This thesis summarizes experimental results on mass transport of small hydrocarbons in micro-porous crystals obtained via interference microscopy (IFM). The transport process has been investigated in three difffferent materials with difffferent pore structures : the metal-organic framework Zn(tbip) with one-dimensional pores, a FER type zeolite with two-dimensional anisotropic pore structure and zeolite A, a LTA type material with isotropic three-dimensional pore structure. Mass transport is described in terms of diffffusivity and surface permeability, both derived from the detected transient concentration profiles. The results on intra-crystalline diffffusion are discussed under consideration of the influences of pore diameter and molecule diameter, which are both found to have a strong influence on the diffffusivity. Based on experimental results measured on the Zn(tbip) material, a new model for the description of surface barriers is developed and proved by experiment. It is demonstrated that the observed surface barrier is created by the total blockage of a large number of pore entrances at the surface and not by a homogeneous surface layer.

The very large number of distinct structures that are known for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and zeolites presents both an opportunity and a challenge for identifying materials with useful properties for targeted separations. In this thesis we propose a three-stage computational methodology for addressing this issue and comprehensively screening all available nanoporous materials. We introduce efficient pore size calculations as a way of discarding large number of materials, which are unsuitable for a specific separation. Materials identified as having desired geometric characteristics can be further analyzed for their infinite dilution adsorption and diffusion properties by calculating the Henry's constants and activation energy barriers for diffusion. This enables us to calculate membrane selectivity in an unprecedented scale and use these values to generate a small set of materials for which the membrane selectivity can be calculated in detail and at finite loading using well-established computational tools. We display the results of using these methods for >500 MOFs and >160 silica zeolites for spherical adsorbates at first and for small linear molecules such as CO₂ later on. In addition we also demonstrate the size of the group of materials this procedure can be applied to, by performing these calculations, for simple adsorbate molecules, for an existing library of >250,000 hypothetical silica zeolites. Finally, efficient methods are introduced for assessing the role of framework flexibility on molecular diffusion in MOFs that do not require defining a classical forcefield for the MOF. These methods combine ab initio MD of the MOF with classical transition state theory and molecular dynamics simulations of the diffusing molecules. The effects of flexibility are shown to be large for CH₄, but not for CO₂ and other small spherical adsorbates, in ZIF-8.

Porous carbons are versatile materials with applications in different fields. They are used in filtration, separation and sequestration of fluids and gases, as conductive additives in many energy storage materials, as coloring agents, as pharmaceutical and food additives, and in many other vital technologies. Porous carbons produced by pyrolysis and activation of organic precursors commonly suffer from poorly controlled morphology, microstructure, chemistry, and pore structure. In addition, the poorly controlled parameters of porous carbons make it challenging to elucidate the underlying key physical parameters controlling their performance in energy storage devices, including electrochemical capacitors (ECs) and lead-acid batteries (LABs). Zeolite-templated carbons (ZTCs) are a novel class of porous carbon materials with uniform and controllable pore size, microstructure, morphology, and chemistry. In spite of their attractive properties, they have never been explored for use in LABs and their studies for ECs have been very limited. Here I report a systematic study of ZTCs applications in ECs operating at temperatures as low as - 70 C and in LABs. Greatly improved power and energy performance, compared to state of the art devices, has been demonstrated in the investigated ECs. Moreover, the application of ZTCs in LABs has resulted in a dramatic enhancement of their cycle life and power and energy densities.

Los sub-productos de combustión del carbón producidos en centrales térmicas, están compuestos generalmente por más de un 70% de material vítreo aluminosilicatado. Esta composición los hace potencialmente utilizables en obras de ingeniería civil o alternativamente como rellenos inertes en minería, así como adsorbentes, inmovilizadores, fuente alternativa en la extracción de Al, Fe, Si, Ge, Ga, V y Ni, y aditivos en suelos.Las cenizas volantes se caracterizan por una distribución granulométrica fina y altos contenidos en aluminio y silicio y en fases reactivas. Debido a estas propiedades, las cenizas volantes son una excelente materia prima para la síntesis de zeolitas mediante activación hidrotermal alcalina. El presente estudio persigue obtener la optimización de los rendimientos de síntesis de zeolitas a partir de cenizas volantes, mejorar la técnica de conversión y diseñar un proceso viable de aplicación a escala industrial, obteniendo un producto final de alta calidad ambiental.Se han seleccionado 19 cenizas volantes con el fin de cubrir una amplia gama de tipos existentes (13 españolas, 3 sudafricanas, 3 colombianas y 1 china). Las cenizas volantes seleccionadas fueron sometidas a ensayos de caracterización física, química y mineralógica con el fin de conocer la influencia de estas propiedades sobre su reactividad y para el control ambiental de los potenciales productos finales. Los estudios de caracterización física realizados incluyen la determinación de los siguientes parámetros: contenido de humedad y pérdidas a la incineración, distribución granulométrica, densidad real y aparente, porosidad y superficie especifica BET. Además de la determinación de parámetros físicos, se ha realizado la caracterización química de las cenizas. La necesidad del estudio de la composición química se deriva de la influencia del contenido de elementos mayoritarios que indica el potencial de aplicabilidad de las cenizas y de las concentraciones de determinados elementos traza sobre el posible impacto ambiental de la aplicación del producto zeolítico obtenido. Complementariamente a la caracterización química es necesario realizar la caracterización mineralógica de las cenizas volantes, ya que el rendimiento de síntesis de zeolitas se ve favorecido por un alto contenido en fases vítreas y/o en minerales aluminosilicatados en las cenizas. El análisis morfológico muestra que las cenizas volantes están constituidas principalmente por un conjunto de microesferas que pueden ser sólidas o huecas (cenoesferas) y pueden contener otras partículas esféricas menores en su interior (pleuroesferas). Conjuntamente a las partículas esféricas se identifican partículas esponjiformes de inquemados y partículas de morfología irregular compuestas por vidrio, cuarzo, calcita, anhidrita.Una vez caracterizadas y previamente a la realización de los experimentos de síntesis, las cenizas volantes fueron sometidas a diferentes tratamientos para incrementar las concentraciones de Al y Si mediante la eliminación total o parcial de las principales impurezas y a la vez llevar un control ambiental de los principales metales solubles presentes tales como As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Th, U, V y Zn. Los ensayos de descontaminación realizados consistieron en tratamientos de lixiviación en sistemas cerrados (a temperatura ambiente y a 95 oC) y abiertos (a temperatura ambiente) y en procesos de extracción magnética de óxidos de hierro. Estos tratamientos se podrían aplicar a determinadas cenizas en caso de que se exigiese una reducción del contenido en impurezas para su aplicación. Sin embargo en este estudio la síntesis de zeolitas se ha realizado a partir de la ceniza volante original sin tratamiento previo.Los experimentos de síntesis de zeolitas se realizaron en una primera etapa mediante métodos convencionales que incluyen los ensayos de laboratorio a escala de gramos y posteriormente a escala de kilogramos. En otra etapa se realizaron ensayos mediante el uso de microondas con el propósito de reducir el tiempo de conversión. Finalmente, se realizó un ensayo a escala de planta piloto para determinar la posible aplicación industrial del proceso.Los experimentos de síntesis de la primera etapa, a escala de gramos, permitieron la síntesis de 11 tipos de zeolitas. Los experimentos de síntesis se realizaron en bombas de digestión Parr utilizando diferentes agentes de activación (NaOH y KOH) y variando los parámetros de síntesis: concentración de activante, relaciones de solución activante/ceniza, temperatura de activación, presión y tiempo de activación.Además de los experimentos mediante métodos convencionales de activación hidrotermal, se realización experimentos de síntesis mediante microondas que permitieron reducir el tiempo de síntesis de 10 a 30 minutos.Se realizaron experimentos de síntesis a escala de planta piloto, siendo la primera vez que se realizan estos procesos de síntesis de zeolitas a esta escala. La síntesis se realizó a partir de la de la ceniza volante de Teruel, en un reactor de acero inoxidable de 10 m3 de capacidad en las instalaciones de la empresa CLARIANT, S.A. Como resultado se logró producir 1.4 Tm de producto zeolítico compuesto mayoritariamente por NaP1 (aproximadamente 40%) y algunas trazas de analcima y sodalita. El estudio de las aplicaciones de las zeolitas obtenidas se encaminó a su utilización como intercambiador iónico (en soluciones preparadas en el laboratorio, en aguas residuales reales y en lixiviados provenientes de muestras de suelos contaminados) y a su uso como filtros moleculares para la retención de gases. En soluciones preparadas en el laboratorio, las zeolitas NaP1, herschelita, Linde F y chabazita potásica destacan por sus valores de intercambio iónico obtenido (entre 160 y 250 meq·100 g-1) para la mayoría de los cationes analizados. El intercambio de amonio en la mayoría de las zeolitas estudiadas dan valores cercanos a los 30 mg NH4+ g-1, resaltando el valor alcanzado por un material preparado con altos contenidos en herschelita (37 mg NH4+ g-1). La retención de amonio de los productos zeolíticos obtenidos mediante microondas es ligeramente menor, debido probablemente a un contenido inferior en fases zeolíticas sintetizadas mediante este proceso. El producto zeolítico obtenido en la prueba de escala piloto presentó una capacidad de intercambio entre 70 y 400 meq·100 g-1 para los metales estudiados con el siguiente grado de afinidad: Cr3+ > Cu2+ > Fe3+ > Ba2+ > Pb2+ = Zn2+ = Cd2+ = Ni2+. En los experimentos de absorción de amonio en aguas residuales reales se probaron diversos factores que pudiesen afectar al intercambio de amonio de la NaP1. En las aguas residuales sin ningún tipo de tratamiento previo se observó una retención de NH4+ muy baja debido a la competición iónica inducida por las elevadas concentraciones de Na+. Sin embargo, se obtuvieron mejores resultados con las aguas de vertido, con una capacidad de retención de amonio de hasta 16.4 mg NH4+ g NaP1 debido a la menor relación Na+/NH4+. La inmovilización de metales pesados en muestras provenientes del vertido de lodo pirítico de la mina de Aznalcóllar muestra una reducción importante de las fracciones lixiviables de Al, Cr, Tl, Sb, Cu y Pb (>74%) mediante la utilización de productos zeolíticos con altos contenidos de NaP1. También se realizaron pruebas de inmovilización de metales pesados en muestras de aguas ácidas de minería provenientes de la misma zona mostrando una reducción del contenido en las aguas tratadas de Tl y Pb, Fe en un 75%, Cd en 55% y Zn en 48%.La retención de metales en pilas mediante la utilización de productos con altos contenidos de NaP1, es prácticamente nula debido a la alta competitividad iónica del lixiviado inducida por la elevada concentración de K+ (1593 mg l-1) y la baja concentración en metales pesadosLos experimentos de adsorción de N2 a -196 oC y CO2 a 0 oC permitieron la caracterización de la fracción porosa de las zeolitas. Del material zeolítico estudiado el que presenta altos contenidos en herschelita es el que posee un mayor volumen libre de poros (0.12 cm3 g-1) seguido de la NaP1 (0.07 cm3 g-1) y la Linde-F (0.04 cm3 g-1).Los resultados de adsorción de SO2 y NH3 muestran que el material con altos contenidos en herschelita posee una mayor capacidad de adsorción para estos gases (99 mg g-1 para el SO2 y 38 mg g-1 para el NH3). Los demás productos zeolíticos presentaron valores inferiores a 33 mg g-1para el SO2 y de 13 mg g -1 para NH3. Se ha de resaltar la afinidad de las zeolitas para H2O(v) y que por lo tanto las posibles aplicaciones reales deberían limitarse únicamente al tratamiento de flujos gaseosos de NH3 y SO2 con bajos contenidos en H2O(v) o a la retención de H2O(v) en efluentes gaseosos.Los trabajos realizados han permitido demostrar que se pueden obtener productos zeolíticos con aplicación industrial (especialmente en la retención de metales en aguas residuales) a partir de una gran variedad de cenizas volantes de centrales térmicas de carbón. Se han definido las condiciones de síntesis para cada zeolita de interés industrial a partir de las diversas cenizas estudiadas. / Coal combustion by-products from power plants are made up of > 70% of alumminosilicated glass. This property allows their utilisation in civil engineering or alternatively in mine reclamation, waste immobilisation, recovery of metals (Al, Fe, Si, Ge, Ga, V and Ni) and soil treatment.Fly ashes have high contents of Al and Si, with a high proportion of reactive phases and are mainly distributed in the fine grain mode. These properties make fly ash a suitable starting material for zeolite synthesis by hydrothermal alkaline activation. The main objective of this study is to optimise zeolite synthesis from different fly ash types, to improve the technical conversion, and to apply the process at a pilot plant scale, with a high environmental quality of the obtained zeolitised products.Nineteen fly ashes were selected for this study aiming to cover a wide range of properties (13 from Spain, 3 from South Africa, 2 from Colombia and 1 from China). The characterisation of fly ashes comprises physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis, carried out to assess the influence of these properties on reactivity during zeolite synthesis and on the environmental standards of the final product. The physical characterisation includes: moisture contents, loss on ignition, particle size distribution, true and bulk density, porosity and BET surface area. Chemical characterisation studies of fly ashes are relevant because major element concentrations determine the fly ash potential utilisation in zeolite synthesis.Morphological analysis showed that fly ash particles are made up mainly of microspheres, with solid cores, with hollow cores (cenosphere) and with spheres contained within hollow spheres (plerospheres). The main irregular particles in fly ashes are: glass, quartz, calcite, anhydrite and spongy unburned coal particles.Furthermore, mineralogical characterisation is also relevant given that high contents in glassy phases or/and alumminosilicated minerals increase the applicability as starting material for zeolite synthesisPrior to the synthesis experiments, fly ashes were submitted to decontamination tests. Closed leaching (room temperature and 95 oC) tests, an open room temperature leaching test and magnetic extraction of iron oxides were applied to selected fly ashes. Leaching tests were performed in an attempt to enrich the Al and Si contents of the fly ashes, by means of total or partial removal of the main impurities, and at the same time, to control the water-soluble heavy metals such as, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Th, U, V and Zn. Zeolite synthesis experiments were performed by means of conventional activation methods, including firstly gram scale tests, and subsequently kilogram scale experiments. At a third stage, microwave experiments were carried out in order to reduce the conversion time. Finally, selected conditions were reproduced for the first time in a pilot plant to demonstrate the possible future industrial application of the synthesis procedure. Eleven zeolitic products were obtained, highlighting NaP1, herschelite, k-chabazite, Linde-F and KM, for the high application potential due to their high ionic exchange capacity and/or channel diameter. Synthesis conditions were optimised for every zeolite and applied to every fly ash. The results also allowed the establishment of general conditions, which may affect zeolite synthesis. The minimal activation time was reduced from 8 hours reached in the aforementioned process to 30 minutes by using microwave assisted synthesis procedures. The pilot plant experiments were performed with the Teruel Fly ash in a 10 m3 R-410-A reactor made of 304 steel in the CLARIANT S.A. production plant. The parameters of synthesis applied were: activation solution of NaOH 2 M, activation solution/fly ash 2 ml g-1, 150 oC and time activation 24 h. Results from the pilot plant scale gave a production rate of 1.4 Tm of zeolitised material, with an approximate content of 40% of NaP1 and some traces of analcime and sodalite zeolites.Applications of the zeolitised product in this study focussed on ionic exchange tests (in synthetic solutions prepared in the laboratory, actual waste waters and leachates from actual polluted soils) and on its use as molecular sieve in gas adsorption.Zeolitised products with high contents of NaP1, herschelite, Linde-F, and K-chabazite, showed high cationic exchange values (from 160 to 250 meq·100 g-1) for most analysed cations. The ammonium uptake values determined were close to 30 mg NH4+ g-1 for most of the studied zeolitic products, although the product synthesised with a high herschelite content reached values of 37 mg NH4+ g-1. The material obtained from microwave synthesis showed a slightly lower ammonium uptake capacity, probably because of the lower content of zeolitic phases. The zeolitic material synthesised at pilot plant scale with a high NaP1 content yielded a cation uptake capacity for heavy metals ranging from 70 to 400 meq·100 g-1 with the following affinity: Cr3+ > Cu2+ > Fe3+ > Ba2+ > Pb2+ = Zn2+ = Cd2+ = Ni2+. Several factors with a high influence on NH4+ uptake capacity were investigated. Experiments using actual waste waters without prior treatment showed low NH4+ retention due to ionic competition induced by very high Na+ contents. However, using the effluent waste water (with similar NH4+ contents but much lower Na+ contents) NH4+ retention was higher (16.4 mg NH4+ g-1 NaP1). The results of immobilisation tests of heavy metals from polluted soils from the pyrite-tailings spill of the Aznalcóllar mines showed an important reduction in the leachable fractions, mainly Al, Cr, Tl, Sb, Cu and Pb (> 74%) after the application of zeolitic materials with high NaP1 contents. In addition, tests for heavy metals uptake from acid mine water samples from the same area, showed an important reduction in contents of Tl and Pb (close to 100%), Fe (75%), Cd (55%) and Zn (48%).Heavy metal uptakes from leachates of domestic use batteries by means of a high NaP1 zeolitic product, showed non satisfactory results because of ionic competition induced by high K+ concentration (1593 mg l-1) and low heavy metal concentration in the leachates. During gas adsorption experiments, N2 (-196 oC) and CO2 (0 oC) sorption tests determined the porosity volume fraction in the zeolitic material. CO2 experiments showed better results because this gas reaches most channels of the zeolitic structure. The results obtained were lower than those described by Breck (1974), due to the lower zeolite contents in the zeolitised products (30-75%). The zeolitic product presenting a high herschelite content showed the highest free pore volume (0.12 cm3 g-1), followed by NaP1 (0.07 cm3 g-1) and Linde-F (0.04 cm3 g-1) zeolitic products.Concerning the SO2 and NH3 adsorption capacities, the high herschelite material exhibited a higher adsorption value for both gases (99 mg g-1 for SO2 and 38 mg g-1 for NH3). Values < 33 mg g-1 for SO2 and < 13 mg g -1 for NH3 were obtained for the remaining zeolitic materials studied. Possible industrial applications in this field are limited by the high affinity of zeolite for H2O(v). Thus, this application should be focussed on the treatment of NH3 and SO2 gaseous flows with low H2O(v) contents, or on H2O(v) retention from gaseous emissions.The results from this study have demonstrated the possibility of obtaining zeolitic products from different coal fly ash types at pilot plant scale with a high potential for industrial application (mainly in heavy metal retention from waste waters). Conditions for zeolite synthesis from different fly ashes with interesting industrial potential have been defined.

Zeolites are nanoporous crystalline aluminosilicates that are tasteless, odorless and nontoxic to humans. They can be tailored into antibacterial agents that are more cost effective than other conventional alternatives. Considering the increasing demand for enduring antibacterial agents, the potential uses of antibacterial zeolites are numerous in medical applications and for everyday household products. To produce antibacterial zeolites, the extra framework cations in the zeolite structures can be exchanged with silver ion (Ag+), the most commonly used antibacterial heavy metal ion due to its high stability, strong activity and broad spectrum. Utilization of antibacterial zeolite powders can be diversified when they are used as fillers in a polymer matrix. Polyurethanes (PU) are a class of polymers which can be prepared in wide range of physical structures with excellent mechanical properties. Ag+ loaded zeolites used as fillers in the PU matrix would contribute to the diversity and efficiency of the PU utilization in many applications including biomedical uses and consumer products. In this study, three types of zeolites, namely / zeolite Beta, X and A with different pores sizes and SiO2/Al2O3 ratios were synthesized hydrothermally and treated with Ag+ containing solution for the exchange of cations. Composites were prepared by incorporation of sieved Ag+ exchanged zeolite particles into biomedical grade PU prepolymers which were prepared either in film or as sponge forms. Films were prepared by molding and foams were prepared in the presence of water as the blowing agent. Liquid media antibacterial tests showed that all of the Ag+-zeolite powders were effective against E. coli at a concentration of 500 ppm zeolite in deionized water. To assess the antibacterial effect of composites against E. coli, disc diffusion tests were carried out. Bacterial growth inhibition zones formed around the composite samples were the evidence of the antibacterial activity in the vicinity of the surface. All three kinds of zeolites successfully introduced the desired antibacterial property to the biomedical grade PU both in elastomeric film and in the foam form. Mechanical characterization of the composites yield higher ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation at break values compared to control PU. No significant change in thermal properties of the composites was observed. Hence mechanical and thermal characterization of the composites showed that zeolites serve for the reinforcement of the mechanical properties of the polymer and did not cause any deterioration in thermal properties.

Complex reaction kinetics of the solid acid alkylation of isobutane with butenes over a proton-exchanged Y-zeolite has been modeled at the elementary step level. Starting with a computer algorithm that generated the reaction network based on the fundamentals of the carbenium ion chemistry, the formation of over 100+ product species has been modeled in order to gain understanding of the underlying phenomena leading to rapid catalyst deactivation and product selectivity shifts observed in experimental runs. An experimental investigation of the solid acid alkylation process was carried out in a fixed bed catalytic reactor operating with an excess of isobutane under isothermal conditions at moderate temperatures (353-393 K) in liquid phase. Experimental data varying with run-time for a set of butene space-times and reaction temperatures were collected for parameter estimation purposes. A kinetic model was formulated in terms of rate expressions at the elementary step level including a rigorous modeling of deactivation through site coverage. The single event concept was applied to each rate coefficient at the elementary step level to achieve a significant reduction in the number of model parameters. Based on the identification of structural changes leading to the creation or destruction of symmetry axes and chiral centers in an elementary step, formulae have been developed for the calculation of the number of single events. The Evans-Polanyi relationship and the concept of stabilization energy were introduced to account for energy levels in surface-bonded carbenium ions. A novel functional dependency of the stabilization energy with the nature of the carbenium ion and the carbon number was proposed to account for energy effects from the acid sites on the catalyst. Further reductions in the number of parameters and simplification of the equations for the transient pseudohomogeneous one-dimensional plug-flow model of the reactor were achieved by means of thermodynamic constraints. Altogether, the single event concept, the Evans-Polanyi relationship, the stabilization energy approach and the thermodynamic constraints led to a set of 14 parameters necessary for a complete description of solid acid alkylation at the elementary step level.

Inorganic-polymer hybrid materials have a high potential to enable major advances in material performance in a wide range of applications. This research focuses on characterizing and tailoring the physics and chemistry of inorganic-polymer interfaces in fabricating high-performance zeolite-polymer mixed-matrix membranes for energy-efficient gas separations. In addition, the topic of novel metal nanoparticle-coated polymer microspheres for optical applications is treated in the Appendix. In zeolite/polymer mixed-matrix membranes, interfacial adhesion and interactions between dope components (zeolite, polymer and solution) play a crucial role in determining interfacial morphology and particle dispersion. The overarching goal is to develop accurate and robust tools for evaluating adhesion and interactions at zeolite-polymer and zeolite-zeolite interfaces in mixed-matrix membrane systems. This knowledge will be used ultimately for selecting proper materials and predicting their performance. This project has two specific goals: (1) development of an AFM methodology for characterizing interfacial interactions and (2) characterization of the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of zeolite-polymer composites and their correlation to the zeolite-polymer interface and membrane performance. The research successfully developed an AFM methodology to determine interfacial interactions, and these were shown to correlate well with polymer composite properties. The medium effect on interactions between components was studied. We found that the interactions between two hydrophilic silica surfaces in pure liquid (water or NMP) were described qualitatively by the DLVO theory. However, the interactions in NMP-water mixtures were shown to involve non-DLVO forces arising from bridging of NMP macroclusters on the hydrophilic silica surfaces. The mechanism by which nanostructured zeolite surfaces enhanced in zeolite-polymer interfacial adhesion was demonstrated to be reduced entropy penalties for polymer adsorption and increased contact area. ¡¡¡¡¡¡Metal nanoparticle (NP)-coated polymer microspheres have attracted intense interest due to diverse applications in medical imaging and biomolecular sensing. The goal of this project is to develop a facile preparation method of metal-coated polymer beads by controlling metal-polymer interactions. We developed and optimized a novel solvent-controlled, combined swelling-heteroaggregation (CSH) technique. The mechanism governing metal-polymer interaction in the fabrication was determined to be solvent-controlled heteroaggregation and entanglement of NPs with polymer, and the optical properties of the metal/polymer composite beads were shown to make them useful for scattering contrast agent for biomedical imaging and SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) substrates.

Pipeline natural gas is the primary fuel of choice for distributed fuel cell-based applications. The concentration of sulfur in odorized natural gas is about 30 ppm, with acceptable levels being <1 ppm for catalyst stability in such applications. Packed bed technology for desulfurization suffers from several disadvantages including high pressure drop and slow regeneration rates that require large unit sizes. We describe a novel Rapid Temperature Swing Adsorption (RTSA) system utilizing hollow fibers with polymer 'binder', impregnated with high loadings of sulfur selective sorbent 'fillers'. Steam and cooling water can be utilized to thermally swing the sorbent during the regeneration cycles. An impermeable, thin polymer barrier layer on the outside of fiber sorbents allows only thermal interactions with the regeneration media, thereby promoting consistent sorption capacity over repeated cycles. A simplified flow pattern minimizes pressure drop, porous core morphology maximizes sorption efficiencies, while small fiber dimensions allows for rapid thermal cycles.

There are many problems associated with the use of fossil fuels to produce fuels and chemicals, and lignocellulosic biomass stands as a promising alternative fuel/chemical feedstock. Large scale processing of biomass will likely take place in high temperature liquid water due to the low vapor pressure and polar nature of carbohydrates. However, little is known about the material stability of these catalysts in high temperature aqueous phase environments. This dissertation aims to investigate the structural integrity of some common catalytic materials under typical biomass reforming conditions. There are 3 main objectives of this study: 1) identify potentially stable candidates from commonly used materials, 2) understand the mechanism(s) by which these catalysts degrade, 3) design/modify catalysts in an effort to increase their hydrothermal stability. The two main materials investigated in this work are zeolites (faujasite, ZSM-5) and γ-Al2O3 as these are commonly used as catalysts and catalyst supports. A number of physicochemical techniques were used to characterize the materials as a function of treatment time at conditions relevant for biomass reforming. For zeolites, the major findings are that ZSM-5 framework is highly stable whereas faujasite stability depends on the Si/Al ratio, where silicon rich materials are less stable. For γ-Al2O3 based catalysts, it was found that the alumina support hydrates and undergoes a phase transformation to form crystalline boehmite (AlOOH) with a subsequent loss in surface area and Lewis acid sites. When metal particles are present on the support, the phase change kinetics are slowed. The role of metal precursor on the stability of γ-Al2O3 supported catalysts was also explored, and it was found that the precursor used in catalyst synthesis changes the boehmite formation kinetics and also affects alumina support dissolution. The final thrust aims to stabilize a Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst by depositing silicon on the catalyst surface. The silicon modification is effective in protecting the catalyst from boehmite formation upon exposure to hot liquid water while also stabilizing metal particles against sintering. Additionally, an increase in turnover number for hydrogen production via aqueous phase reforming of sorbitol was observed.

The production of silver-loaded zeolites either by ion exchange method or by isomorphous substitution of silver ions into zeolites frameworks and their antimicrobial activity is presented. Silver-loaded zeolites produced by ion-exchange in this work include silver-exchanged zeolite X, silver-exchanged zeolite A and silver-exchanged high-alumina Phillipsite. Silver-doped Analcime was produced by isomorphous substitution of silver ions into the Analcime framework. The silver-loaded zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, particle size analysis and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Studies showed that the amount of silver ions loaded into the zeolites frameworks differed for each zeolite. XRD analysis showed little or no changes in the phase purity of all zeolites before and after ion exchange or before and after substitution of silver ions. SEM analysis and particle size analysis showed that the morphology of each zeolite particles was closely related before and after ion exchanged or before and after substitution of silver ions. The antimicrobial activity of these silver-loaded zeolites was investigated by exposing Escherichia coli K12W-T, Staphylococcus aureus NCIMB6571 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIMB8295 suspended in tryptone soya broth (TSB) to the silver-loaded zeolites. The first stage of the investigation involved the exposure of the strains to silver-loaded zeolites in TSB for a duration of 24 hours at different concentration of silver-loaded zeolites. The second stage involved the exposure of the strains to silver-loaded zeolites in TSB over a period of two hours. The persistency of antimicrobial activity of silver-loaded zeolites was investigated by retrieving each silver-loaded zeolite from the first exposure cultures, washed copiously with de-ionised water and adding to fresh bacterial suspensions. To understand the mode of antimicrobial activity of the silver-loaded zeolites, the uptake of silver ions by the strains, composition of fatty acid, as well as the DNA content of Escherichia coli K12W-T was studied. The results obtained showed silver ions appeared to elute from the zeolites frameworks into the TSB in anomalous trend. All three microorganisms were completely inhibited within one hour with the silver-loaded zeolites retaining their antimicrobial activity. The release of silver ions from the zeolites frameworks followed first-order kinetics with varying rate constants and half-lives. The fatty acid composition of all strains as well as the DNA content of Escherichia coli K12W-T were affected by the action of silver ions.