Developing personal goals by exploring options, establishing prosocial skills, exploring interests and applying good self-regulation practices early on in life, can amount to major benefits for children’s prospective professions (Paszkowska-Rogacz & Kabzińska, 2012). Numerous scholars emphasise the significance of and the need for early career counselling, as discussed by Härtung, Porfeli and Vondracek (2005), as well as by Watson and McMahon (2005). These scholars concluded that progress made during different stages of early childhood career development affects the choices that children make about the world of work and it also ensures identity development and interpersonal growth. Appropriate career advice can also assist school-going children to enhance their academic progress and to remain occupied in and engaged with education. The purpose of this study was to explore how life-design-based counselling influences Grade 7 learners’ academic self-construction. A qualitative, group-based intervention methodology was used to address the research questions. The intervention was based on the Career Interest Profile (CIP, Version 6) (Maree, 2017) and the life design counselling methods as discussed in Savickas et al. (2009). Non-probability, convenience sampling was used to select twelve Grade 7 learners, aged 12 and 13, to participate in this study. Themes and sub-themes were established, and Thematic Analysis was utilised to identify and analyse the data. Career development is a life-long process and young individuals should be supported and guided as they strive towards their goals. By making learners aware of future career aspirations, they were inspired to construct themselves more appropriately and re-consider perceptions and behaviours regarding schooling. Ultimately, academic self-construction was enhanced through the collaborate processes of life-design-based counselling. The possibilities for future research should assess the value of life-design-based counselling during early childhood development and the integration thereof within schools and the curriculum, so as to benefit the career development of young learners. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Educational Psychology / PhD / Unrestricted

Habitus is a type of order that explains how an individual becomes a member of a society or a culture and can be studied to learn about that society or culture. Daniel Miller is introducing a similar approach to order of individuals’ material relationships through which one can learn about meaningful representation of the individual subjects themselves. These relationships could be interpreted as being highly subjective and be seen in the form of a practice of self-construction. In a search for an anthropology of morality authors such as Mattingly (et.al) are complementary using virtue ethics and Foucault´s notion of “a care of the self” as a moral practice to study moral subjectivity and its formation. Strathern and Stewart claim that embodiment, as a theoretical concept, can show how the mind, body, and experience come together and provide insight into personhood. This thesis focuses on tattoos as a moral practice, by studying individuals through a narrative of a moral being, with the aim to understand its formation of moral subjectivity and its embodiment of individuality. In conclusion, there will be argued that the practice of tattoos creates a negotiation between the individual mind and body, and between the practice itself and the society where it takes place.

En la siguiente tesis se presenta los resultados de un trabajo de investigación sobre los deficientes procesos autoconstructivos de las estructuras de una vivienda de dos pisos en el Asentamiento Humano Vivienda Única - San Juan de Miraflores. Sabemos que un gran porcentaje de la población habita en viviendas autoconstruidas, vulnerables a cualquier fenómeno de la naturaleza, pues no cumplen con los parámetros de construcción establecidos. Para desarrollar el problema y los objetivos de la presente tesis de investigación se resume a continuación el contenido de cada capítulo a desarrollar. Primero se identifican los principales factores internos y/o externos que motivaron a los pobladores en la autoconstrucción de sus viviendas, mediante una encuesta en campo realizada a 30 pobladores del Asentamiento Humano Vivienda Única. Luego se procesaron los datos obtenidos y se graficaron los resultados. Seguido, se determinó las condiciones de estas viviendas y se detalló cuáles son los daños que pueden afectar negativamente su comportamiento ante un eventual sismo. Para conseguir la información requerida se realizó una evaluación de 5 viviendas donde se recabaron los datos necesarios con ayuda de los pobladores y el presidente de la zona en mención. Después de realizar esta investigación se pasó a formar la guía de autoconstrucción para mejorar los procesos constructivos deficientes donde se encontrará los materiales y procedimientos óptimos para la construcción de una vivienda en el Asentamiento Humano Vivienda Única. Por último, se diseñará un modelo de vivienda de dos pisos de un área de 120 m2 donde se realizará el diseño de los principales elementos estructurales, y se realizará un análisis costo - beneficio entre dos sistemas de losas: el sistema convencional y el sistema con viguetas pretensadas y casetones de poliestireno. / The following thesis presents the results of a research work on the deficient self-constructive processes of the structures of a two-story house in the Single House Human Settlement - San Juan de Miraflores. We know that a large percentage of the population lives in self-built houses, vulnerable to any phenomenon of nature, as they do not meet the established construction parameters. To develop the problem and the objectives of this research thesis, the content of each chapter to be developed is summarized below. First, the main internal and / or external factors that motivated residents to self-build their homes are identified through a field survey of 30 residents of the Single House Human Settlement. Then the obtained data were processed and the results were plotted. Next, the conditions of these homes were determined and the damages that could negatively affect their behavior in the event of an eventual earthquake were detailed. In order to obtain the required information, an evaluation of 5 houses was carried out, where the necessary data was collected with the help of the residents and the president of the area in question. After carrying out this research, the self-construction guide was formed to improve the deficient construction processes where the optimal materials and procedures for the construction of a house will be found in the Single House Human Settlement. Finally, a two-story house model of an area of 120 m2 will be designed where the design of the main structural elements will be carried out, and a cost-benefit analysis will be carried out between two slab systems: the conventional system and the system with prestressed joists and polystyrene shells. / Tesis

Este trabalho, acerca de como a produção acadêmica problematizou a periferia paulistana, tem por objetivo fazer a revisão crítica das categorias de análise, e os autores inseridos nesse debate, através do questionamento das proposições teóricas e suas conceituações sobre os espaços entendidos enquanto periferias urbanas da metrópole. Ao analisarmos, na formação deste fenômeno, a validade da retomada de ideias segundo as quais a periferia pode ser vista enquanto uma realidade marginal, possível de ser integrada à cidade, esperamos colaborar nos questionamentos sobre o pensamento do urbano em geral e da periferia paulistana em particular. Discutiremos a questão da segregação e da marginalidade urbana, a função exercida pela autoconstrução no processo de acumulação capitalista que se verificou no Brasil, a articulação entre os diversos personagens dos movimentos sociais urbanos e o processo de inclusão das populações e dos espaços entendidos como periferias urbanas. / This research questions the academic studies about the São Paulo\'s periphery. Aims to construct a critical review of the categories of analysis and the authors included on its debate. We question the theoretical propositions and their spaces conceptions of Metropolis. We have analyzed the validity of the resumption of the ideas that consider the periphery as a marginal fact, possible to be integrated into the city. We hope to collaborate on questions about the urban thinking in general and of the periphery of São Paulo in particular. We will discuss the issue of segregation and urban marginality, the function performed by the self-construction in the process of capitalist accumulation that occurred in Brazil, the articulation between the several characters of the urban social movements and the inclusion process of people and spaces understood as urban peripheries.

Este trabalho, acerca de como a produção acadêmica problematizou a periferia paulistana, tem por objetivo fazer a revisão crítica das categorias de análise, e os autores inseridos nesse debate, através do questionamento das proposições teóricas e suas conceituações sobre os espaços entendidos enquanto periferias urbanas da metrópole. Ao analisarmos, na formação deste fenômeno, a validade da retomada de ideias segundo as quais a periferia pode ser vista enquanto uma realidade marginal, possível de ser integrada à cidade, esperamos colaborar nos questionamentos sobre o pensamento do urbano em geral e da periferia paulistana em particular. Discutiremos a questão da segregação e da marginalidade urbana, a função exercida pela autoconstrução no processo de acumulação capitalista que se verificou no Brasil, a articulação entre os diversos personagens dos movimentos sociais urbanos e o processo de inclusão das populações e dos espaços entendidos como periferias urbanas. / This research questions the academic studies about the São Paulo\'s periphery. Aims to construct a critical review of the categories of analysis and the authors included on its debate. We question the theoretical propositions and their spaces conceptions of Metropolis. We have analyzed the validity of the resumption of the ideas that consider the periphery as a marginal fact, possible to be integrated into the city. We hope to collaborate on questions about the urban thinking in general and of the periphery of São Paulo in particular. We will discuss the issue of segregation and urban marginality, the function performed by the self-construction in the process of capitalist accumulation that occurred in Brazil, the articulation between the several characters of the urban social movements and the inclusion process of people and spaces understood as urban peripheries.

L’étude conduite à l’occasion de cette thèse porte sur l’analyse des processus de transformations identitaires observables à l’occasion des interactions de conseil en orientation professionnelle. Elle s’intéresse aux stratégies d’insertion des jeunes docteurs en dehors de la recherche publique qui constitue généralement pour la majorité d’entre eux, un point d’ancrage majeur de leurs anticipations. L’objet est de repérer certaines figures de remaniements identitaires qui paraissent aller de pair avec une reconversion réussie vers le secteur privé et de formuler quelques hypothèses explicatives relatives aux processus et facteurs en jeu. Cette recherche (conduite au sein de l’association Bernard Grégory) s’appuie sur le modèle de la subjectivité individuelle, conçue comme un système dynamique de formes identitaires subjectives (Guichard, 2004). Certaines formes de ce système représentent les anticipations de soi qui peuvent jouer un rôle majeur dans le sens que l’individu donne à son existence à un moment donné. Deux formes de réflexivité en tension sont au principe du développement de ces anticipations : l’une (la réflexivité duelle) vise une stabilisation de soi dans un modèle désiré, alors que l’autre (la réflexivité trinitaire) pousse à une mise en perspective des expériences passées et présentes. C’est cette seconde forme de réflexivité que l’intervention de conseil développée dans cette étude vise à observer. La description de cas concrets de jeunes docteurs montre l’impact des processus de réflexivité dialogique sur la manière dont ces derniers renoncent progressivement à l’ancrage académique de leurs anticipations professionnelles, pour développer de nouveaux modes d’interpréter et de mise en perspectives futures de l’expérience doctorale / This thesis focuses on the effectiveness of career counseling intevention on self and career construction processes. The study was led at the Bernard Gregory association (ABG), whose mission is to help PhD graduates develop their working skills. The purpose is to identify self-construction patterns that go alongside successful reorientation towards the private sector and to formulate hypotheses to explain what factors and processes are involved. Our conceptual reference is the theory of self-construction (Guichard, 2004). This model is based on two types of reflexivities : on the one hand, dual reflexivity aims at stabilising the self in a desired pattern, on the other hand trinitarian reflexivity leads to revisiting present and past experiences. The current study focuses on this second type of reflexivity. Case studies of young PhD graduates show the impact of dialogical reflexivity processes on how these individuals progressively turn away from their anticipated academic.

L’étude conduite à l’occasion de cette thèse porte sur l’analyse des processus de transformations identitaires observables à l’occasion des interactions de conseil en orientation professionnelle. Elle s’intéresse aux stratégies d’insertion des jeunes docteurs en dehors de la recherche publique qui constitue généralement pour la majorité d’entre eux, un point d’ancrage majeur de leurs anticipations. L’objet est de repérer certaines figures de remaniements identitaires qui paraissent aller de pair avec une reconversion réussie vers le secteur privé et de formuler quelques hypothèses explicatives relatives aux processus et facteurs en jeu. Cette recherche (conduite au sein de l’association Bernard Grégory) s’appuie sur le modèle de la subjectivité individuelle, conçue comme un système dynamique de formes identitaires subjectives (Guichard, 2004). Certaines formes de ce système représentent les anticipations de soi qui peuvent jouer un rôle majeur dans le sens que l’individu donne à son existence à un moment donné. Deux formes de réflexivité en tension sont au principe du développement de ces anticipations : l’une (la réflexivité duelle) vise une stabilisation de soi dans un modèle désiré, alors que l’autre (la réflexivité trinitaire) pousse à une mise en perspective des expériences passées et présentes. C’est cette seconde forme de réflexivité que l’intervention de conseil développée dans cette étude vise à observer. La description de cas concrets de jeunes docteurs montre l’impact des processus de réflexivité dialogique sur la manière dont ces derniers renoncent progressivement à l’ancrage académique de leurs anticipations professionnelles, pour développer de nouveaux modes d’interpréter et de mise en perspectives futures de l’expérience doctorale / This thesis focuses on the effectiveness of career counseling intevention on self and career construction processes. The study was led at the Bernard Gregory association (ABG), whose mission is to help PhD graduates develop their working skills. The purpose is to identify self-construction patterns that go alongside successful reorientation towards the private sector and to formulate hypotheses to explain what factors and processes are involved. Our conceptual reference is the theory of self-construction (Guichard, 2004). This model is based on two types of reflexivities : on the one hand, dual reflexivity aims at stabilising the self in a desired pattern, on the other hand trinitarian reflexivity leads to revisiting present and past experiences. The current study focuses on this second type of reflexivity. Case studies of young PhD graduates show the impact of dialogical reflexivity processes on how these individuals progressively turn away from their anticipated academic.

Social media has changed how political communication is distributed (Häussler, 2021) and has led to party leaders’ using the platforms to create an image of themselves as ordinary individuals (Bărbieru, 2020). Ahead of the 2022 election, social media is expected to play a more prominent role, with it being the source of choice for first-time voters (Internetstiftelsen, 2022). Today voters are also said to identify themselves more with the political candidate than the party (Bjerling, 2012) which makes it relevant to study party leaders’ usage of personalisation on social media. The purpose of this study is to examine how young adults perceive and create meaning around Swedish party leaders' self-construction through personalisation on Instagram by combining semi-structured interviews and reception analysis to be able to understand the phenomenon of party leaders’ personalisation on social media through the interviewees perspective. Drawing on theories of Political Impression Management, Impression Management and Parasocial Relations. By examining how the biggest users of social media, young adults (Internetstiftelsen, 2021; 2022), perceive and create meaning around party leaders' self-construction through personalisation on social media, it can show how the party leaders are perceived and if the interviewees perceive the self-construction to be genuine. Eight interviews with young adults between the ages of 21 to 28 years old have been conducted and the material from the interviews has been coded and thematised in NVivo 12.  The results show that self-construction is perceived to be visible when the party leaders show that they are one of the people. The images were interpreted to be genuine through the party leaders sharing their everyday life, this also indicated if the party leader could impact their audience. The conclusion of the study is that self-construction can be visible through the party leaders' usage of relatable aspects to be perceived as one of the people. In this particular study, it could be divided into three main parts: nature, family and selfies. The interviewees perceive Swedish party leaders’ self-construction through personalisation on Instagram to be genuine if it reflected on the party leaders’ everyday life and their spare time outside of politics. If the image was a selfie it was increasingly more perceived as genuine. Even though the reception material was from the party leaders' self-construction through personalisation, it cannot determine if it represents the party leaders’ personal life, or them outside of politics. With all images being perceived by the interviewees as positive for the party leader. / Sociala medier har förändrat hur politisk kommunikation distribueras (Häussler, 2021) och har lett till att partiledarna använder sig av plattformarna för att kunna skapa en bild av sig själva som vanliga individer (Bărbieru, 2020). Inför valet 2022, förväntas sociala medier spela en mer framträdande roll då det är den källan förstagångsväljare i allra första hand väljer (Internetstiftelsen 2022). Idag sägs även väljare identifiera sig mer med den politiska kandidaten än partiet själv (Bjerling, 2012) vilket gör det relevant att studera partiledares användning av personalisering på sociala medier. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur unga vuxna uppfattar och skapar mening kring svenska partiledares framställning genom personalisering på Instagram genom att kombinera semistrukturerade intervjuer och en receptionsanalys för att förstå fenomenet av partiledares personalisering på sociala medier från intervjupersonernas perspektiv. Samt utgå från teorier om Political Impression Management, Impression Management och Parasocial Relations. Genom att undersöka hur de största användarna av sociala medier, unga vuxna (Internetstiftelsen, 2021; 2022), uppfattar och skapar mening kring partiledares framställning genom personalisering på sociala medier, kan det visa hur partiledarna uppfattas och om intervjupersonerna uppfattar att framställningen är genuin. Åtta intervjuer med unga vuxna mellan 21 och 28 år har genomförts och materialet från intervjuerna har kodats och tematiseras i NVivo 12.  Resultatet visar att framställning uppfattas vara synligt när partiledarna visar att dem är en av befolkningen. Bilderna uppfattades vara genuina genom att partiledarna delade med sig av sin vardag, detta indikerade också på om partiledaren kunde påverka sin publik. Slutsatsen för studien är att personlig framställning kan vara synlig när partiledarna använder sig av relaterbara aspekter för att uppfattas som en i befolkningen. För denna specifika studie kan de delas in i tre huvudsakliga delar: natur, familj och selfies. Intervjupersonerna uppfattar svenska partiledares framställning genom personalisering på Instagram att vara genuin när det reflekterade partiledarnas vardagliga liv och deras fritid utanför politiken. Om bilden var en selfie ökade uppfattningen att den var genuin. Även om receptions materialet var från partiledarnas personliga framställning så kan det inte fastställas att det representerar partiledarnas privatliv eller hur dem är utanför politiken. Då intervjupersonerna uppfattade alla bilder att vara positiva för partiledarna.

Le but de ce travail de recherche est de démontrer que la ré-exploitation des matériaux locaux de construction dans la vallée du Jourdain, peut contribuer à une autonomie des communautés rurales palestiniennes. Pour ce faire, cette thèse questionne le développement de la filière terre dans ces territoires. Nous posons l’hypothèse qu’il existe un lien étroit entre les transformations de la société rurale, de sa structure économique et politique, et les transformations de la filière constructive en terre. ‘Trois temps’ de cette filière ont été relevés et ont permis de vérifier cette hypothèse. Le cas de la Palestine avant 1920, l’habitat en terre crue entre 1920 et 1970 et finalement la situation actuelle. Ces évolutions nous ont permis de comprendre que la ré-exploitation des matériaux locaux permet une véritable autonomie lorsque la filière est intégrée aux pratiques économiques et sociales en cours. Cette idée a été vérifiée par l’étude du contexte actuel où la filière est en reconstruction temporaire car déconnectée des pratiques sociales et économiques. Ce travail de recherche se divise en trois parties, à l’image de ces ‘trois temps’. La première détaille la relation entre la filière terre et la notion de développement durable pour faire le lien ensuite au cas de la Palestine avant 1920. La seconde précise le changement de valeurs qui s’est opéré entre 1920 et 1970 dans la société rurale et les transformations de l’habitat qui y sont liées. Enfin, la dernière partie tente d’évaluer la reconstruction de cette filière en détaillant le contexte politique et économique actuel pour le confronter ensuite aux actions des nouveaux acteurs sur le terrain. / This research aims to demonstrate that the re-use of local building materials in the Jordan Valley can contribute to the autonomy of rural Palestinian communities. To achieve this, we question the evolution of the earthen building sector in these territories. We assume that there is a close link between the transformations of the rural society, its economic and political structure and the transformations that appeared in the earthen building sector. Three historical periods have been identified and have verified this hypothesis: the case of Palestine before 1920, the period between 1920 and 1970 and finally the current situation. Through these evolutions, we understood that the re-use of local materials allows real autonomy when the earthen building sector is integrated to the ongoing social and economic practices. This idea was verified by studying the current context where this building sector knows a temporary reconstruction. This research is divided into three parts. The first part details the relation that exists between earthen architecture and the concept of sustainable development; we will be explaining the case of Palestine before 1920. The second part specifies the changing values of rural society that have taken place between 1920 and 1970 and the transformations of the habitat linked to it. Finally, the last section attempts to assess the reconstruction of this building sector by detailing the current political and economic context and confronting it with the projects led by the “new actors” on the ground.

Les jeux vidéo entretiennent des liens étroits avec les problématiques pubertaires et la vie psychique des adolescents. Ils répondent à des besoins psychologiques spécifiques du processus pubertaire et permettent d’articuler les émois et les pensées de l’adolescent. En ce sens, les jeux vidéo semblent faire office de contenant utilisé par les adolescents pour transformer leurs états internes et permettent de ressentir en toute sécurité des émotions intenses. Ils mobilisent également une expérience émotionnelle, ils sollicitent l’empathie du joueur, un rapprochement peut se faire entre l’espace du jeu vidéo et ce que D.Winnicott a nommé « l’espace transitionnel », qui se situe entre la réalité externe et réalité interne du joueur, entre le dedans et le dehors. Ainsi, cette thèse interroge la relation qu’entretiennent les joueurs excessifs adolescents avec les jeux vidéo et le type d’interaction qui y est recherchée. A l’aune du modèle théorique de S.Tisseron (2008) distinguant deux types d’interactions sensori-motrice et émotionnelles-narratives à l’œuvre dans le jeu vidéo, cette recherche présente les résultats d’une démarche d’évaluation de 836, dont 582 adolescents et 274 adultes. Les résultats préliminaires attestent que la pratique excessive des jeux vidéo à l’adolescence ne signe en rien une conduite problématique et met en exergue des différences statistiquement significatives entre les pratiques excessives des adolescents et celles des adultes ne relevant pas de la même logique. / Video games have close ties with puberty problems and teenagers psychic life; they meet specific psychological needs of the pubertal process and help to articulate the emotions and thoughts of the youth. In this sense, video games seem to act as a container used by teens to transform their internal states and allow to feel safely intense emotions. They also mobilize an emotional experience and it seeks empathy player. A comparison may be b the way, the space between the video game and what D.Winnicott named "transitional space" which is between external reality and internal reality of the player, between the inside and the outside. This thesis make us question about the young gamblers relationship with video games and the type of interaction that is sought. In the light of the theoretical model, S.Tisseron (2008) distinguishes two types of “sensori-motor” interactions and “emotional–narrative” at work in the video games. This research presents the evaluations results process of 836 players, including 582 adolescents and 274 adults. Preliminary results show that with an excessive playing of video games, teens are in no way a problematic behavior’s sign and highlight statistically, significant differences between the excessive practice of adolescents and those of adults, not covered by the same logic.