Baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama vartotojo apsauga elektroninės komercijos kontekste. Analizuojami vartotojų apsaugos elektroninės komercijos kontekste pagrindiniai principai, nuostatos, reguliavimo elektroninės komercijos aplinkoje ypatumai bei pats elektroninės komercijos pagrindas- galimybė internete sudaryti teisiškai galiojančią sutarį.Taip pat aptariami Lietuvos ir ES teisės aktai siekiant išsiaiškinti jų naudingumą vartotojui ir pritaikymą Lietuvos teisinei sistemai. Analizuojama situacija Lietuvoje, tai kaip yra perkelti teisės aktai ir ginamos vartotojų teisės. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos bendros išvados ir rekomendacijos. / This final thesis analyses issues related with consumer protection in e-commerce. In the context of consumer protection in e-commerce, the following issues have been touched upon, such as key principles, special regulations of security issues management in electronic environment, and the essence of electronic commerce – ability to conclude legally valid agreements on the internet. Lithuanian and EU legal instruments are also discusses in order to asess their value, sufficiency in law and their adaptability to Lithuania legal sistem. The thesis provides a situation analysis of how Lithuania ensures enforcement of the existing legal instruments and what actions have been taken to protect the rights of the consumers. The thesis ends with general conclusions and recommendations.

Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti elektroninę komerciją, jos atsiradimo prielaidas, pateikti e-komercijos veiklos organizavimo ypatumus, nustatyti e-komercijos plėtros tendencijas Lietuvoje. Šis darbas padės aiškiau įsivaizduoti, kuriame e-komercijos vystimosi etape esame, kur link einame. Darbe aprašyti ir susisteminti žinomi elektroninės komercijos modeliai ir dalyvių tipai, apibrėžtas e-komercijos procesas ir jo brandos etapai. Kaip ypač perspektyvios išskirtos ir aprašytos mobiliosios technologijos ir jų panaudojimo e-komercijoje galimybės. Atliktas stambiausių Lietuvos bankų elektroninės bankininkystės produktų lyginamasis tyrimas. Gausiais statistiniais duomenimis iliustruota plėtros dinamika. Palygintas sistemų funkcionalumas, aiškumas vartotojams, įvertintas elektroninių technologijų novatoriškumas, nustatyti dėsningumai, identifikuotos problemos ir pateiktos išvados. Darbo išvadose aptartos elektroninio verslo plėtros problemos ir vystimosi tendencijos. / Main point of this work is to analyse e-commerce, its appearance background, list singularities of e-commerce planning activities and define e-commerce development trend in the Lithuania. This work will help more definitely figure in which development stage we are and where towards we are going. Known e-commerce models and types of members, defined e-commerce processes and its maturity stages are described in this work. Mobile technologies and their usage are abstracted like particularly promising opportunities in e-commerce. Executed comparison analysis of largest Lithuanian banks e-banking products. Expansion dynamic illustrated with large amount of statistic data. Systems functionality, clarity for users, valued e-technologies novelty was compared. Designated consistent, identified problems and formed conclusions. In work conclusion e-business expansion problems and development trends are discussed.

Šiandien mobilios telekomunikacijos - viena iš sparčiausiai besivystančių komunikacijos sričių, todėl svarbu žinoti apie teikiamas mobilias paslaugas Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje bei vartotojų požiūrį į jas. Bevielės technologijos yra labai perspektyvi ir vis didesnę paklausą įgyjanti verslo sritis. Darbo tikslas: ištirti m-komercijos situaciją Lietuvoje bei užsienyje ir išsiaiškinti tolimesnio vystymosi tendencijas. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai: išsiaiškinti kas yra mobilioji komercija, išvardinti m-komercijos panaudojimo sritis. Taip pat trumpai apžvelgti tinklines technologijas bei saugumo problemas, atskleisti Lietuvos m-komercijos rinkos situaciją. Tyrimo dalies užduotis - atlikti Suomijos ir Lietuvos mobilių rinkų lyginamąją analizę, išsiaiškinti Lietuvos ir Suomijos mobiliųjų rinkų skirtumus ir nustatyti Lietuvos ateities vystymosi tendencijas, apžvelgti Europos, JAV ir Azijos m-komercijos situacijas, nustatyti m-komercijos ateities vystymo tendencijas. Darbo tyrimo objektas: Lietuvos bei užsienio m-komercijos rinkos. Naudojantis dokumentų analizės bei lyginamuoju metodais bei kiekybine mokslinių publikacijų analize, prieita prie išvados, kad m-komercijos vystymą įtakoja tokie objektyvūs veiksniai, kaip: technologijų, standartų suderinamumas skirtinguose tinkluose; fiksuoto ryšio kokybė ir kainos; m-komercijos paslaugų kainos; vartotojų skoniai ir prioritetai; mobilių įrenginių gabaritų skirtumas palyginus su kompiuteriais; interneto kokybė; susiklosčiusios verslo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Mobile Commerce (or m-commerce) is about the explosion of applications and services that are becoming accessible from Internet-enabled mobile devices. It involves new technologies, services and business models. It is quite different from traditional e-Commerce. M-commerce refers to transactions using a wireless device and data connection that result in the transfer of value in exchange for information, services, or goods. M-commerce, facilitated generally by mobile phones, includes services such as banking, payment, and ticketing. The main goal of Master paper is to make a research on m-commerce situation in Lithuania and abroad and find out future perspectives of the m-commerce development. The main tasks of the work are to define m-commerce and it‘s applications and products trends, mention common network technologies. Also to identify Lithaunian mobile market‘s key players and current situation in the market, to make the comparison of Finnish and Lithuanian markets, to cover the situation in the rest markets – European, American and Asian and finally to draw the future development trends of the m-commerce. The object of master work are m-commerce markets in Lithuania, West Europe, USA and Asia. After analyzing all the analytical articles and other used sources it was made the conclusion, that m-commerce is mostly influenced by such objective factors like: lack of compatibility in different technological standards or platforms, quality and price level of the fixed... [to full text]

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is the role of the Industrial Psychologist and the Human Resources function within a company to contribute positively to an organisation’s competitive advantage. Human capital should be viewed and managed as a critical success factor within this context. The probability of attaining success over competitors could be addressed through focussing on the impact of employee performance on competitive advantage. With reference to the organisational life cycle, the e-commerce industry in South Africa seems to be in its infancy. It is in this stage when attaining high levels of performance from employees is of critical importance. In this lies the key for building and growing a competitive advantage that would set one organisation apart from the other – where one organisation would survive the infancy stage and another would drown in the quest to match the demands posed by the relevant industry and its customers. There is minimal Industrial or Organisational Psychology research that has tested hypotheses in the e-commerce industry. This contributed to the decision to implement this research in the e-commerce industry. The e-commerce industry is growing rapidly, and performance therefore is a key factor for success in any e-commerce company in South Africa. The focus of this study was to review the Job Demands Resources model (JD-R model) within the e-commerce retail industry in South Africa in order to add to the knowledge base regarding human behaviour at work, with specific reference to engagement, burnout and performance. The research question of the study was formulated regarding which “state of wellbeing” would increase performance. The JD-R model makes provision for evaluating this question in a structured manner. The JD-R model indicates that performance is influenced by work engagement/burnout (wellbeing). It also indicates that there are certain job demands, job resources and personal resources that will influence wellbeing. The study was facilitated through the use of an ex post facto correlational research design. A sample of 117 workers was chosen from the e-commerce retail industry to participate in the study. Participation was voluntary, the data was collected specifically for the purpose of this study, and all responses were treated confidentially. The measurements that were used included key performance indicators (KPIs), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey (MBI-GS), the Job Characteristics Scale, and the HEXACO model. The literature review formed a logical argument that culminated in a theoretical Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iii model as well as a set of hypotheses with reference to the various dimensions in the JD-R model. The results showed that: a) Engagement has a significant positive influence on performance. b) Job resources (advancement, personal growth and organisational support) have a significant positive influence on engagement. c) Job resources (advancement, personal growth and organisational support) have a significant negative influence on burnout. d) Personal resources (extraversion) have a significant negative influence on burnout. e) Personal resources (conscientiousness) have a significant positive influence on engagement. f) Personal resources (agreeableness) have a significant negative influence on burnout. The following hypotheses were not supported: a) Burnout has a significant negative influence on performance. b) Personal resources (extraversion) have a significant positive influence on engagement. c) Personal resources (emotionality) have a significant positive influence on engagement. d) Personal resources (emotionality) have a significant negative influence on burnout. e) Personal resources (conscientiousness) have a significant negative influence on burnout. f) Personal resources (agreeableness) have a significant positive influence on engagement. g) Job demands (job overload) have a significant negative influence on engagement. h) Job demands (job overload) have a significant positive influence on burnout. i) Job demands (job insecurity) have a significant negative influence on engagement. j) Job demands (job insecurity) have a significant positive influence on burnout. Attention was also paid to future research considerations, recommendations to the managers of employees and to the limitations of the study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is die rol van die Bedryfsielkundige en die Menslike Hulpbronne funksie in maatskappye om 'n positiewe bydrae tot 'n organisasie se mededingende voordeel te maak. Menslike kapitaal moet beskou en bestuur word as ‘n kritiese sukses faktor in hierdie konteks. Die waarskynlikheid om sukses bo die kompetisie te behaal kan aangespreek word deur om fokus te plaas op die impak wat werknemersprestasie het op mededingings voordeel. Met verwysing na die organisatoriese lewenssiklus blyk die e-handelbedryf in Suid-Afrika om in sy beginstadium te wees. Dit is in hierdie stadium waar die bereiking van hoë vlakke van prestasie van werknemers van kritieke belang is. Hierin lê die sleutel vir die vordering en groei van 'n mededingende voordeel van een maatskappy bo ‘n ander - waar die een organisasie die beginstadium sou oorleef en die ander onder die druk van die versoeke/eise van die betrokke bedryf en sy kliënte sou swyk. Daar is ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid navorsing wat gevind kon word in die veld van Bedryfsielkunde wat hipoteses in die e-handelbedryf toets. Hierdie bevinding het bygedra tot die besluit om hierdie navorsingstudie oor die e-handelbedryf voort te sit. Die e-handelbedryf toon vinnige groei, en prestasie is dus tans 'n belangrike faktor vir sukses in enige e-handelmaatskappy in Suid-Afrika. Die fokus van hierdie navorsingstudie was om die “Job Demands Resources model (JD-R model)” in die e-kleinhandelbedryf in Suid-Afrika toe te pas om sodoende by te dra tot die huidige kennis beskikbaar ten opsigte van menslike gedrag by die werk, met spesifieke verwysing na werksbegeestering, uitbranding en prestasie. Die navorsingsvraag van die navorsingstudie is geformuleer rondom die aanname dat die "toestand van welsyn" prestasievlakke sal verhoog. Die primêre doel van die navorsingstudie was om deur middel van die toepassing van die JD-R model in die e-kleinhandelbedryf, by te dra tot die beskikbare kennis ten opsigte van menslike gedrag by die werk, met spesifieke verwysing na werksbetrokkenheid, uitbranding en prestasie. Die JD-R model maak op 'n gestruktureerde wyse voorsiening vir die evaluering van hierdie verhoudings. Die JD-R model dui aan dat prestasie beïnvloed word deur werksbetrokkenheid/uitbranding (welsyn). Dit dui ook dat daar sekere werksvereistes, werkshulpbronne en persoonlike hulpbronne is wat welstand beïnvloed. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za v Die navorsingstudie is gefasiliteer deur die gebruik van 'n ex post facto korrelasie-ontwerp. 'n Steekproef van 117 werkers is uit die e-kleinhandelbedryf gekies om aan die studie deel te neem. Deelname was vrywillig, die data is spesifiek ingesamel vir die doel van hierdie navorsingstudie en alle data is as vertroulik hanteer. Die volgende metingsinstrumente is gebruik: kern prestasie aanwysers (KPA’s), die Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), die Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey (MBI-GS), die Job Characteristics Scale, en die HEXACO model. Die literatuuroorsig vorm 'n logiese argument wat lei tot 'n teoretiese model, sowel as 'n stel hipoteses met verwysing na die verskillende dimensies soos gevind in die JD-R model. Die resultate toon: a) Werksbetrokkenheid het ‘n beduidende positiewe invloed op prestasie. b) Werkshulpbronne (bevordering, persoonlike groei en organisatoriese ondersteuning) het ‘n beduidende positiewe invloed op werksbetrokkenheid. c) Werkshulpbronne (bevordering, persoonlike groei en organisatoriese ondersteuning) het ‘n beduidende negatiewe invloed op uitbranding. d) Persoonlike hulpbronne (ekstroversie) het ‘n beduidende negatiewe invloed op uitbranding. e) Persoonlike hulpbronne (pligsgetrouheid) het ‘n beduidende positiewe invloed op werksbetrokkenheid. f) Persoonlike hulpbronne (eenstemmigheid) het ‘n beduidende negatiewe invloed op uitbranding. Die volgende hipoteses was nie aanvaar nie: a) Uitbranding het ‘n beduidende negatiewe invloed op prestasie. b) Persoonlike hulpbronne (ekstroversie) het ‘n beduidende positiewe invloed op werksbetrokkenheid. c) Persoonlike hulpbronne (emosionaliteit) het ‘n beduidende positiewe invloed op werksbetrokkenheid. d) Persoonlike hulpbronne (emosionaliteit) het ‘n beduidende negatiewe invloed op uitbranding. e) Persoonlike hulpbronne (pligsgetrouheid) het ‘n beduidende negatiewe invloed op uitbranding. f) Persoonlike hulpbronne (eenstemmigheid) het ‘n beduidende positiewe invloed op werksbetrokkenheid. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za vi g) Werksvereistes (oorlading) het ‘n beduidende negatiewe invloed op werksbetrokkenheid. h) Werksvereistes (oorlading) het ‘n beduidende positiewe invloed op uitbranding. i) Werksvereistes (werkonsekerheid) het ‘n beduidende negatiewe invloed op werksbetrokkenheid. j) Werksvereistes (werkonsekerheid) het ‘n beduidende positiewe invloed op uitbranding. Aandag is ook geskenk aan toekomstige navorsings oorwegings, aanbevelings aan die bestuurders van werknemers asook aan die beperkinge van die navorsinstudie.

E-commerce has increased substantially, as e-retailers engage with consumers online. Users require more than products and quality service; they also expect a good user experience. User experience is affected by branding, functionality, navigation, content, aesthetics and usability. This study investigates the attainment of better user experience on e-commerce websites. A dual-method usability evaluation approach – usability testing with end-users and heuristic evaluation by experts – was employed to obtain a holistic picture of how usability aspects support or hinder the user experience. Usability testing provided insights into detailed interface issues and the type of content and journey that users prefer when making a purchasing decision, while heuristic evaluation was mainly directed at overall user interface and interaction factors. In a complementary way, each method identified a high number of usability problems. Key findings are summarized, and design guidelines are identified that can facilitate the development of e-commerce websites to promote user experience. / E-handel het aansienlik toegeneem, soos e-kleinhandelaars by verbruikers aanlyn betrokke raak. Gebruikers verlang meer as produkte en kwaliteit diens; hulle verwag ook 'n goeie gebruikerservaring. Gebruikerservaring word deur ‘branding’, funksies, navigasie, inhoud, estetika en bruikbaarheid beinvloed. Hierdie studie ondersoek die bereiking van beter gebruikerservaring op e-handel webwerwe. 'n Dubbelemetode bruikbaarheidsevaluering benadering – bruikbaarheidstoetsing met eindgebruikers en heuristiese evaluering deur kundiges – is gebruik om ‘n holistiese beeld te verkry van hoe bruikbaarheidsaspekte gebruikerservaring ondersteun of verhinder. Bruikbaarheidstoetsing lewer insigte in gedetailleerde koppelvlak kwessies en die tipe inhoud en roete wat gebruikers verkies wanneer hulle 'n aankoop maak, terwyl heuristiese evaluering hoofsaaklik gerig is op algehele gebruikerskoppelvlak en interaksie faktore. Op 'n komplementêre manier, het elke metode' n groot aantal bruikbaarheidsprobleme geïdentifiseer. Belangrike bevindings word saamgevat, en ontwerp riglyne is voorgestel wat die ontwikkeling van e-handel webwerwe fasiliteer wat gebruikerservaring bevorder. / Computing / M. Tech. (Information Technology)

Specifickým segmentem elektronického obchodu je obchod mobilními hrami. Obchod se realizuje mezi společnostmi - B2B a přímo zákazníkům - B2C. Vzhledem k dosavadnímu vývoji obchodu mobilními hrami můžeme předpokládat další kladný vývoj ve smyslu růstu tržního potenciálu. Firma podnikající v této oblasti se potýká s některými problémy, jakými jsou například nedostatečné právní zabezpečení a změny obchodních modelů mobilního internetu, musí reagovat na tyto změny. Společnost obchodující na trhu s mobilními hrami má pozitivní výhled při dostatečné analýze trhu, zákazníků, dostatečnému množství distribučních kanálů a při dostatečné kvalitě produktů.

Mon Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches traite de la géographie et de la consommation en s'attachant à explorer les nouveaux territoires du commerce : ceux du commerce distractif. La problématique que je développe est la suivante : le commerce de détail est passé d'une fonction de distribution associée à la société de production à une fonction distractive associée à la société de consommation. Les lieux du commerce illustrent de façon éclairante l'importance qu'occupe désormais la consommation dans les relations sociales, ces lieux se donnent à voir et on s'y donne à voir, ils sont inclus dans la sphère de la consommation. Leur étude permet de saisir la diversité des situations de consommation et l'importance des facteurs culturels qui y sont en usage. L'analyse des discours et des aménagements des espaces commerciaux permet de saisir comment les marqueurs culturels d'une société sont utilisés dans les espaces commerciaux voués au commerce et à la distraction. Ce que j'appelle le commerce distractif apporte un nouvel éclairage à la catégorisation des achats, souvent divisés entre les achats que l'on fait par nécessité et ceux qui sont de l'ordre du superflu, de la futilité. Par la diversité des situations d'achats proposée par le commerce, toutes peuvent être associées au commerce distractif. En effet, ce n'est plus le produit qui porte l'empreinte de la contrainte ou du plaisir de l'achat, mais les lieux et les temporalités de celui-ci.

Σκοπός την εργασίας είναι η δημιουργία ενός ολοκληρωμένου ηλεκτρονικού καταστήματος το οποίο θα παρέχει στους χρήστες μεταξύ άλλων, δυνατότητα χωρικής αναζήτησης προϊόντων, και προσωποποίησης. Η εφαρμογή υποστηρίζει όλες τις λειτουργίες ενός σύγχρονου ηλεκτρονικού καταστήματος προσθέτοντας σε αυτές ένα πλήθος καινοτόμων λειτουργιών. Συγκεκριμένα υποστηρίζει λειτουργία καλαθιού αγορών και παραγγελιών μέσω πιστωτικής κάρτας χρησιμοποιώντας ένα εικονικό σύστημα τραπεζικών συναλλαγών, πλήθος λειτουργιών αναζήτησης προϊόντων, διαφορετικά είδη προσωποποίησης, πολλαπλά επίπεδα ασφάλειας με χρήση κρυπτογράφησης, δημιουργία λογαριασμών χρηστών, forum κα. Στις καινοτομίες της εφαρμογής συγκαταλέγονται η χωρική αναζήτηση προϊόντων με χρήση Τ.Κ., η αναζήτηση αντίστοιχων τιμών σε άλλα καταστήματα και η social προσωποποίηση με χρήση βαρών στους παράγοντες προσωποποίησης. Ιδιαίτερη βαρύτητα έχει δοθεί επίσης στην συντηρησιμότητα του συστήματος και στη φιλικότητα προς τον χρήστη. Οι τεχνολογίες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν είναι κατά κύριο λόγο HTML, CSS, PHP, Postgresql, smarty και λειτουργικό σύστημα Linux. / The purpose of this thesis is the development of a comprehensive online store that supports all functions of a modern e-shop plus a host of innovative features. Specifically, the application supports shopping cart, orders pipeline using a virtual banking system, many search products features, different kinds of personalization, multiple levels of security using encryption, user accounts, forum etc.. Innovations in the application include spatial search for products using postal codes, search for corresponding values in other e-shops and social personalization using weights to the personalization factors. Special attention was also given to the maintainability of the system and user friendliness. For the implementation of the application were used HTML, CSS, PHP, Postgresql, smarty and Linux operating system.

International transfer of technology is the key element for the industrialisation and economic development of countries. But the success of any transfer depends on the judicious selection of appropriate technology from the right source and its effective absorption. This depends to a large extent on the selection, adaptation and assimilation capabilities of the recipient of the technology. In technology transfer, adaptation at the transferee end is an important stage. The difference between the technology levels of the transferor and transferee causes a technological gap which creates a potential for technology flow, but the transfer will depend on the assimilating capability of the transferee. In this study, a mathematical function that determines the technological level of a country is developed using the logistic growth pattern. The technological level of a country, in a given industry, is measured by an indicator called 'Technology Index' using the variables that influence and reflect the performance of that industry. The technology index is computed using the factor loadings obtained by the statistical technique factor analysis. In technology transfer, one of the most important problems facing countries is the selection of a transferor. Using the classical optimisation method, optimum transferors for various hypothetical transferees are determined in order to study the optimal partnership in technology transfer. A theoretical framework is provided for technological cooperation among the member countries of APEC based on the technology transfer model and classical optimisation method developed in this study. The theoretical framework can be applied to establish, for each industry, a technology cooperation network among the member countries by identifying the optimum partnership, that will provide an effective technology transfer process. Finally, based on the outcome of the research undertaken, conclusions are drawn and recommendations for further study presented / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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