant la fermentation en milieu solide avec la PC comme inducteur et la bagasse de canne à sucre comme support. Globalement, cette étude a contribué à la découverte des nouvelles PLA et au criblage des PLAs à haut débit dans les extraits microbiens / Phospholipase A are lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyze selectively the ester bond of glycerophospholipid substrates at the sn-1 (PLA1) and sn-2 (PLA2) position, respectively, releasing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. We identified new PLAs from fungi and actinomycetes isolated from Mexican environments. Firstly, we implemented an agar-plate method containing rhodamine 6G and phosphatidylcholine (PC) for the primary screening. Then, a colorimetric high-throughput screening assay for general PLA activity detection (cHTS-PLA) using PC substrate and cresol red was developed. According to 16S rRNA analysis, PLA producing strains were mostly belonging to Streptomyces and Aureobasidium genus. Production of PLAs was implemented by solid-state fermentation with PC as inductor and sugar-cane bagasse as support. Overall, this study has contributed to the discovery of new microbial PLAs and to pave the way toward the HTS of PLA activity in microbial extracts

La tesi vuole evidenziare il carattere continuativo che l’influenza francese ha esercitato sulla moda curiale nel XVIII, fino allo scoppiare delle Rivoluzione. I primi tre capitoli, sono necessari per comprendere la nascita di questa fortuna. Lo scontro tra corona francese e corona spagnola si è caratterizzato nel XVII secolo anche come scontro di codici vestimentari. Il perdurare delle “divise” di corte maschile e femminile nel XVIII perfezionate durante la seconda metà del regno di Luigi XIV è funzionale al mantenimento del ruolo guida: riconoscendo la necessità di uniformarsi agli abiti prescritti dal cerimoniale francese, le corti si appropriano non solo di un codice vestimentario, ma di una particolare immagine della monarchia. Il monopolio francese sulla moda si basa su un’autorità che deriva innanzitutto da quella conseguita nel secolo precedente. Alla fine del Settecento il rifiuto per gli abiti strettamente di corte che coincide con la creazione di alternative che possano soddisfare l’esigenza dell’apparire curiale segue una matrice quasi strettamente femminile: capacità della corte francese è quelle di elaborare spunti provenienti da altre culture e modificarle in chiave nazionale. / The thesis wants to focus on the continuity of the French influence on the evolution of European fashion during the eighteenth century to the Revolution. The first three chapters are indispensable to understand the origin of this success. The fight between the French and the Spanish court during the sixteenth century was also a fight for the supremacy of their own fashion style. The persistence in the eighteenth century of the court dress code for man and women that was elaborated during the reign of Louis XIV was functional to the maintenance of the guide role of the French court in Europe. At the end of the century, the refusal of strictly court dresses for new kind of clothes is peculiar of the women living at the court, but the French court has the ability to invent new fashions using ideas coming from other countries.

La guerre de Succession d'Espagne, dernière guerre du règne de Louis XIV, est marquée par une série de défaites retentissantes : Blenheim (1704, Bavière), Ramillies et Turin (1706, Brabant et Piémont), Audenarde (1708, Flandre). L’approche qualifiée de « nouvelle histoire-bataille » permet de relativiser la vision traditionnelle qui explique ces défaites par le talent supérieur de John Churchill, duc de Marlborough, et du prince Eugène de Savoie, affrontant des généraux français courtisans et incompétents. Cette approche met l’événement-bataille au centre de l’étude et en aborde tous les aspects : dimensions politique, stratégique et tactique ; logistique ; techniques du combat et expériences ressenties sur le champ de bataille ; onde de choc.On constate que la guerre au début du XVIIIe siècle est à bien des égards limitée : les armées dépendent de leurs sources d’approvisionnement. Eugène et Marlborough, par leur audace et leur talent, accélèrent le rythme des opérations, mais sans renverser cet état de fait : aucune bataille n’est individuellement « décisive » et la guerre de Succession d'Espagne reste une guerre d’attrition. Les batailles sont le lieu d’une expérience du combat singulière, où se voient portées à leur paroxysme l’ensemble des formes d’affrontement et de violence que comporte la guerre de l’époque. Enfin, l’image d’une bataille se dégage lentement. Les courtisans doivent comparer nouvelles officielles, correspondances privées et gazettes pour comprendre ce qui s’est passé. Le roi mène des enquêtes pour déterminer qui a bien agi et qui a démérité. En définitive, c’est aux écrivains et aux artistes de fixer l’image que la postérité aura de ces batailles. / The war of the Spanish Succession is the last war fought by Louis XIV. It begins with a succession of astonishing defeats: Blenheim (Bavaria, 1704), Ramillies and Turin (Brabant and Piedmont, 1706), Audenarde (Flanders, 1708). The method known as “new battle-history” lets us temper the traditional vision, which claims that French have been defeated because their armies where led by courtiers that faced two military geniuses: John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, and Prince Eugene of Savoy. This historiographic approach focuses on the battle as an event, and seeks to treat it in all its dimensions: political, strategic and tactical aspects; logistics; how soldiers fight and what they feel; shock wave.Early eighteenth-century warfare is in many ways limited: armies highly rely on their supply sources. Eugene and Marlborough, thanks to their audacity and their talent, are able to speed up the operations, but without changing the way war is fought. There is no single “decisive” battle: the war of the Spanish Succession remains as a war of attrition. Battles are rare and formidable events where a singular fighting experience takes place; all contemporary kinds of combat and violence are to be observed. The importance of a battle is not immediately obvious. Its image takes time to come out. Versailles’ courtiers need to compare official news, private letters, French or foreign gazettes, in order to understand what happened. The king conducts investigations to identify the generals and units that have served well, and those that have not. In the end, it is writers and artists who are in charge of fixing what image of these battles will be left for posterity.

A partir de l'élaboration du catalogue de son oeuvre (tableaux de chevalet et peintures décoratives), cette thèse étudie et ré-évalue la place de Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer dans la France du Grand Siècle. L'étude des oeuvres de ses collaborateurs et contemporains permet de préciser l'originalité de sa personnalité artistique et de définir sa place dans le développement de la peinture de nature morte en France au XVIIe siècle. Né à Lille, Monnoyer arrive tôt à Paris, où il ajoute à son expérience de la nature morte nordique l'influence des peintres français de la vie silencieuse. Il inscrit aussi son nom dans le siècle de Louis XIV comme peintre décorateur, effectuant les premiers décors des résidences de jeunesse du monarque (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Vincennes, les Tuileries). Il y donne ses lettres de noblesse au motif de la guirlande tressant la gloire du prince.Comme collaborateur de Le Brun, il travaille dans des chantiers privés (Hôtel Lambert, château de Vaux), ou des châteaux de ministre du roi (Sceaux). Il part encore travailler en Angleterre à la fin du siècle. L’abondance des commandes royales l'oblige à s’entourer d’assistants. Les enjeux artistiques de cette production sont enfin analysés : la position du genre de la nature morte dans la doctrine officielle de l’Académie et sa reconnaissance dans les collections privées ; le statut du peintre de nature morte dans la génération des classiques, de Félibien à Perrault. Enfin, le rôle fondamental de Monnoyer dans le développement et la diffusion de ce genre est étudié. / Having compiled the entire work catalogue of Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer (easel paintings and decorations), this thesis aims to study and re-value his importance in France during the Grand Siècle.Through the study of works of his collaborators and contemporaries the uniqueness of his artistic personality is specified, as well as his position in the development of still life painting in France during the 17th century.Born in Lille, Monnoyer came early to Paris, where he joins his knowledge of Nordic still life painting to the influence of French « silent life » painters.His name is famous too during the century of Louis XIV as a painter decorator. As such, he made the first decorations for the youth residences of the monarch (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Vincennes, the Tuileries). He there develops the importance of the pattern of the garland glorifying the prince.As a collaborator of Le Brun, he works in private worksites (Hôtel Lambert, château de Vaux), or in castles of ministers (Sceaux). He also works in England at the end of the century. Due to the great amount of royal orders, he was forced to gather assistants. The artistic issues of this production are analysed: the situation of the still life genre in the official doctrine of the Academy, and his recognition in private collections ; the position of the still life painter in the classical generation, from Felibien to Perrault. And then, the fondamental part of Monnoyer in the development and the rayonnment of this genre is studied.

The main aim of this thesis is to examine the vision of history which is presented in the Mémoires of the due de Saint-Simon/ a work which describes life at the French court during the last years of the reign of Louis XIV and during the period of the Regency which followed the death of the Sun King (1691-1723). The thesis is a study based on a close reading of the text itselff using two methods to shed light on the different aspects of the subject. It begins with an investigation of the theme of paternity or fatherhood/ and the way in which this theme relates to the question of royal power/ focusing on the figure of the king himself as he appears in his various father roles: father of both a legitimate and an illegitimate line of children/ and father of his kingdom. The strongly religious and moralistic overtones of Saint-Simon's political and social convictions lead the memorialist to condemn what he sees as the chaos and social disorder resulting from the king's "confusion" of these differing paternal identities. The second half of the thesis is largely a stylistic analysis of two passages taken from the body of the Mémoires. For by examining the style of this work (at both a lexical and a syntactical level)/ one may begin to develop an insight into the way in which Saint-Simon interprets the events of his day in order to fit them into his larger vision of the history of the world. Certain stylistic traits in the text suggest a movement from the mere presentation and explanation of events to an interpretation of their deeper meaning. As well/ frequent references in the Mémoires to both Genesis and Revelations/ taken in conjunction with Saint-Simon's theologo-political view of society/ seem to indicate that the memorialist regards the reign of Louis XIV as being a playing-out/ in miniature/ of the history of the world/ from the Fall to a final confrontation between good and evil. Thus/ in the end/ Saint-Simon's constant need to interpret events leads him away from the simple explanation of causes/ towards the elaboration of a prophetic vision (or "apocalypse") : a dire warning issued to the monarchy and to the people of France as to the fate which may yet befall them, if the process of corruption begun by the Sun King himself is not somehow reversed. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

Denna uppsats undersöker Ferdinand Tollins kritik mot Karl XIV Johan mellan 1840-1844. Samhällskritikern Tollin publicerade karikatyrer och artiklar som kritiserade den svenska kungamakten. Uppsatsen fokuserar därmed på Tollins kritik utifrån en analys av tre karikatyrer föreställande Karl XIV Johan, vilka kompletteras med läsning av de liberala tidningarna Nyaste Freja och Den konstitutionelle, där Tollin var verksam skribent. Uppsatsen lyfter också samband mellan karikatyrens framväxt och den framväxande liberalismen i Sverige.