《施公案》、《三俠五義》、《彭公案》是三部以公案與俠義題材融合而成的同類型小說，它們保留了公案小說與俠義小說既有的元素，題材融合的原因是時代背景的反映、章回化的演變、理想人物的期待與讀者的欣賞需求。 小說原著以公案為主、俠義為輔。在公案情節上，大多數是延續公案小說的 人命案與賊盜案，以數案相連或案中有案的形式呈現；由於俠義題材的加入，謀叛的政治案件、盜印信、盜內府財物、謀殺朝廷命官與採花大盜犯姦殺人案件逐漸增多。綠林與清官的結合，是俠義情節的中心，主要表現在豪傑投靠、豪傑護主、豪傑破案三方面。小說中官吏，清官特徵漸少，忠臣形象漸多；綠林人物無論是水寇、土匪、紳匪均呈現集團化特性；官俠性格趨向「忠義」，認同當代法律秩序；游俠強調隨機應變、譎詐多端，「從遊戲中生出俠義來」的俠義特徵。小說語言除了訟詞、判詞的沿用，因俠義題材的加入，江湖隱語的使用，加添了小說綠林犯罪情節的真實感。小說原著主題思想除了表現出清官意識、俠義思想，更強調勸善懲惡的傳統思維。小說內容思想表現出非主流社會義的道德觀、任官朝廷的價值觀、建立聲譽的價值觀、追逐眼前利益的價值觀。也反映出當代紳衿階層與皇糧莊頭危害百姓的社會現象以及政治衝突事件。 小說續書呈現俠義興起，公案隱退的局面。《施公案》、《三俠五義》、《彭公案》三部小說續作的目的，主要有商業、政治、心理三類因素。情節著重在破獲政治叛亂案件、異姓結義、破奇樓奇陣、打擂臺與黑店犯罪，並加入特殊武功、武器、暗器的描寫。小說人物強調英雄與超人的塑造，並製造出魔怪邪惡人物與奇特的綠林女子。江湖隱語繼續沿用，訟詞、判詞僅存於《施公案》中。小說內容由於俠義漸多，官俠重名爭功、嚮往武將官職，綠林犯法露名的觀念成為表現的重點。 《施公案》、《三俠五義》、《彭公案》三部小說中公案隱退，但未絕跡；俠義抬頭，綠林的集團運作，與統治階級聯合打擊綠林同道的小說傳承，由姚民哀的「會黨小說」接班。「會黨小說」小說產生於清末民初綠林的蓬勃、新小說後期的通俗化、武俠與偵探小說獨立的時代，姚民哀以彈評藝人身份，運用評書技巧，從事會黨小說的創作。情節內容以揭露江湖秘聞與會黨秘密為主，小說人物著重描寫習武者與幫會人物，小說語言大量使用江湖隱語與幫會切口，小說內容主要反映出下層社會爭面子的價值觀，與軍閥時期兵匪不分家的社會現象。 / Shi Gong-An, San Xia Wu Yi and Peng Gong-An are three similar types of fictions plotted with a fusion of ‘Gong-An’ and chivalry which retain the existing elements of ‘Gong-An’ fictions and chivalry fictions. The fusion of plots is the results from the reflection of time, the transition of contextualization, the expectations for ideal characters and the readers’ need. The originality of the fictions is primarily based on ‘Gong-An’ aided with chivalrous tales. The ‘Gong-An’ plot is mainly a continuation of ‘Gong-An’ fictions’ homicides and thefts presented by means of serial cases or cases within cases. With the addition of chivalrous plots, there are more and more cases of political rebellions, theft of official seals or government property, murder of imperial court officials and raping. The union of bandits and incorruptible officials, presented in the forms of heroes’ defections, protection of masters and breaking of cases, is the center of chivalrous plots. Features of these fictions include that there are more royal court officials than incorruptible officials; that bandits, whether pirates, brigands or evil gentry, demonstrate syndicate characteristics; that knight-errant-turned-court-officials, tending to be loyal, identify themselves with law and and order of that time; that knight-errants, borne ‘chivalry out of wandering in life’, characterize themselves with improvisation and treachery. The diction of these fictions, in addition to using litigators’ phrases, jargons of the underworld and chivalrous plots boosts the virtual reality of fictional crime scenes. Except for demonstrating the incorruptibility of the officials chivalrous ideas, the main themes of these fictions also stresses the traditional ‘do no evil’ teaching. The contents of these fictions reveal not only values of a non-mainstream social moral judgment, of being imperial court officials, of building of good names and of pursuing immediate profits but political clashes and social incidents of common people being intimidated by gentry and imperial agents. The sequels of Shi Gong-An, San Xia Wu Yi and Peng Gong-An, showing the rise of chivalry and the fall of ‘Gong-An’, are created for commercial, political and psychological reasons. The plots emphasize heavily on breaking political rebellions, unifying of brethren for justice, cracking booby trapped buildings, winning the fights and striking clip joint with the description of special martial arts, tactics and weaponry. The characters contain not just super heroes and unique females of the underworld, monsters and evil figures are also introduced. The jargons of the underworld continue to be used. However, the litigators’ phrases are only used in Shi Gong-An. More plots features chivalry, knight-errant-turned-court-officials craving for promotion in the military, the underworld’s attempt to challenge the law to be known. ‘Gong-An’ in Shi Gong-An, San Xia Wu Yi and Peng Gong-An gradually diminishes but is never extinct. ‘Syndicate fiction’, created by Yao Ming-ai, who, as a minstrel, using his skills of reviewing books, engages himself in writing that contains a tradition of the rise of chivalry, the functioning of the underworld and the joint operation with ruling class to nail down fellow gang members of the underworld. Syndicate fiction focuses its plots on discovering the secrets of the underworld and the syndicate with an emphasis on illustrating martial arts students and syndicate principals, using numbers of underworld jargons as dialogues, reflecting the underworld’s keen face-saving sense of value and the social phenomena in the warlord period when soldiers and bandits are sometimes hard to differentiate.

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銅色吉祥山 (Copper-Coloured Mountain)，藏音「桑東巴日」(Zangdok Palri) (zangs mdog dpal ri)，為寧瑪派傳承祖師－蓮花生大士的藏傳淨土，並且是專屬西藏所獨有且唯一以「聖山」形相方式呈現，將聖山與淨土結合，可以視為「聖山化的淨土信仰」。 此鄔金淨土與其他諸佛淨土不同之處有二：首先是，銅色吉祥山淨土，不在遙遠的他方虛空處，而是存在於世間，眾生所居住的南瞻部洲。繼之，於蓮師傳記所述，銅色吉祥山淨土的前身，本為食人羅剎居住的恐怖之地。蓮花生大士將羅剎國，轉化成清淨的圓滿淨土，即為蓮師悲智雙運的展現、殊勝伏藏寶地，更是西藏宗教傳統中獨有的純藏式淨土，寧瑪派傳承伏藏師與修行者，欲意通往的神聖究竟皈依處。 銅色吉祥山，以地行剎土的形式化現。山形，狀如倒立的心臟。山的底部，深達地底龍王的國界；山的半山腰處，是空行剎土；山的頂峰，直入梵天之境。整座銅色吉祥山，受藍色大海與羅剎諸島所圍繞。山中虹光如雲，廣大的平原處，矗有一座由四種珍寶，象徵法、報、化三身圓成的三層式蓮花光越量宮殿，圍繞各式神尊護法與空行聖眾蓮師，共護擁於虹光界的本尊－蓮花生大士。 本論文以銅色吉祥山淨土為母題，從地方/空間的視角，研究伏藏傳記的文字傳統、不丹壁畫與西藏唐卡的圖像傳統，以及香港舉辦銅色吉祥山法會的儀式實踐傳統，瞭解銅色吉祥山淨土，透過三大傳統多重共構而成的藏傳淨土。文字、圖像與儀式三大傳統，於第三、四、五章進行探討，主要從六個面向探討與延伸：其一，在佛教經典中，展現極致象徵的視角、多方詮釋的空間意涵。其二，於大伏藏師淨觀之相，是自然地景與神聖空間，動態交融而入的掘藏寶地，實得蓮師與空行殊勝法教。其三，圖像傳統中，瞭解重要構圖元素、宮殿本尊的多種配置、蓮師形態與法相的殊異。 其四，在跨圖像研究中，以蓮師八神變相為主題，過度至金剛舞儀式時，兩傳統呈現動態空間的交應。其五，伏藏師秋吉林巴淨觀之相為例，比較蓮師淨土諸相，如何共譯於傳記與圖像。最後，從香港蓮師法會田調，記錄銅色吉祥山如何透過儀式實踐，具象地再現出蓮師立體壇城，分析儀式中聖俗地方與空間的再造與轉化。 結論部分，以七個觀點總結，瞭解並再次確認：銅色吉祥山淨土，是三大傳統多重共構而成的藏傳淨土。以此基礎，更進一步以「地方」與「空間」的視角，帶出三個基本的原則：多重性、互融性與創造性。證實筆者的假設：銅色吉祥山淨土，不只是多重共構的藏傳淨土，更是神聖地方/空間並存與交融的多重共構體。 進一步歸納全文，分析銅色吉祥山淨土，其存在與化現的真實所在處。最末持以結論為研究立基，展望未來學術研究，繼續深入蓮師淨土，亦延伸至其他藏傳淨土的探究與比較。 透過三大藏傳佛教重要的傳統中的技藝表現，了解這三大傳統支撐、延續並強化蓮師信仰的傳統，同時也共構出專屬於西藏獨有的蓮花生大士銅色吉祥山淨土的大傳統，即是自成一個聖山空間化淨土信仰的傳統特色。銅色吉祥山作為自身傳統的中心點，一處無法被真實且具體定位的所在處，讓蓮師淨土成為普現於世間每處的人間淨土，是蓮花生大士最善巧方便與智慧的莊嚴相。 / The Copper-Coloured Mountain, pronounced as Zangdok Palri (zangs mdog dpal ri) in Tibet, is the Tibetan pureland of Padmasambhava who is the founder of the Nyingma Tradition. The Copper-Coloured Mountain pureland manifests itself in the form of a mountain with the combination of sacred mountain and pureland which can be seen as “a sacred mountainized belief of pureland.” The pureland of Copper-Coloured Mountain is to be distinguished from other purelands of Buddha for two reasons: Firstly, this pureland is not remotely located in a realm of void space apart from our world. It existed in the Jambudvīpa inhabited with all beings instead. Secondly, according to the accounts of Padmasambhava’s biographies, the Copper-Coloured Mountain was originally inhabited by fierce flesh-eating rākṣasas. Padmasambhava transformed the kingdom of Raksas into a pureland of peace and perfection. This origin is founded not only upon a revelation from Guru Rinpoche’s unity of compassion and wisdom of a sacred place of “Revealed Treasures” (terma), but also has the real uniqueness of being a purely Tibetan pureland and an ultimate divine refuge for all tertöns and practitioners in the Nyingma Tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. The Copper-Coloured Mountain manifests itself in the form of an island and is shaped like an inverted heart. The bottom of the mountain penetrates deeply into the underground of Naga’s realm. On the mountainside, it belongs to the realm of daka and dākinī. On the peak, the mountain reaches the realm of Brahma. The entire mountain is surrounded by a blue sea and the islands of the Rakshasa. In the vast plains of the mountain, Padmasambhava abides in a large three-storied edifice called The Lotus Light Palace. Made out of four gems, it is surrounded and protected by various deities and dharmapāla and also symbolizes the Trikāya of a Buddha, namely dharmakāya, sambhogakāya and nirmānakāya. The dissertation aims to analyze the “space” and “place” in the motif of the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland through an investigation into three main Buddhist traditional sources, namely the tertöns’ biographies of Revealed Treasures, the paintings from Bhutan murals and Tibetan thangkas, and my own field research in the ritual practices of the Copper-Coloured Mountain in Hong Kong during the year 2014. It is found, as explained in Chapters Three, Four and Five respectively, that the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland is multiply-constructed within the three traditions from six main perspectives: first, in the Buddhist scriptures, delicate symbols are used in interpreting the multi-spaces and places of the Copper-Coloured Mountain; second, in tertöns’ pure visions, the Copper-Coloured Mountain becomes a mixed-space of landscapes and sacred spaces for gaining the mind-treasures from Padmasambhava and his dākinī consorts; third, painting traditions convey the vital elements of its composition, such as the palace of the deities in multiple configurations and different figures in the appearances of Padmasambhava; fourth, in translation studies of the iconography, the paintings of Guru Tsangye (gu ru mtshan brgyad) reveal the varja dances of Padmasambhava with dynamic spaces for dialogues in both traditions; fifth, in Chokgyur Lingpa’s pure visions, both autobiographies and paintings engender differences and similarities in depictions of the journey into the Copper-Coloured mountain; and, finally, field researches of contemporary ritual in Hong Kong record the practices in visualizing a three-dimensional mandala of a three-storied Lotus Light palace that embodies holy and secular places/spaces-making and transformation. The conclusion comprises seven points confirming the understanding of the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland as a configuration multiply-constructed by three traditions. Based on the analysis of “place” and “space” in the three distinct traditions, the hypothesis concerning the basic principles of Multiplicity, Interfusion and Creativity is substantiated. The Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland is not only a configuration built out of three traditions, but remains a sacred place/space coexisting and integrated into a single object of multiple constructions. Furthermore, in the conclusion of my research of the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland, I suggest the authentic locations of the Copper-Colored Mountain Pureland and look forward to further investigating Padmasambhava’s pureland and extending the study with comparisons to other Tibetan purelands of Buddhas in future research. Through the three main Tibetan Buddhist traditional sources of its important crafts in the Copper-Colored Mountain Pureland, it is recognized that the traditional belief of Padmasambhava receives the agency of sustainability, continuity and consolidation. Also, the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland manifests itself as a multiply-constructed tradition in a sacred form of a Tibetan Buddhist mountainized space of pureland belief. The Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland reveals a sacred pivot for its tradition where cannot be able to locate in an authentic and specific site. For this undiscoverable reason, the Copper-Colored Mountain Pureland becomes an universally revealed pureland on our earth and the very way of wisdom and compassion from Padmasambhava’s solemnity.

Ziel: Die Ergebnisse nach aortokoronarer Bypassoperation (CABG) unterscheiden sich bei Patienten mit schlechter linksventrikulärer Pumpfunktion deutlich von denen bei Patienten ohne Einschränkungen derselben. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung des Einflusses einer reduzierten linksventrikulären Ejektionsfraktion (LVEF), eines vergrößerten linksventrikulären enddiastolischen Volumenindexes (LVEDVI) und eines erhöhten linksventrikulären enddiastolischen Druckes (LVEDP) auf das postoperative "outcome". Material und Methodik: Im Rahmen dieser retrospektiven Studie wurden 148 Patienten mit einer koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK) und eingeschränkter Ejektionsfraktion (EF / Aim: Results of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with poor left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) differ from those in patients with normal LVEF. The aim of the study was a investigation into the influence of reduced LVEF, augmented left ventricular enddiastolic volume index (LVEDVI) and elevated left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) on the outcome of CABG. Methods: 148 Patients with LVEF < 50% underwent CABG. Exercise tolerance and LVEF were determined pre- and postoperatively. Three subgroups were built to distinguish the influence of reduced LVEF on postoperative outcome. Group I: LVEF < 30%, group II: 30% < LVEF < 40%, group III: 40% < LVEF < 50%. Results: Exercise tolerance rised from a preoperatively mean of 70 Watt to 97 Watt postoperatively. Mean NYHA class was 2,7 pre- and 1,7 postoperatively. There were no significant differences in the results of the three subgroups. Perioperative mortality in group I was 6,3%. Actuarial 1 and 2 years survival in this group is at 81 and 70% respectively. These results differ clearly from those of group II and III. Perioperativ mortality was 2,2% in group II and 1,4% in group III. Actuarial 1 and 2 years survival is at 93 and 84% in group II and at 95 and 83% in group III. There was no difference in postoperative outcome of patients with LVEDP > 12mmHg in comparison to patients with LVEDP < 12mmHg. Patients with LVEDVI > 100 ml/m2 had a sifnificant higher peri- and postoperative mortality than patients with LVEDVI < 100 ml/m2. Mean LVEDVI of those patients, whose LVEF increased postoperatively, was 84 ml/m2. Patients with no change in LVEF had a mean LVEDVI of 122 ml/m2. Conclusion: CABG in patients with reduced LVEF improves exercise tolerance and quality of life. Poor LVEF (< 30%) and augmented LVEDVI are predicting higher peri- and postopertive mortality. Postoperative increase of LVEF is unlikely in patients with enlarged left ventricels.

Im ersten Teil der Arbeit (Kapitel 2) wird über den Versuch berichtet, die Steroidtherapie nach erfolgreicher Pankreas- und Nierentransplantation (PTX/NTX) zu beenden, um steroidassoziierte Nebenwirkungen zu reduzieren. Alle 32 in dieser Studie untersuchten Patienten wurden initial mit Anti-T-Zell Globulin (ATG), Tacrolimus (Tac), Mycophenolat Mofetil (MMF) und Steroiden behandelt. Von einem erfolgreichem Absetzten der Steroide wurde ausgegangen, wenn die Steroidtherapie innerhalb der ersten 15 Monate nach PTX/NTX beendet werden konnte. Dieses Ziel konnte bei 72% (23/32) bzw. 56% (18/32) der Patienten 1 bzw. 4 Jahre nach der PTX/NTX erreicht werden. Der häufigste Grund für ein nicht fristgerechtes Absetzen der Steroide waren MMF-assoziierte Nebenwirkungen, die eine Reduktion oder das Absetzen des MMF erforderlich machten, so dass die Steroidtherapie fortgeführt werden musste. Das 1- und 4-Jahres-Patienten-, Pankreastransplantat- und Nierentransplantat- Überleben war mit 100/97/100% und 97/87/91% exzellent, wobei kein Unterschied zwischen Patienten mit fristgerecht und nicht fristgerecht beendeter Steroidtherapie beobachtet wurde. Auch unterschieden sich die Parameter des Glukose- und Fettstoffwechsels nicht zwischen den beiden Patientengruppen. Die akuten Rejektionen erwiesen sich bei den Patienten, bei denen das Steroid nach der PTX/NTX erfolgreich abgesetzt werden konnte, im Vergleich zu den Patienten, bei denen dies nicht der Fall war, häufiger als steroidsensibel und führten häufiger zu einer Normalisierung der Transplantatfunktion. Weitere Vorteile, die in der Gruppe der Patienten mit erfolgreichem Absetzten des Steroids beobachtet wurden, waren eine geringere Inzidenz von CMV-Infektionen trotz Einnahme einer höheren MMF-Dosis und ein niedrigerer arterieller Blutdruck. Operationspflichtige Komplikationen traten in dieser Gruppe jedoch häufiger auf. Diese über einen so langen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum erhobenen Daten zeigen erstmals, dass, bei Anwendung des o. a. immunsuppressiven Schemas, ein großer Teil der PTX/NTX Patienten erfolgreich und langfristig ohne Steroide weiterbehandelt werden konnten. Der Benefit der Beendigung einer Steroidtherapie muss jedoch in größeren, vergleichenden und prospektiven Studien mit langer Laufzeit bestätigt werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit (Kapitel 3) wird ein Vergleich der immunsuppressiven Potenz der Calcineurininhibitoren Ciclosporin-A (CyA) und Tacrolimus (Tac) bei Patienten mit PTX/NTX im Rahmen einer randomisierten, prospektiven multizentrischen Studie vorgenommen. Insgesamt wurden 205 Patienten randomisiert und erhielten entweder CyA oder Tac sowie ATG, MMF und Steroide. Nach einem Jahr befanden sich noch 77% der mit Tac und 47% der mit CyA behandelten Patienten in der Studie (p / The first part (Chapter 2) is focussing on the attempt to withdraw steroids after successful simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) in order to reduce steroid induced side effects. All 32 SPK-patients of this study received Anti-T Cell-Globulin (ATG), Tacrolimus (Tac), Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) and Steroids as initial immunosuppression. Successful steroid withdrawal was defined as cessation of steroids within 15 months after SPK. This aim could be achieved in 72% (23/32) and 56% (18/32) of the patients 1 and 4 years after SPK, respectively. The main reason not to withdraw steroids in time was caused by MMF-associated adverse effects which required a reduction or termination of the MMF therapy, thus preventing the discontinuation of the steroid therapy. On the other hand rejection episodes were the only reason for a resumption of the steroid therapy. The 1- and 4 year survival of patients, pancreas and kidney transplants was 100/97/100% and 97/87/91%, respectively. No difference was observed in patients with and without successful steroid withdrawal concerning patient and transplant survival as well as parameters of the lipid and glucose metabolism. Acute rejection episodes in patients with successful steroid withdrawal were more often steroid sensitive and showed a higher frequency of normalised transplant function as compared to acute rejections in patients under continuing steroid medication. Further advantages which could be observed in the group of patients with successful steroid withdrawal were a lower incidence of CMV-infection despite intake of higher doses of MMF and a lower arterial blood pressure; the frequency of surgical complications, however, was higher in this group. This long term observation showed for the first time that under the above mentioned immunosuppression scheme the majority of SPK patients could be successfully and lastingly withdrawn from steroids. However, the benefits of steroid withdrawal in SPK will need to be confirmed in larger, prospective and comparative studies with long observation periods. In the second part (Chapter 3) of this paper, the immunosuppressive potency of the calcineurininhibitors Ciclosporin A (CyA) and Tacrolimus (Tac) in SPK patients is compared in a randomised prospective multicentre trial for the first time. A total of 205 patients were randomised to receive CyA or Tac along with a combined scheme consisting of ATG, MMF, and steroids. After 1 year, 77% of the Tac- and 47% of the CyA-groups remained in the study (p

Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst 4 Studien zusammen, die konservative Behandlungsstrategien und Folgeerscheinungen an Kiefergelenken mit bestehender Diskusverlagerung (DV) ohne Reposition evaluieren. Studie 1 beurteilt die Therapie mit Äquilibrierungsschienen in Form einer Anwendungsbeobachtung. Die Schmerzsymptomatik und die Kieferöffnungsweite werden über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 13 Monaten positiv beeinflusst. Studie 2 zeigt als randomisierte, kontrollierte Doppelblindstudie, dass sich die Symptomatik der DV ohne Reposition sowie der aktivierten Arthrose während eines Beobachtungszeitraums von 4 Monaten signifikant verbessert, unabhängig von der durchgeführten Therapie bzw. der Behandlung mit einem Placebogerät. Somit erzielt die Pulsierende Signaltherapie keinen spezifischen therapeutischen Effekt. Die Studie 3 beurteilt die Kaueffektivität bei vorliegender DV ohne Reposition im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe. Die Kaueffektivität nimmt in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer des Krankheitsbildes deutlich zu, erreicht jedoch nicht die Effizienz der gesunden Vergleichsgruppe. Die Studie 4 stellt eine MRT-gestützte Nachuntersuchung von Patienten mit DV ohne Reposition dar. Das Krankheitsbild geht mit deutlichen degenerativen Veränderungen der Gelenkstrukturen einher, die sich aber über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von ca. 2 Jahren hinweg nicht signifikant verändern. Entzündungszeichen nehmen jedoch signifikant ab und die Translationsbewegung der Kondylen verbessert sich. Die DV ohne Reposition kann somit als Krankheitsbild mit morphologischen Veränderungen und funktionellen Beeinträchtigungen gewertet werden, dessen subjektive Beschwerden sich auch ohne Intervention verbessern. Morphologische Veränderungen unterliegen sich selbst limitierenden Adaptationsmechanismen. / This work presents four studies dealing with disk displacement without reduction, its treatment and long-term effects. Study 1 evaluates the treatment effects of stabilization splints. The study has a prospective follow-up design. Thirteen months after the baseline examination pain relieves and mouth opening reached a significant larger extend. Study 2 is randomised controlled and double blinded and evaluates pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) as a new conservative treatment method. After a period of 4 months the pain relieves significantly and mouth opening is significantly larger in patients with anterior disk displacement or activated arthrosis, independent to active or mock treatment. PST has no specific effect on disk displacement without reduction or activated arthrosis. Study 3 tests the chewing efficiency of patients with disk displacement without reduction in comparison to a control trial. The chewing efficiency improves according to the time since onset of the disorder but is nevertheless reduced compared to a control group without TMJ-disorders. Study 4 is a MRI-controlled study, evaluating morphologic changements. Over an average time of 2 years no significant ongoing of degenerative changements accur, only high signal areas disappear and the translation of the condyle improves significantly. Anterior disk displacement is therefore a TMJ-disorder accompanied by limitation of joint function and degenerative changements of joint structures, which improve without treatment and can be interpreted as a self limiting adaptative process.

This thesis examines the genesis, maintenance, and failure of rigid and exclusionary societal models present in William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha County. Yi- Fu Tuan's analysis of the concepts space and place serves as the foundational theoretical framework by which human spatiality may be interpreted. Combining Tuan's observations and architectural analysis with Edouard Glissant's concepts of atavistic and composite societal models allows for a much broader consideration of various political ideologies present in the South. Following this, it becomes necessary to apply a postcolonial lens to areas of Faulkner's literature to examine how these societal models are upheld and the effects they have on characters in both Reconstruction and post- Reconstruction eras. Within Absalom, Absalom! and The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner showcases an aspect of southern history that allowed this societal model to flourish, how this model affected those trapped within it, and its ultimate failure for future generations. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Chuci Zhangju was compiled by Wang Yi (ca.90--ca.158) in the Eastern Han Dynasty(25--220) as an agglomeration of Chuci studies since Qin and Han Dynasties. Chuci Zhangju gathered QuYuan (ca.343--ca.277BC) and other authors' work since the Warring States period and its annotation style---Zhangjuti has been receiving high praise. / On the modern Chuci research, Chuci Zhangju is generally viewed as a mere ancillary annotation, while compared to canonical Chuci. As a result, there is no specialized work focus on Chuci Zhangju. Only scattered academic works are found, and their core concerns are doctrine of canonical texts and literary commentaries, while explanations of words and textual criticism were included sometimes. As a lack of comprehensive analysis of Chuci Zhanju is observed, my following research is carried out in four parts, including textual, annotation, the order of arrangement and interpretation analysis. / This thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter One is the introduction, a brief review of Wang Yi's life story and compositions, probing into the motives of Wang Yi's Chuci Zhangju. Chapter Two covers the formation process from the text Chuci to Chuci Zhangju, centering on the inherited relation between two texts. Chapter Three discusses the order of arrangement of Chuci Zhangju, suggesting that the order is related to Chuci Shiwen so as to analyze the structural system of canonical texts and its commentaries. Chapter Four centers on Wang Yi's commentaries, and further clarifies how Wang Yi has responded to predecessors' debate on QuYuan during Han Dynasty period, in order to construct and reinforce the authority for his interpretation. Chapter Five focuses on the rhymed annotation, pointing out the correlation between it and its features, forms, times, and predecessors. Chapter Six analyses the disputes over the issue Yi-yun and Huo-yue, suggesting that the existing text has been amended by people of former times, and has little relation with Wang Yi indeed. Chapter Seven is the conclusion, summarizing the key points and the major findings of the thesis. / 陳鴻圖. / Adviser: Yiu Kwan Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-167). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Hongtu.